Analyzing the spatial differences and influencing factors of synergistic effects in pollution reduction and carbon mitigation within the ecological construction domain is a prerequisite for guiding regional collaborative governance. It is also a crucial component in achieving the "dual carbon" goals and advancing the construction of a beautiful China. This study employed a comprehensive analysis using the CRITIC weight method，an adjusted coupling coordination model，standard deviational ellipse，Theil index，and a two-way fixed effects model to examine the temporal and spatial evolution characteristics，regional disparities，and the influencing factors from 2010 to 2022. The results indicated that: (1) The overall level of synergy in pollution reduction and carbon mitigation showed an upward trend，with the coordination level gradually shifting from mildly uncoordinated to well-coordinated. (2) The synergy level in pollution reduction and carbon mitigation exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity，with an overall "northeast-southwest" spatial distribution pattern. The distribution center showed a trend of reciprocating migration from southwest to northeast. (3) The overall regional difference in the synergy level first decreased，then increased，and subsequently decreased again. The inter-regional differences were smaller than intra-regional differences，with the overall inter-regional differences manifesting as "midstream > downstream > upstream". (4) The degree of impact on the synergy level was in the order of energy consumption intensity，economic development，technological innovation，industrial structure，and government environmental protection efforts. Among these factors，energy consumption intensity and economic development exerted a negative constraining effect on the improvement of the synergy level，while technological innovation，industrial structure，and government environmental protection efforts had a positive promoting effect.

Green finance possesses a theoretical foundation for guiding the green allocation of production factors and promoting high-quality economic development through industrial ecologization. This study adopted the methods of Kernel density estimation,ArcGIS spatial distribution analysis,and coupling coordination degree analysis. A threshold effect test was conducted for a total of 108 prefecture and above cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2013 to 2021. It was found that the spatial and temporal evolution trends of regional green financial development and industrial ecologization level exhibited a certain degree of coupling. Moreover,the impact of green finance on industrial ecologization demonstrated a dual-threshold effect with a stepwise increase,which indicated that the current support of green finance for industrial ecologization remained at a relatively low level. It was found that the national green financial reform and innovation pilot zones had shown certain trickle-down and demonstration effects in the development of green finance and industrial ecologization,and green finance had demonstrated significant industrial ecological benefits by supporting high-tech industries. It was suggested to orderly promote the upgrading and expansion of the pilot zones,optimize the green financial market,empower new productivity with green finance and strengthen the integrated development of green finance with technology finance and inclusive finance. These measures aimed to advance industrial ecologization and support the high-quality integrated development of the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

Enhancing energy efficiency is a crucial pathway to achieving high-quality economic development and the “dual carbon” goals. This study utilized a panel dataset of 262 prefecture-level cities from 2008 to 2022 to empirically examine the impact of regional integration policies on urban energy efficiency. The findings indicated that: (1) The implementation of the Yangtze River Economic Belt development strategy significantly improved urban energy efficiency. This conclusion remained robust after a series of robustness tests. (2) The heterogeneous analysis revealed that the strategy has a more significant effect on the energy efficiency of non-resource-based cities,riverside cities,and non-traditional industrial cities. The effect on energy efficiency improvement was significant,but varied across different urban agglomerations within the Yangtze River Economic Belt. (3) The implementation of the strategy promoted urban energy efficiency through the flow of innovative factors,green technological innovation,and the integration of infrastructure.

Urban recreationalization serves as a vital driving force in advancing modern tourism systems. As one of the most economically developed region in China,the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region offers an optimal setting for investigating the relationship between urban recreationalization and green economic effects due to its diverse economic structure and varied urbanization processes. In the context of high-quality development,the connotation and scope of urban recreationalization require further refinement and enrichment. Rigorous empirical studies are also needed to validate whether urban recreationalization can effectively generate green economic effects. This study adopted the "people-land-industry" perspective,and constructed a theoretical framework to explore the green economic effects of urban recreationalization. Spatial Durbin models and threshold models were  utilized to examine the spatial and nonlinear impacts of urban recreationalization on green economic efficiency in the YRD region. The research findings were summarized as follows: (1) From 2005 to 2022,the urban recreationalization index in the YRD region increased from 0.197 to 0.661,while green economic efficiency was improved from 0.502 to 0.872. Both indicators demonstrated a fluctuating upward trend. Spatially,urban recreationalization exhibited a pattern of "higher in the south and east,lower in the north and west," whereas green economic efficiency displayed a distribution of "low in peripheral areas,high in central areas." Nonetheless,significant intercity disparities persisted. (2) Urban recreationalization exerted a prominent direct spillover effect on local green economic efficiency,which peaked at an optimal threshold of 150 meters,and the impact diminished with an increasing distance outside the threshold distance. (3) The influence of urban recreationalization on green economic efficiency was markedly nonlinear. Beyond the dual threshold values,the positive impact of urban recreationalization on green economic efficiency showed signs of weakening.

The change of urban carbon sink is the result of the coupling of human economic and social development system and natural ecosystem in the process of rapid urbanization. The consolidation and improvement of urban carbon sink capacity is one of the important ways to achieve carbon neutrality. Evaluating urban carbon sink performance from the coupling and interaction relationship between artificial system and natural system can help accurately propose the consolidation and improvement path of carbon sink capacity. Taking Suzhou City,a high-density and rapid urbanization area,as an example,based on the InVEST model,the carbon sink among 2002，2008，2013 and 2021 under the guidance of four different economic and social development policies was measured on a spatial-temporal scale. The spatial evolution law of carbon sink was analyzed through standard deviation ellipse analysis and gravity shift,and the key factors affecting the change of carbon sink were discussed by using geographic detector. Finally,the carbon sink performance in the process of economic and social development was evaluated from the three dimensions of ecology,economy and society. The results showed that the spatial distribution of ecological carbon sinks in Suzhou presented the characteristics of "high value southern cluster,medium and low value staggered distribution". The economic and social benefits of carbon sinks continued to increase,and the policy implementation effect was obvious,but the pressure of carbon neutrality was still large. According to the results of the study,carbon sinks performance optimization countermeasures for total carbon sink improvement,quality optimization and guarantee implementation are proposed from three aspects: ecological carbon sink pattern construction,carbon sink unit delineation,decomposition index strengthening monitoring,which can provide useful reference for the optimization and improvement of carbon sink efficiency in water network areas and the realization of carbon neutrality.

It is of great practical significance to study the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics and internal mechanism of the coordinated transformation and development of digitalization and greenization for promoting the high-quality economic and social development in the Middle Yangtze River region. Based on the data of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2011 to 2020,this paper used the coupling coordination model to measure the coordination degree of dual synergy transformation and development of digitalization and greenization in 29 cities of three provinces in the Middle Yangtze River region. Kernel density estimation,Dagum Gini coefficient and spatial Durbin model were used to explore the spatio-temporal evolution,regional differences and influencing factors of the dual synergy level. The results showed that: (1) The development level of digitalization and greenization had been steadily improved,and the dual synergy level demonstrated a favourable growth trend. (2) The spatial disparity in the dual synergy level exhibited a convergence tendency,and the polarization phenomenon of three provinces displayed distinct contrasts. (3) The overall regional differences in the dual synergy level enlarged first and then reduced， and mainly came from intra-regional differences. (4) The major driving factors to promote the coordination degree of urban dual synergy were the level of economic development,the level of digital finance,the degree of informatization,the level of opening up,the level of government regulation and the level of ecological environment. This conclusion remained robust after a rigorous testing. A heterogeneity analysis was conducted on the dynamic impacts of these factors. Furthermore,the main practical paths to enhance the coordination degree of dual synergy in the study area were as follows: (1) To optimize the allocation of factors to eliminate the polarization of the dual synergy of digitalization and greenization; (2) To adopt policy guidance to narrow the regional differences of the dual synergy of digitalization and greenization; (3) To strengthen the implementation of policies based on the individual city to stimulate the internal power of the dual synergy of digitalization and greenization.

To investigate the characteristics of the fish community structure in South Lake Taihu after the implementation of fishing ban,this study conducted surveys in May,July,September,and November of 2022 and 2023. A total of 55 fish species were collected and identified,which belonged to 39 genera,12 families,and 8 orders. Among them,Cypriniformes was the most abundant order with 40 species,accounting for 72.73% of the total. In terms of ecological types,resident species (76.36%),omnivorous fish (40%),and pelagic fish (40%) were dominant in South Lake Taihu. The dominant species comprised of three fish types,of which,Coilia nasus was the primary dominant one,and accounted for 78.90% in quantity and 16.23% in weight. It was followed by Aristichthys nobilis and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. In terms of biodiversity,the average Margalef richness index in South Lake Taihu was 4.13,and the average Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 1.13. In terms of temporal variation,the fish species diversity index in July was higher than that in other months. The Abundance/Biomass Comparison (ABC) curve analysis indicated that South Lake Taihu remained in an undisturbed state,with a relatively stable fish community structure. Compared to the pre-fishing-ban period,this study observed a reduction in the trends of fish miniaturization and younger age structures,along with increases in species count and diversity indices. The community exhibited stability and low susceptibility to disturbance,demonstrating the initial effectiveness of the fishing ban. To consolidate these outcomes and ensure long-term ecological benefits,it was recommended to sustain the fishing prohibition efforts,strengthen the protection of native fish resources,and enhance regulatory enforcement. This study provided scientific references for optimizing fisheries resource management in South Lake Taihu and refining the implementation of fishing-ban policies.

To understand the fish community structure and its variation in the Four Major Chinese Carps Aquatic Germplasm Resources Reserve in Chongqing section of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River (after this referred to as the protected area) at the beginning of the "Ten-Year Fishing Ban",this study investigated the fishery resources and collection of environmental factors in the protected area from May to June and from October to November 2023. A total of 56 fish species were collected,which belonged to 6 orders,16 families,and 43 genera. Among the species,9 were endemic to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River (16.07%).In addition,there were 8 alien fish species (14.29%). The community composition was mainly composed of bottom fish,quiet and slow-flowing fish,sink-laying fish,and omnivorous fish. The small fish such as Pseudobrama simoni,Hemifilter leucisculus,and Squalidus argentatus was the dominant species in the protected area. The Shannon-Wiener index,Margalef index,Pielou index,and Simpson index ranged from 1.49 to 2.80,4.14 to 5.69,0.43 to 0.79,and 0.53 to 0.90,respectively. The species diversity index was significantly correlated with permanganate index,flow velocity,transparency,and substrate type (P<0.05). Cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) showed that the fish community types in the river section of the protected area were divided into three groups,i.e.,group one: Luoqi and Mudong,group two: Xiamenkou,Linshi,and Wujianghekou,group three: Zhenxi. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that flow velocity and water depth were the key environmental factors that significantly affected the spatiotemporal distribution of fish communities in the protected area (P<0.01). The abundance biomass comparison curve (ABC curve) analysis showed that the fish community structure in the Xiamenkou section was relatively stable,while in other sections was moderately to severely disturbed. Compared with the historical data,the fish community in the protected area had undergone significant changes. This study systematically analyzed the characteristics of fish community structure,spatio-temporal changes and the relationship with environmental factors in the protected area. This study supplemented the existing data on the current status of fish resources and provided a scientific basis for fishery resources management and initial ecological assessment of the "Ten-Year Fishing Ban" in the study area. 

In order to explore the environmental conditions required by typical drifting-egg fish species in the lower reaches of the Jinsha River,the Coreius heterodon,a key drifting-egg fish species,was selected in this study. The purposes of this study were to quantify and integrate suitable thresholds for fish reproduction,and improve ecological operation plans to support the natural reproduction of fish. The spatial and temporal patterns of daily egg-laying activities under different hydrological and environmental conditions were analyzed. The study employed a single-indicator discrimination model and a combinatory optimization model to elucidate the daily spawning patterns of Coreius heterodon. The results indicated that ongoing ecological operation experiments positively influenced Coreius heterodon spawning,contributing to its reproductive success. A comprehensive analysis of ten key environmental factors,including water level,discharge,water temperature,initial water level,cumulative water level change,cumulative rate of water level change,initial discharge,cumulative discharge change,cumulative rate of discharge change,and initial water temperature,revealed significant correlations with the daily spawning of Coreius heterodon. Among these factors,the combination of water level,initial discharge,and cumulative discharge emerged as the most reliable rule set for determining daily spawning activity. Specifically,the study found that an initial discharge of at least 2 455 m3/s and a cumulative discharge change of at least 2 053 m3/s provided effective criteria for assessing the reproductive activity of Coreius heterodon. These findings offered valuable insights into the hydrodynamic conditions necessary to facilitate fish spawning and contribute to optimizing ecological regulation strategies. By refining ecological operation plans based on these results,river management efforts can more effectively support the natural reproduction of drifting-egg fish species in the Jinsha River,to ensure the sustainability of their populations in the long term.

The water environment is critical to ecosystem health and the sustainable development of human society. Water environment governance in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River is characterized by long-term complexity. Therefore, promoting the construction of a modern water environment governance system and improving governance efficiency are key to realizing high-quality development of the water environment in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In this paper, the Super-SBM model, based on non-expected output, was used to measure the spatio-temporal differences and the dynamic evolution characteristics of water environment governance efficiency in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River from 2013 to 2022. The influencing factors of water environment governance efficiency was explored using the Tobit model. The results showed that: 1) The average value of the comprehensive efficiency of water environment governance in the study area was 0.7931. The overall efficiency was at a medium-high level, but there existed significant regional differences. Pure technical efficiency and comprehensive efficiency changed in a coordinated manner. The changes in pure technical efficiency was the main cause of the fluctuations in overall efficiency. 2) The overall development trend of the comprehensive efficiency of water environment governance remained positive. Technical efficiency, pure technical efficiency, and scale efficiency all showed a steady upward trend. However, changes in the level of technology were the main reason for changes in the ML index of water environment governance efficiency, which were the key factor restricting the lower total factor productivity growth rate of environmental governance in the region and its internal areas. 3) The spatial differences in water environment governance efficiency were substantial, with inter-group differences being the main source of overall differences. In comparison, the efficiency of water environment governance exhibited a contraction trend in the “northeast to southwest”direction, indicating an enhanced stability and a correlation, with the center of gravity always concentrated around Nanjing, Zhenjiang, and Changzhou. 4) The level of technological innovation and economic development had a positive impact on environmental governance efficiency. In contrast, the increase in the level of industrialization, the development of industrial structure, and the advancement of urbanization all had an inhibitory effect on the environmental governance efficiency. Meanwhile, foreign direct investment and the degree of opening up also played a positive role in the environmental governance efficiency of the region.

Lake regime shift from macrophyte-dominated to algae-dominated steady state under the background of water body eutrophication, is a common phenomenon of lake ecosystem degradation. Taking Lake Gehu as the research object, this paper analysed the time points, driving factors and their thresholds of ecosystem regime shift. The data used covered a period of 1986-2022 and included hydrometeorological data, water quality, macrophyte and algae characteristic indicators, and aquaculture area. There existed the multimodal phenomenon of the frequency of macrophyte and algae characteristics indicators at different levels of eutrophication. The obvious jumps were also evidenced in the relationships of macrophyte and algae characteristic indicators with typical environmental factors. These proved the existence of alternative stable states in the Lake Gehu ecosystem. Generalized additive model (GAM) revealed that total phosphorus (TP) concentration and transparency were the main driving factors for the changes in macrophyte and algae characteristic indicators in Lake Gehu. Based on the above data and the TP and transparency thresholds, the regime shift of Lake Gehu ecosystem could be divided into three phases: (1) From 1986 to 2000, the Lake was characterized as a stable state dominated by macrophytes. At this stage, TP concentration＜0.078 mg/L and the transparency ≥ 0.6 m; (2) From 2000 to 2007, the Lake was in a macrophyte-algae transitional state. At this stage, TP concentration ranged from 0.078 mg/L to 0.13 mg/L; (3) From 2007 to 2022, the Lake was in a stable state dominated by algae. At this stage, TP concentration＞0.13 mg/L and the transparency＜0.6 m. This study contributed to an improved understanding of the mechanisms of regime shift in Lake Gehu and provided early warning and guidance for lake management.

A scientific understanding of the evolution patterns and influencing factors of hydro-ecological space in the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River is essential for the coordinated planning of regional water resource development and protection. This is also important for supporting the high-quality and sustainable development of territorial space. Based on annual time-series remote sensing data, this study integrated spatio-temporal cube analysis, Mantel test, and interpretable machine learning models to comprehensively examine the evolution patterns and the driving mechanisms of hydro-ecological space in the region. The results revealed that from 2000 to 2023, the hydro-ecological space decreased by 3,300 km2, exhibiting a spatio-temporal trend of “more in plains, less in mountains” and a shift of “decrease in plains, increase in mountains.” The evolution pattern displayed an accumulative effect with increasing temporal span, i.e. the cold and hot spot clustering intensifying over the long term. Structural transformation primarily occurred between hydro-ecological space and both agricultural and urban space, with the expansion of these two land types leading to a reduction of 2,765.30 km2 and 616.14 km2 in hydro-ecological space. The spatio-temporal evolution of hydro-ecological space in the urban agglomeration was driven by multiple interacting and nonlinear factors across the dimensions of natural geography, transportation location, and socio-economic conditions. To address the challenges posed by future climate change and the functional demands for hydro-ecological services in territorial spatial development and conservation, it is imperative to enhance governance capacity by aligning with the territorial spatial planning system, e.g.particularly through delineating hydro-ecological redlines, optimizing spatial layout, and establishing a collaborative governance framework.

This study explored the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the vegetation cover index in Hubei Province from 2001 to 2023. The MODIS NDVI data were used. Trend analysis, the Hurst index, and the coefficient of variation were analyzed. Geographic detectors were employed to analyze the driving factors. The findings indicated that: (1) The overall vegetation cover index in Hubei Province was relatively high, with 66.49% of the province classified as high or relatively high vegetation cover. Spatially, the vegetation cover index exhibited a distribution pattern characterized by "low in the middle and high around, high-value areas primarily concentrated in the four ecological barrier regions of Hubei Province, while low-value areas were mainly found in Wuhan City and the surrounding urban agglomeration. (2) Temporally, the vegetation cover index in Hubei Province demonstrated a significant increasing trend from 2001 to 2023, with an annual growth rate of 0.3233. For the period of 2001 to 2007, the vegetation cover experienced a rapid growth (at an annual growth rate of 1.1028), followed by a steady increase after 2008 (at an annual growth rate of 0.2257). (3) Approximately 69.29% of the area in Hubei Province exhibited a significant increasing trend in the vegetation cover index, predominantly located in the western and eastern regions. About 25.93% of the area, mainly in the Jianghan Plain, showed no significant change. Only 4.78% of the area demonstrated a significant decrease, which was located primarily in Shayang County, Qianjiang City, and Hanchuan City. In terms of the degree of change, the areas with low and relatively low fluctuations accounted for 83.77%, which was mainly located in the western and eastern parts of Hubei, while areas with relatively high and high fluctuations constituted only 2.34%. (4) The characteristic of vegetation change in Hubei Province showed a slightly stronger tendency for same-direction changes compared to opposite-direction changes, although there were relatively few areas exhibiting strong characteristics in either direction. Notably, 32.69% of the areas were expected to continue an improvement, while 30.44% were projected to shift from an improvement to a degradation. (5) The analysis of driving forces revealed that land use type was the primary factor influencing the vegetation index, followed by temperature, digital elevation model (DEM), and population density, and precipitation was found to have the least impact. The correlation between vegetation type and the vegetation cover index was not significant. It was found that the influence of these dominant factors increased, and the explanatory power of the interactions among these factors had grown.

The river-connected water system in Dongting Lake includes the Songzi River, Hudu River, Ouchi River, Tiaoxian River, and their tributaries. These rivers serves as an important link between the Yangtze River. In order to conduct an in-depth research on the changes in the relationship between rivers and lakes, this article used historical maps and satellite remote sensing data from eight periods since the mid Republic of China. The remote sensing interpretation and historical comparison methods were adopted to invert the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the river-connected water system. The reasons for these changes were also discussed. The results showed that in the past 90 years, the natural river system in Dongting Lake showed a decreasing trend, with a reduction of 68% in quantity, 28.08% in length, and 39.54% in river network density. The number of artificial river channels significantly increased by8.35 times, 12.07 times, and nearly 10 times for quantity, length, and network density, respectively. The development coefficients of both the river-connected tributaries and the river-connected canal showed an increasing trend, however the degree of increase was different. The former had an increase of 18.84%, while the latter had an increase of 19.00 times. The Huarong River Basin showed a decline by 17.98%, which indicated a worsening water system structure. The main driving forces were the activities of flooding storage and cultivation, blocking and merging tributaries, and reclaiming farmland from the lake. The projects of basic farmland improvement and water system connectivity were also among these influencing activities. This research provided useful materials for river regulation and ecological corridor protection and restoration in Dongting Lake area.

On October 10, 2021, the Danjiangkou Reservoir experienced a once-in-20-year major flood, with the water level reaching the normal storage level of 170 meters for the first time. During the storage period, the total phosphorus concentration (TPC) of the reservoir increased obviously. It had a certain impact on the water supply safety of the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project. The hydrological and water quality monitoring data of Danjiangkou Reservoir and inflow rivers from 2020 to 2021 were collected. Based on the data, the changes of total phosphorus pollution in Danjiangkou Reservoir during flood season were compared using Spearman correlation coefficient method and base flow segmentation method. The causes of the changes were also analyzed. The results showed that during the 170m water storage period in 2021, the TPC increased by 0.5-2.9 times compared to the same period in 2020, and the area where total phosphorus exceeded the standard increased significantly. The phenomenon of total phosphorus exceeding the standard spred to the downstream of Hanku Reservoir and the upstream of Danku Reservoir. In the inflow pollution, the total phosphorus load of inflow rivers increased by 1.8 ~ 9.4 times compared with the same period in 2020, of which non-point source pollution accounted for about 90%, an increase of 16% compared with the same period in 2020. The fundamental reason for the increase in TPC during the flood season in Danjiangkou Reservoir was that the intensity of soil erosion in the water-level fluctuation zone ascended, which led to a substantial increase in the load of non-point source pollution. These results provided a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of sudden total phosphorus pollution caused by flood in Danjiangkou Reservoir.

A dynamic equivalent regulatory factor model was constructed to estimate the value of agroecosystem services in 31 provinces of China from 2005 to 2022. The Dagum Gini coefficient, kernel density estimation, Markov chain and geodetector methods were comprehensively used to explore the spatio-temporal evolution of agroecosystem services value and the associated driving factors. The results showed that: (1) China's agro-ecosystem services value generally exhibited a fluctuating upward trend from 2005 to 2022. In terms of the spatial distribution, China's agro-ecosystem services value displayed a ladder-type characteristic of “high in the south and low in the north, high in the east and low in the west”. (2) The overall difference in the agro-ecosystem services demonstrated a U-shaped evolutionary trend of fluctuation, with hypervariable density being the primary source of the overall difference, followed by inter-regional differences, and intra-regional differences having the lowest contribution rate. During the study period, regional imbalance increased significantly, polarization trends were evident, and internal mobility remained weak. (3) Natural geographic factors drove the spatio-temporal evolution of the agroecosystem services more strongly than the economic and social factors. Precipitation was the dominant factor that influenced the spatial and temporal evolution of the agroecosystem services, and the interactive combination of precipitation and GDP per capita was the key driver.

Realizing the win-win situation of “increasing production” and “synergistic emission reduction”is not only the proper meaning for sustainable development of planting industry, but also the inevitable choice for green and low-carbon transformation of agriculture.Using the modified model of coupling degree, difference-in-differences model, machine learning, triple-difference model and grey relational analysis model, this paper explored the impact of major grain producing area policy on the synergy of pollution reduction and carbon emissions reduction in planting industry and its mechanism of action.The panel data of 31 provinces from 2000 to 2022 were collected and used in this study.This study further analyzed the heterogeneity in policy effectiveness and the potential for synergistic emission reduction.This study found that: (1) the major grain producing area policy had a contributing effect on the synergy of pollution reduction and carbon emissions reduction in planting industry.(2) The deepening of agricultural division of labor and agricultural technology innovation were regarded as the effective mechanisms.(3) The synergistic emission reduction effect was suppressed in provinces with a high degree of damage and disaster.There was a significant synergistic emission reduction effect in the eastern provinces.(4) Overall, the potential for synergistic emission reduction of carbon dioxide and surface source pollutants in planting industry showed a balanced development trend.The synergistic emission reduction potential of major grain producing area was higher than that of non-major grain producing area.However, there was a need of stimulation for the synergistic emission reduction potential of most provinces.These findings enriched understanding of the synergy of pollution reduction and carbon emissions, as well as provided empirical evidence and policy implications for carrying out the synergistic management of pollution and carbon emissions in planting industry

The Three Gorges Reservoir Area is a special geographic region that is distinguished by ecological sensitivity and immigration. In order to achieve regional cultivated land ecological preservation and food security, this study examined the spatiotemporal pattern and the associated driving factors of green and low-carbon utilization of cultivated land in the reservoir area. The geographical detector model, global spatial autocorrelation, and the DEA-EBM model were used to investigate the spatiotemporal pattern of cultivated land low-carbon and green utilization between 2005 and 2022 and to identify the factors that may influence these patterns. The findings showed that: 1) There was a non-equilibrium feature indicated by the measurement values of green and low-carbon utilization of cultivated land, which displayed an overall fluctuating rising trend with a spatial pattern characterized by high-level clustered areas and low-level scattered locations. 2) The green and low-carbon utilization of cultivated land exhibited geographic autocorrelation, displaying a "negative aggregation - positive aggregation" tendency. Between 2005 and 2010, there was a negative spatial link between the amount of cultivated land used for green and low-carbon purposes and notable regional variations. It demonstrated a positive geographic correlation with new aggregation phenomena in 2015 and 2022, and the spatial aggregation of the amount of farmed land used for low-carbon and green purposes had been steadily increasing. 3) The degree of agricultural mechanization and per capita GDP in rural areas were identified as the two main factors that jointly influenced the spatiotemporal pattern of green and low-carbon utilization of cultivated land. Other factors included socioeconomic conditions, cultivated land endowment, agricultural modernization, the natural environment, and agricultural production conditions. In order to improve the green and low-carbon development of cultivated land utilization in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, it is advised to encourage moderate-scale operation and increase the level of agricultural mechanization.The agricultural production conditions should be improved and the capabilities of agricultural technology services should be enhanced. It is encouraged to develop the digital platforms to facilitate the reduction of carbon emissions in cultivated land utilization.