Provincial administrative units (abbreviated as provinces) are key entities for achieving carbon peak goals in China. It is of great significance to conduct multi-scenario predictions of the carbon peaking of provinces in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB), for supporting the formulation of regional carbon peak action plans and achieving green and integrated development. This paper constructed three-carbon emission scenarios: general carbon reduction (GE), strong carbon reduction (SE) and weak carbon reduction (WE). The carbon emission peaking and reduction potential of provinces in the YREB from 2021 to 2035 was investigated, based on regional historical carbon emission data and future reduction targets. The results indicated: (1) Under above three scenarios, the YREB would meet the 2030 peaking targets. An earlier peaking time and a lower peak level were shown in the SE scenarios. Compared to the GE scenario, the cumulative carbon reduction potential of the YREB ranged from -4 409.42 to 3 641.89 Mt. (2) In the GE scenario, except for Anhui, all provinces were expected to achieve the 2030 peaking targets. Among them, Chongqing and Sichuan would peak first in 2020 at 130 and 275.77 Mt. Shanghai, Zhejiang, and Yunnan were projected to peak in early 2025, with peak values of 168.74, 379.2 and 250.6 Mt, respectively. (3) Under the SE scenario, all provinces could peak before 2030. However, for the WE scenario, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, and Guizhou might struggle to peak before 2030. There was a need to strengthen the efforts to unearth carbon peaking and reduction potential in such provinces. (4) More vigorous emission reduction measures would be beneficial for provinces to achieve carbon peaking and high-quality carbon reduction targets. However, the interplay between different intensities of emission reduction targets and economic development should be paid attention to seek an optimal peaking pathway that might balance economic development and ecological benefits. Finally, suggestions were put forward on promoting regional collaborative emission reduction and developing carbon peak pathways based on local conditions.

The spatial-temporal differentiation of urban carbon balance pressure and its complex influencing factors are still unclear, especially under the background of rapid urbanization and climate change. Alleviating the pressure of urban carbon balance is of great significance for achieving the goal of "carbon neutrality" and promoting regional low-carbon and green development. To better understand the carbon balance pressure, this study constructed a carbon balance pressure index to analyze the spatial-temporal differentiation in 126 cities at the prefecture level and above in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB). The influencing factors were also explored. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the total carbon emissions in the YREB increased rapidly, but the growth rate slowed down after 2010. The total amount of carbon sequestration continued to increase. The overall carbon balance pressure in the YREB increased rapidly, with a slowdown after 2010. Downstream cities had much higher carbon balance pressure than midstream and upstream cities. Midstream cities' carbon balance pressure continued to increase, while upstream cities were still in a state of carbon balance, although there had been an increase in carbon balance pressure. The spatial-temporal differentiation of carbon balance pressure in the YREB was the result of the combined influence of natural and social factors. The factors influencing the carbon balance pressure varied in time and region. Overall, the level of economic development, the scale of the secondary industry, the number of industrial enterprises, and the level of residential consumption had a significant impact on carbon balance pressure. The size of forest land was the most important natural factor, which helped alleviate carbon balance pressure. To alleviate urban carbon balance pressure in the YREB, it was necessary to take action from both emission reduction and carbon sequestration perspectives, by considering the regional characteristics and the influence of various factors.

In order to investigate the coordinating relationships between carbon emissions, technological innovation and green development in the Yangtze River Economic Region, 9 provinces and 2 cities were selected as the study subjects. A three-dimensional index system of carbon emissions, technological innovation and green development was constructed. The coupling coordination model, spatial autocorrelation model, obstacle model and panel Tobit model were used to investigate the coupling coordination relationship and the temporal and spatial differentiation characteristics for the period of 2012-2021. The results showed that the degree of connectivity and coordination between the provinces and municipalities in terms of carbon emissions, technological innovation and green development increased constantly during the study period. However, there existed the characteristics of asynchronous development in time and uneven development in space. There existed a significant positive correlation in space and the characteristics of spatial differentiation. There were seven major obstacles limiting the interconnected and coordinated development of the study area. The level of carbon emission, energy consumption intensity, energy consumption structure on the coupling coordination degree had a negative impact, while the level of economic development, the level of technological innovation demonstrated a positive impact. Finally, suggestions were put forward to promote the synergistic and differentiated development strategies.

The coordinated development of two-way FDI is the key to building a new development pattern of "double-cycle", and is also an important focus point to promote carbon sequestration and emission reduction to realize the goal of "double-carbon". After clarifying the influence mechanism of the coordinated development of two-way FDI on carbon balance, this paper empirically tested the impact and mechanism of the coordinated development of two-way FDI on carbon balance, based on the panel data of 11 provinces of the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2008 to 2021. The dynamic spatial Durbin model and the mediation effect model were used in this study. The results showed that: (1) The average value of coordinated development level of two-way FDI showed a fluctuating upward trend, and the spatial pattern was characterized by "upper reaches<middle reaches< lower reaches"; The average value of carbon balance ratio showed a fluctuating downward trend, and the spatial pattern was characterized by "upper reaches>middle reaches> lower reaches". (2) The impact of the coordinated development of two-way FDI on carbon balance presented a "U" shape and had a significant spatial spillover effect in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. (3) There was a significant mediating effect of technological progress and industrial structure upgrading in the coordinated development of two-way FDI affecting the carbon balance. (4) There existed regional heterogeneity in the impact of the coordinated development of two-way FDI on the carbon balance in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The size of the inflection point of the "U" curve was characterized by "Upper reaches > Middle reaches > Lower reaches". Therefore, there existed room offurther promoting the carbon balance, strengthening a high-quality opening and of a synergistic regional development in a long-term.

FDI is an important tool for utilizing high-quality foreign investment. The strategy of coordinated regional development is one of the "five coordination" put forward at the Third Plenary Session of the Sixteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CPC). Therefore, it is particularly important to clarify the relationship between the two in the context of the country's efforts to promote high-quality development. The evaluation index system of regional coordinated development was constructed in this paper. The entropy method was used to measure the specific values. Based on the panel data of 11 provinces and municipalities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 1990 to 2022, the spatial autocorrelation between FDI and regional coordinated development was examined by using the whole-area Moran index. The spatial linkage model with decomposable effect values was utilized to explore the existence of FDI and regional coordinated development. The spatial equation model with decomposable effect values was used to investigate the interaction and spatial spillover effects between FDI and regional coordinated development. The results showed that: (1) FDI and regional coordinated development promoted each other. (2) There was a significant positive spatial spillover effect between FDI and regional coordinated development. This paper had important theoretical value and practical significance for the utilization of high-quality foreign investment in the context of high-level opening-up and the in-depth promotion of regional coordinated development strategy.

The Guanshan River, an important incoming tributary of the Danjiangkou Reservoir, serves as the crucial water source for the Middle Line of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. Mathematical statistics, Piper trilinear plots, Gibbs models, principal component analysis (PCA), and the stable isotopes of hydrogen (δD) and oxygen (δ18O) were used to explore the hydrochemical types, the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of ions. The results indicated that the pH value of Guanshan River was between 7.38 and 8.91, which was moderately alkalescent. The TDS ranged from 122 to 265 mg/L and the physical and chemical properties of the main stream were affected by the influx of tributaries. The chemical characteristic was the "Ca-HCO3" type, with Ca2+ being the primary cation, accounting for 51% to 70% of the total, and HCO3- being the primary anion, accounting for 49% to 83%. The characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, deuterium excess value and ion concentrations revealed that atmospheric precipitation was the main recharge source of surface water, and evaporation was also an important factor controlling hydrochemical characteristics of Guanshan River. The hydration characteristics of rivers were predominated by the weathering of carbonate and silicate rocks. Carbonic and sulfuric acid were the primary acidic media contributing to the weathering of rocks in the basin. Ion exchange was an important reason for the high Na+/Cl- ratio in river. Nitrate was to some extent affected by human activities such as domestic sewage discharge. Generally, anthropogenic activities had a little impact on the Guanshan River, due to the aquatic environment protection measures taken in the water source area of the South-to-North Water Diversion project.

In order to promote low-carbon sustainable development and achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, it is important to estimate regional carbon storage and carbon emissions. This study took Poyang Lake Basin as an example. Land use data for 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020 were selected. The InVEST model was used to estimate carbon sequestration. The carbon emission coefficient method combined with the energy consumption algorithms was used to estimate carbon sources. The spatial-temporal pattern of carbon sources/sinks under different land use changes was analyzed. The results indicated: (1) The Poyang Lake Basin was primarily composed of cropland and forestland. Over the past 30 years, there had been a significant reduction in both cropland and forestland, while construction land had markedly increased. (2) From 1990 to 2020, the carbon storage in the Poyang Lake Basin first slightly increased and then gradually decreased, with significant spatial heterogeneity—lower around the lake area and higher in the surrounding regions. The growth in carbon storage mainly stemmed from the conversion of cropland to forestland, grassland to forestland, and water bodies to cropland, while the conversion out of cropland and forestland led to a substantial reduction in carbon storage. (3) Between 1990 and 2020, the net carbon emissions initially increased slowly and then increased rapidly. Construction land was the primary source of carbon emissions, which were mainly distributed in the economically developed areas around the lake and in the southern regions, with Nanchang being the most prominent. (4) The carbon footprint pressure index showed a significant increasing trend. Nanchang, Xinyu, Pingxiang, and Yingtan were categorized as high-pressure cities, while Ganzhou, Fuzhou, Ji'an, and Shangrao were identified as low-pressure cities.

This study employed land transfer matrices, topographic analysis, and optimal parameter geographic detectors to investigate the evolution characteristics and driving mechanisms of territorial spaces in Xizang from 2000 to 2020. Key findings included: (1) The spatiotemporal evolution of territorial space in Xizang over the past 30 years was marked by the dramatic expansion of urban space from a ‘small scale’to a ‘large proportion,’ the contraction of agricultural space from a ‘small scale’ to a ‘small proportion,’ and significant dynamic transformations within ecological space. The pattern of urban space showed a notable trend of ‘large dispersion and small concentration,’ and the urban-agricultural contradiction in the Three-Rivers Region was highlighted. The spatial layout of livestock-farming-forest was undergoing profound restructuring; Simultaneously, the melting of glaciers led to the violent expansion of Xizang′s water-related ecological space. (2) The spatial distribution and cross-conversion of terrain gradients in Xizang were significantly different. Notably, urban and agricultural space tended to concentrate in lower valley regions, while ecological space tended to ascend in uphill. The third level served as a crucial topographic node influencing urban development and cultivated land protection. (3) Four types of factors, including physical geography, social economy, policy engineering, and transportation location, jointly restricted the spatial evolution of land in Xizang. There were obvious differences in the intensity of each type of factor and the number of significant factors in different transformation directions. Based on this research, it was recommended that the conflicts between urban and agricultural spatial resources be addressed, the enhancement of ecological services′ value be prioritized, and the sustained effectiveness of ecological restoration projects be ensured. Scientific guidance should be provided to align territorial space with topographic gradient layouts. Additionally, planning the overall regional layout of the ‘three regions and three lines’ would positively impact the optimization of territorial spatial patterns in Xizang.

The specific hydrological processes in wetlands determine the distribution characteristics of sediment. However, it remains unclear how the sediment particle size impact on the wetland ecological environment. In this study, we examined wetland soil in the estuary of Poyang Lake. We explored soil and water physicochemical characteristics, bacterial communities, and critical enzyme activities under different soil particle size compositions via a soil remodeling control experiment. The results indicated that the content of sand particles (0.02-2 mm) in the upper estuary wetland was 97.75%, leading to higher TN, TP, and NO3--N concentrations in the overlying water compared to other treatment groups after 120 days. Soil nutrients (SOC, TN, TP, NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N) showed a significantly positive correlation with specific surface area (SSA), while an inverse correlation was observed between pH and SSA. The enzyme activities related to soil carbon (β-glucosidase, catalase, polyphenol oxidase) and phosphorus (acid phosphatase) cycling increased as the soil SSA increased, while the enzyme activities related to nitrogen cycling (urease, nitrate reductase) did not show a significant correlation with soil SSA (P>0.05). Regarding bacterial communities, the relative abundance of Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Nitrospirota, Desulfobacterota, Sva0485, MBNT15, and Latescibacterota was significantly positively correlated with soil SSA (P<0.05), while Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota, Gemmatimonadota and Planctomycetota showed an inverse correlation with SSA. In addition, based on PLS-PM analysis, we found that the particle size composition of wetlands could affect water physical and chemical factors via altering soil physicochemical factors and the water environment via reshaping bacterial community structure and function. Therefore, soil particle composition should be considered in wetland water environment monitoring.

The competitiveness of rural ecological tourism resources is an important basis for judging the potential for tourism development and is of great significance for the revitalization of rural industries.XGBoost-SHAP interpretable machine learning provides a visual intelligent tool for measuring the competitiveness of rural ecological tourism resources. In this study, XGBoost-SHAP was integrated to construct an interpretable machine learning model with rural ecotourism resource sites as sample data. Measurement indicators were selected from three dimensions: natural and humanistic environment, ecological resources and tourism infrastructure, in order to identify the competitiveness level of rural ecotourism resources in Chongqing Municipality. The results indicated that: (1) XGBoost, by learning the potential patterns or laws of the sample data, efficiently identified the different competitiveness levels of the rural ecotourism sites and achieved a high accuracy. (2) SHAP improved the transparency of XGBoost, model prediction and was able to identify the dominant factors of competitiveness of rural ecotourism resources. Economic activity intensity, NDVI, elevation and habitat quality were the four most important factors for the competitiveness of rural ecotourism resources in Chongqing Municipality, and they were also the main cooking factors for the development and sustainable utilization of rural ecotourism resources. (3) In Chongqing Municipality, the strong competitiveness of rural ecotourism resources was concentrated in the market, well-known scenic spots and along the transportation route, forming three rural ecotourism development modes: market-dependent in the west of Chongqing Municipality, transportation-dependent in the southeast and northeast, and scenic spot-dependent. (4) There was a spatial spillover effect on the competitiveness of resources, and the proximity to the core scenic area was the main factor affecting its strength. The human conditions such as tourism infrastructure and market also had an important impact. Based on the research findings, suggestions were provided for balancing the development and utilization of tourism resources in Chongqing, optimizing the spatial layout of tourism, and promoting the construction of "beautiful villages." Interpretable machine learning models were proved to be able to quickly and accurately measure the competitiveness of rural ecological tourism resources in the region, which provided a methodological reference for identifying and quantitatively analyzing tourism resources.

The study of urban ecological characteristics, dynamics and response to extreme weather and climate in Shanghai is of great significance for deepening the understanding of urban ecosystem, ecological environment protection and disaster prevention and reduction. The normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) and net primary productivity (NPP), as important ecological indicators to characterize ecosystem function and assess ecological environment quality, have been widely used to study the effects of extreme weather and climate on vegetation and ecosystem in recent years. Based on NDVI and NPP data from 2001 to 2022, the spatial and temporal distribution and change characteristics of urban ecological indicators (NDVI and NPP) in Shanghai were analyzed from the perspectives of satellite remote sensing monitoring and ecological process model using GIS spatial analysis, trend analysis and interval statistics. The difference of urban ecological indicators in different extreme weather and climate years (including high-temperature and low-temperature years, andrainy and less-rainy years) was also compared. The results showed that the ecological indicators were lower in the urban areas and the suburbs, but higher in the outer suburbs, including Chongming, Jinshan, Qingpu, Fengxian and the southern part of Pudong. Compared with 2001-2005, the urban ecological indicators from 2018 to 2022 were generally improved in Shanghai, especiallyin the urban areas and the suburbs, southern Qingpu, western Songjiang, southern Fengxian and eastern Chongming. In the past 22 years, NDVI and NPP increased significantly with the trends of 0.021 and 28.9 gC·m^-2 per decade, respectively, and both experienced an interannual change of first decreasing and then increasing. The spatial distribution in differences of ecological indicators was obvious between high-temperature years and low-temperature years and between rainy years and low-rainy years in Shanghai. In general, the urban ecological indicators were higher in high-temperature years and rainy years, especially in and around the urban areas, the ecological indicators were significantly higher in high-temperature and rainy years than in low-temperature and low-rainy years. This study provided reference for ecological protection and restoration and the construction of beautiful countryside in Shanghai.

It is of great significance to study the transformation of production-living-ecological space and the evolution mechanism of carbon balance and design a carbon compensation scheme scientifically to rectify the mismatch of production-living-ecological space and the imbalance of carbon budget. Based on the perspective of the transformation of production-living-ecological space, this paper analyzed the evolution mechanism of the carbon budget and the theory of carbon compensation. An empirical analysis was conducted on the example of the Southwest China. The amount of carbon compensation was measured, and the carbon compensation and the uncertainty were discussed. The results showed that: (1) The transformation of production-living-ecological space contributed to the spatial-temporal evolution of the carbon budget while reshaping the spatial functions. The transformation also aggravated the mismatch of space resources and the carbon budget imbalance due to externality. Carbon compensation was an important mechanism for correcting the carbon budget imbalance. (2) From 2005 to 2020, there was a rapid transformation of production-living-ecological space in Southwest China. The industrial production space and urban living space crowded out the agricultural production space, grassland ecological space, and forest ecological space to realize rapid growth. All these transformations exacerbated the imbalance of the regional carbon balance, and the carbon balance rate dropped from 29.57% to 17.94%. Carbon emissions from production space were dominated by industrial carbon emissions, which was overgrowing and declining, and had not yet reached the peak. Residential carbon emissions increase and then decreased, with an increase in the proportion of urban and rural carbon emissions. Ecological space carbon sinks were dominated by forest carbon sinks, which increased and then decreased. The spatial scale of carbon sources was a key factor in the spatial differentiation of carbon emissions. (3) Southwest China played a substantial role in maintaining the national carbon balance,with a proposed amount of 25.997 billion yuan of carbon compensation to be received. At the city level, there were 38 compensation areas, including Ganzi and Aba, and 9 payment areas of Neijiang and Qianxinan.

The national land space is the carrier of carbon elements and is a vital site for carbon metabolism. The changes in the spatial pattern influence the regional carbon metabolism process. Optimizing this spatial pattern and maintaining the carbon metabolism balance are essential to achieve regional low-carbon, high-quality, and sustainable development. Using the Carbon Imbalance Index(CII) and the carbon conversion coefficient, this study analyzed the changes in the national land spatial pattern and spatial carbon emissions/sinks in Guizhou Province from 2000 to 2020. The ecological network analysis and ecological utility function were used to explore the carbon metabolism process and its ecological relationship induced by the changes in the national land spatial pattern. Appropriate suggestions were offered. The results showed that: (1) an increase in strong carbon emissions and a decrease in strong carbon sinks characterized Guizhou’s national land spatial pattern. Further, urban spatial carbon emissions had been decreasing since 2015, whereas agricultural spatial carbon emissions had been steadily increasing. The CII decreased from 47.5% in 2000 to 27.2% in 2020. (2) The positive, negative, and net carbon flows increased by 5.41, 15.70, and 28.76 times, respectively. Carbon metabolism processes remained negative, mainly due to the continued expansion of the urban space. (3) After 2015, the exploitation and control relationships showed a dominant (55%) upward trend, and the value of ecological utility function remained <1, indicating the negative impact of national land spatial pattern changes on carbon metabolism. This result was consistent with that shown by the net carbon flow. (4) The four ecological relationships exhibited considerable spatial heterogeneity. An increase from the central to the western region was indicated, while clustering characterized central and southwestern Guizhou during 2015-2020. This study quantitatively analyzed the changes in the carbon metabolism flow, metabolic anomalies, and the regional land spatial structure in Guizhou, and provided a scientific basis for regulating the regional carbon metabolism balance, towards a sustainable land spatial pattern.

Based on the methane flux observation data of Longbao Wetland in the source area of the three rivers from April to September 2021, the dynamic changes of methane flux in the alpine wetland of the source area of the three rivers and the impact of environmental factors on the methane flux were analyzed. The vorticity observation instruments included the CSAT3A ultrasonic anemometer and Li 7 700 open circuit infrared gas analyzer. These instruments were installed at a height of 2 meters and operated at a frequency of 10 Hz. The software of Eddypro 7.0.6 was employed to calculate the primary methane flux data. Data points with a quality level of 2, recorded during precipitation periods, and obtained during nighttime with a friction wind speed (U*) below 0.15 m/s, were excluded from the analysis. Consequently, secondary methane flux data was obtained by applying these criteria. In order to identify and remove outliers in the secondary data, the Laida criterion was utilized to eliminate data points with magnitudes ranging from 101 to 102. Following the quality control procedures, a total of 3 839 valid methane flux data points were obtained for the Longbao Wetland site. Methane emissions in the Longbao wetland predominantly occurred during the growing season, with methane flux ranging from 10^-2 to 10^-3 μmol · m^-2 · s^-1. The maximum daily and monthly emissions occurred in August, reaching a peak of 92.7 mg · m^-2 · d^-1 and 1 870 mg · m^-2 · mon^-1, respectively. The Longbao Wetland demonstrated a differential methane flux pattern, with lower fluxes associated with the Flux-Source Area located on the north side, and higher fluxes observed on the south side. The maximum flux was four times greater than the minimum flux. The Flux-Source Area had a significant impact on the results of attribution analysis. By measuring the average methane flux at an interval of 0.1 Hpa in saturated water vapor pressure and an interval of 1 °C in temperature, a fitting model was established to relate these variables to the methane flux in the two contributing source regions. It was worth noting that the determination coefficients and parameters of the model exhibited considerable differences when the contributing source regions were altered. For alpine wetlands ecosystems, the Flux-Source Area was also a factor that needed to be incorporated in the relationship between environmental factors and methane flux.

In the context of China's increasingly prominent compound and cross-regional air pollution issues, the traditional territorial governance model is no longer adequate to address these challenges. There is a need to shift from administrative boundary constraints towards the promotion of regional air pollution collaborative governance. This study first analyzed the mechanism of action of air pollution collaborative governance policies and proposed research hypotheses. Further, based on panel data from 279 prefecture-level cities or above in China from 2013 to 2020, this study empirically explored the policy effects and mechanisms of regional air pollution collaborative governance using the Propensity Score Matching-Difference in Differences (PSM-DID) method. The findings revealed that: (1) Baseline regression analysis indicated that the implementation of collaborative governance policies significantly reduced urban AQI indices and concentrations of pollutants such as PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, and PM_2.5, thereby overall enhancing regional air quality. A series of robustness tests confirmed the reliability of these conclusions. (2) Regional heterogeneity analysis showed that the effects of collaborative governance in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were significantly better than those in the Yangtze River Delta region. (3) Mechanism analysis indicated that regional air pollution collaborative governance primarily improved regional air quality by promoting industrial structure upgrading, enhancing the level of technological innovation, and increasing investment in pollution source control. The study further proposed relevant policy recommendations.

It is of great significance for building a diversified food supply system and ensuring national ecological security to explore the spatial coordination relationship between agricultural food supply services and landscape patterns in major grain producing areas. This article took Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province as an example and used methods such as coupled co-scheduling and geographically weighted regression to analyze the coupling and coordinated evolution characteristics of food supply services and landscape patterns from 2009 to 2022. We also explored the influencing factors and proposed zoning optimization suggestions. The results showed that: (1) The overall level of food supply services in Lianyungang City followed a spatial pattern of high levels in the central and southeastern regions, low levels in the northern, coastal, and urban areas. The level was slightly higher in the eastern region than in the western region. The overall landscape pattern index showed an increasing trend, and the spatial pattern tended to be dispersed and evenly distributed from high value clustering. (2) Food supply services and landscape patterns showed a trend of high - high distribution in the southern region, and low - low and low - high distribution in the northern region. (3) The coupling and coordination could be divided into high coordination - food supply lag zone, moderate coordination - food supply lag zone, basic coordination - food supply lag zone, moderate imbalance - food supply lag zone, and severe imbalance - food supply lag zone, which were mainly significantly affected by the distance from rivers, distance from town centers, elevation, soil type, and landscape development intensity. It was concluded that the various coordinated zoning of food supply services and landscape patterns should promote the coordinated development of the two aspects. The potential measures might include a reduction of human disturbance and an enhancement of landscape characterization. It was also important to conduct a rational planning of various land use to reduce the segmentation of various landscapes. In addition, it was necessary to improve a comprehensive land use, to monitor the use of farmland in the imbalanced areas, and to reasonable guide the concentration and connection of farmland to enhance the multifunctional properties of farmland.

The ecological condition of the Qinghai Lake vicinity is noteworthy, with the sustainable development of herdsmen being influenced by various factors including ecological conservation, tourism involvement, and the establishment of national parks. Investigating the resilience and vulnerabilities of diverse livelihoods among herdsmen holds significant practical importance in mitigating poverty among this population and fostering rural rejuvenation.Using the Participatory Farmer Assessment (PRA) method, a livelihood survey was conducted in Qinghai Lake National Park. Variables representing the livelihood resilience of herdsmen in the park were selected based on the adjusted Speranza livelihood resilience evaluation system, focusing on buffering ability, adaptability ability, and transformation ability. The livelihood resilience of herdsmen with different livelihood types was quantified, and a geographic detector model was employed to identify risk factors affecting their livelihood resilience.The findings indicate that:(1)There exists a significant polarization in the choice of livelihood options among herders, with a predominant focus on herder-led activities (47.30%) and part-time tourism (31.75%) as the primary avenues for selecting and advancing livelihood options within Qinghai Lake National Park.(2)The study conducted in Qinghai Lake National Park indicates that the herdsmen exhibit a relatively low level of livelihood resilience, with notable variations among different livelihood types. The resilience levels range from high to low, with the part-time tourism type demonstrating the highest level (0.353 4), followed by the tourism-led type (0.340 5), pastoral owner-led type (0.288 8), and government-supported type (0.231 2). Furthermore, the internal dimensions of livelihood resilience display unequal capacities, with the strongest buffering ability and the weakest transformation ability.The implementation of diversified livelihood strategies has a notable impact on enhancing the livelihood resilience of herdsmen.(3)The impact of various risk factors on herdsmen's livelihood resilience varies. Key risk factors include the transition from pasturing to grassland cultivation, seasonal fluctuations in the tourism market, rising lake levels, and the dependency ratio of the household.It is imperative to enhance the grassland ecological reward and subsidy policy, create tourism products that align with seasonal characteristics and market demand, implement a sustainable compensation mechanism for pastoral households affected by permanent inundation, elevate local public service provisions including education and healthcare, and actively support the livelihoods of pastoral communities while fostering sustainable ecological development.
Key words：livelihood resilience; herdsmen; risk factors; Qinghai Lake National Park

The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of service of farmland fragmentation and agricultural machinery socialization on “Non-grain” utilization. This paper constructed a theoretical analysis framework and applies the ordered Probit and Tobit models based on the survey data in 7 provinces of China. The results showed that: (1)Farmland fragmentation had a significant positive effect on the “non-grain” planting behavior and scale; (2) Agricultural machinery socialization service inhibited the “Non-grain” planting, and negatively regulated the promoting effect of farmland fragmentation on “Non-grain” utilization; (3) The factors that affected “Non-grain” utilization included labor average age, proportion of non-agricultural employment, participation in agricultural training, access to agricultural information through the Internet, grain subsidy, the scale of farmland management, village-to-county distance, and the distribution of grain-producing areas.Agricultural machinery socialization service could significantly offset these effects. Government and society should develop the agricultural socialization service, alleviate the fragmentation of farmland by means of land consolidation and proper management-right transfer. There was also a need to improve the protection of farmland and grain-growing subsidies to enhance the enthusiasm of farmers for growing grain, and to ensure the food security.