Abstract: Watershed ecosystem assessment based on macroinvertebrate community structure is an effective tool for regional water environment monitoring. We conducted biological sampling of macroinvertebrates and monitoring of physicochemical factors of water bodies at 10 sampling sites in the Qingyi River Basin in July 2021, and elaborated the characteristics of macroinvertebrate community structure and its relationship with the environment based on methods such as bio-environmental analysis and abundance/biomass curve, and applied the Water environment Quality and Comprehensive Index (WQI) was applied to comprehensively evaluate the health of rivers in the basin. The results showed that the macroinvertebrate community in the Qingyi River Basin was composed mainly of aquatic insects and mollusks, with gatherer/collector as the main functional feeding group, and the main dominant species were Cipangopaludina chinensis, Hydropsyche, Macrobrachium nipponensis and Bellamya quadrata. The community diversity was good and had significant spatial heterogeneity. Bio-environmental analyses showed that the dominant factors explaining the differences in macroinvertebrate community structure were dissolved oxygen, river width, water temperature, chemical oxygen demand, flow rate, total phosphorus, and water depth. The optimal combination of factors was dissolved oxygen, total phosphorus, and chemical oxygen demand. The abundance/biomass curve showed that several points were disturbed to different degrees. From the WQI index analysis, it can be concluded that the water quality in the watershed was good, except for a few points, the overall state was healthy and above. Compared with the biological evaluation and physical and chemical factor evaluation, the WQI index evaluation method can reflect the watershed health condition comprehensively and is more applicable.