As an important component of the land used for urban and rural construction projects, rural residential area should be the material carrier to realize rural urbanization, modernization and industrialization, under the new socialist countryside construction. Currently, the systematic planning is lack in rural residential area of our country. The chaos land use structure and loose spatial distribution are seen universally in rural residential. While, the disordered patterns cause a lot of waste of land resources inner countryside and extremely unreasonable layout in the construction land. Therefore, the layout optimization in rural residential area is particularly important in this situation. The suitability subareas of rural residential distribution are the basis for optimizing the space layout, and also be the important way to improve production and living conditions in rural areas, keep the balance of arable land and coordinate rural and urban development. This paper took Jinniuhu Street as an example, and used GIS technology to analyze the distribution status of rural residential, while the MCR model was applied in rural residential suitability zoning. Accordingly, it could provide scientific guidance for the implementation of rural residential land consolidation project and the villages and towns planning. The result showed as follows.（1）The proportion of rural residential areas in Jinniuhu Street was as high as 11%. Meanwhile, there were some problems existed in the present situation, such as dispersive layout and fragmentary patches on the whole. And each administrative unit differed observably in the rural residential distribution, which could perform in the compactness in spatial layout and consolidation potential of rural residential land. From the space layout, characteristics that rural residential distributed along the areas with low slope, low altitude and convenient transpirations were showed remarkably. In detail, the number and area percentage of rural residential patch whose slope were blow 2°had reached 75%. Meanwhile, the area percentage of rural residential patch exceeded 60%, and more than 50% of the rural residential was in the range of 500m in the distance transport corridors.（2）The MCR model was applied successfully in this paper, and achieved good results. 183 rural residential were selected as sources from 1295 individuals of all. According to the suitability degree of rural residential distribution, Jinniuhu Street could be divided into five suitability areas including highly suitable areas, suitable areas, general suitable areas, unsuitable areas and extremely unsuitable areas. Among them, the highly suitable areas accounted for 15.57% of the total area of the street, which was higher than the status area proportion. So the requirements of layout planning could be met in general.（3）According to the analysis of rural residential distribution status and results of suitability area zoning, the villages (communities) were divided into optimization model, including insitu urbanization, internal rectification and gradual relocation and annexation. So then, optimal paths from macro level were proposed in this paper

Based on Landsat TM, ETM+, MSS data, we mapped the urban lands in the Wuhan urban agglomeration in 1980-1990, 1990-2000 and 2000-2010 with the application of remote sensing and GIS technology. The paper investigated the dynamic urban expansion pattern, spatial form evolution of urban land and its driving factors during the study period, using the landscape expansion index, lacunarity index and fractal correlation dimension. We found that spatial expansion patterns in the Wuhan urban agglomeration presented different characteristics during different stages. In the first stage, the basic pattern was characterized by edgeexpansion and outlying expansion, while in the second and third stages the pattern was dominated by edgeexpansion. The spatial distribution of urban lands exhibited significant fluctuation during the different periods. In detail, during the first decade 1990-2000, the newly increased urban lands followed a dispersed expansion pattern and the spatial distribution in relation to urban land was characterized by homogenization. In the second decade, urban land expansion decelerated significantly and urban landuse expansion intensified along isolated central cities. During the third stage, urban land expansion showed a trend of highprimacy and concentration; the spatial differences of urban land distribution were enhanced significantly between Wuhan and its periphery areas. Overall, Wuhan urban agglomeration has experienced an even dispersed expansion in 1980-1990, a slow centrifugal scattered expansion in 1990-2000, and a rapid aggregated highlyprimate expansion in 2000-2010, respectively. These spatiotemporal differences were found to be closely related to foreign and domestic development environment, national development strategy, urbanization guidelines and land management policies. However, it is worth noting that the dominant driving factors varied between different decades studied

Improving the efficiency of builtup land utility is the core objective of interregional optimization of builtup land use allocation. In this paper, taking WuHan Metropolitan area as a research case, we propose an idea for optimizing interregional allocation of builtup land based on differences of land use efficiency. The basic principle of interregional allocation is that the higher efficiency of the utilization is, the higher priority of allocation is considered for the specific builtup land. According to this principle, a model of Partitioned & Asynchronous Cellular Automata was built up and it was also expectedly obtained to fulfill the interregional optimized allocation of builtup land utilization. Firstly, CobbDouglas production function is employed to measure the efficiency of builtup land use in the Wuhan metropolitan area. And then, the asynchronous speeds of the Partitioned & Asynchronous Cellular Automata are decided by the priority of builtup land allocation in every city which are calculated by efficiency of builtup land use in each city. Secondly, according the land use objective of the Wuhan metropolitan area in Master Planning Outline of Wuhan Metropolitan area, global stopping condition of the Partitioned & Asynchronous Cellular Automata is calculated by builtup land demand of the whole metropolitan area, and its regional stopping conditions are worked out by builtup land demand in each city in the Wuhan metropolitan area. Thirdly, transformation rules in each partition are worked out by the historic laws of land use change in the Wuhan metropolitan area and conditions of socialeconomic and natural environment factors in each city. Finally, with parameters such as asynchronous speed, transformation rules of each partition, global stopping condition and regional stopping conditions, the Partitioned & Asynchronous Cellular Automata is employed to allocate the builtup land in the Wuhan metropolitan area. The results show that: (1) Based on the difference in regional land utilization efficiency, the Partitioned & Asynchronous Cellular Automata model can give a different asynchronous speed for each area, which causally and favorably realize the interregional optimized allocation of builtup land. Therefore, the Partitioned & Asynchronous Cellular Automata model is capable to fulfill the task of interregional optimized allocation of builtup in city circle area. (2) The Wuhan metropolitan area has a remarkable regional difference in its builtup land utilization efficiency. Consequently, significant differences of satisfaction degree for each region are observed. In detail, Xiantao, Ezhou and Qianjiang, where the highest efficiency of builtup land completely meet the demands of the builtup land. However, with a lowest utilization efficiency of builtup land, Wuhan and Huanggang have a lower satisfaction degree for their builtup land demanding. Herein, a new method to optimize interregional allocation of builtup land was demonstrated, contributing to a significant work for the optimization of interregional allocation of builtup land. However, in this study, the efficiency of builtup land use is the main factor which is used in interregional builtup land use allocation. This will result in problems such as unequal developing opportunities for each city in the metropolitan area. Both efficiency and fairness should be considered in future research

The concept of regional sustainable development has been widely accepted by all sectors of society and been embedded into the establishment of regional development strategies as well as social development plans. Optimizing land development patterns, which is usually based on regional difference analysis, is the core of promoting regional development. Spatiotemporal differentiation of comprehensive development level of middle reaches of Yangtze River was studied in this paper from five aspects, economic, resource utilization, environment protection， social service and population, and scientific and technological innovation. This is helpful to recognize the forming process of comprehensive development pattern, the potential problems and their causes, and thereby corresponding regional regulatory policies can be made by government. This is of great theoretical and practical significance to promote harmonious development among sub regions in middle reaches of Yangtze River and in turn to propel the rising of central China. Based on the statistical data of 37 prefecturelevel cities of middle reaches of Yangtze River in 2005 and 2011, supported by SPSS and GIS software, this paper assesses the comprehensive development level of the study area by means of generalized principal component analysis (GPCA), characterizes its spatiotemporal differentiation pattern, and then analyzes the causes. Results show that: (1) comprehensive scores of the region have increased while there is still great potential for further improvement; (2) the differences of development levels are striking and the trend of polarization are significant; and (3) the pattern of Wuhan and Changsha as center and Nanchang as well as Hefei as vice center has formed, but the influences of radiation generated by core cities are relatively weak, and different factors restrict different urban agglomerations. Geographical conditions, location and transportation as well as human capital and education are three main factors influenced the Yangtze River metropolitan area. With the development of science, technology and society, the traditional constraints brought about by natural environment is not the dominant factor. Geographical location and transportation are the most important drivers for the development of central China. For the four urban agglomerations, different strategies should be made to promote comprehensive development based on their current situation. Therefore, the cities in middle reaches of Yangtze River ought to advance their total amount of economic development while transferring economic and industrial structure and seeking for new economic growth opportunities. In the meanwhile, more investments are supposed to be made by local government for improving infrastructure, especially transportation facilities. It is necessary for the top developed metropolitans like Wuhan and Changsha taking fully advantages of the good geographical locations, abundant resources, innovative scientific and technological talents, as well as preferable policies to further develop their secondary and tertiary industries. It is also vital to maximize resource utilization efficiency, reduce energy consumption and focus more on environment protection rather than only spurring extensive economic growth. In addition, given the widening gap of comprehensive development levels, it is essential for highlevel government to strengthen macrocontrol in future, in order to coordinate urban and rural development, balance regional disparity among inner cities, narrow differences in and between regions, and improve technology transfer and advantages' complementarity

Population migration of our country has a characteristic of remote urbanization since 1978, and it exerted different influences on population outflow areas and population inflow areas. Taking DongTing Lake Area as a case study, and using the data of the sixth national census, we analyzed the spatial relationship between population migration and urbanization of net population outflow areas and came to a conclusion that the urbanization level of a net population outflow area is highly negatively related to net population outflow rate. According to the ratio of net urban population inflow to net rural population outflow, we divided regional population urbanization  into four types: initiative population urbanization, internal transfer dominated passive population urbanization, outer transfer dominated passive population urbanization and deteriorative population urbanization; we also discussed their characters of population migration, dynamic mechanisms and comprehensive benefits; and then proposed reasonable measures to promote urbanization of DongTing Lake Area. For the sake of economic benefit of urbanization of DongTing Lake Area， initiative population urbanization should be put into effect by accepting industrial transfer, cutting down the cost of population inflow and assembling funds, industries and population. In order to ensure social benefit and ecological benefit of urbanization of DongTing Lake Area, agricultural industrialization and modernization should be promoted in the periphery and core area of DongTing Lake Area to drive passive population urbanization, and then position of agriculture in the Lake Area will be solidified and population pressure to the environment will be reduced

We employed the Theil index in a comparative analysis of regional carbon emission intensity based on carbon emissions, per capita carbon emissions and carbon intensity concerning various regions in China from 1997 to 2010, followed by an interregional comparison based on variation coefficient and a Ginibased analysis of regional carbon emission fairness. A comprehensive study on how Chinas regions differ in carbon emission was conducted at macro, medium, and micro levels. Next, a cluster approach was adopted and the 29 provinces were grouped in accordance with total carbon emission volume of each. From 1997 to 2010 carbon emissions and per capita carbon emissions grew gradually in Eastern China, Central China and Western China. The carbon emissions of Eastern China were larger than that of Central China, and that of Central China were larger than Western China. However, Western China intends to catch up with Central China in this respect. The situation of per capita carbon emissions is identical to carbon emissions. Eastern China, Central China, and Western China were ranked the first, the second, and the third in the percapita carbon emissions, whereas in 2009, the ranking changed to be Eastern China, Western China, and Central China. In addition, the percapita carbon emissions in Western China exceeded those of Central China in 2009. The carbon intensity of Eastern China was much lower than that of Central China and Western China, while Central China was close to Western China. There appeard a downward trend of the carbon intensity. As the Theil index showed, the Chinawide carbon emission intensity is characterized by regional diversity, which mainly results from the gap existing inside a region. Interregional differences are the secondary causes, of which Eastern China and Central China contributes more greatly to the overall differences, with a contribution rate of nearly 25%. Whereas the contribution rate of Western China is relatively low. The variation coefficients indicate that Eastern China ranked the first but Central China the last in carbon emission volume, Western China the first but Eastern China the last in per capita carbon emissions, and Central China the first but Eastern China the last in carbon emission intensity. As the calculation result shows, the Gini coefficient is 0154 3 in Eastern China, 0249 2 in Central China, 0315 2 in Western China, and 0244 6 in the whole nation. Among them, Western China has the highest Gini coefficient, followed by Central China and Eastern China in sequence. Gini coefficient demonstrates that Central China is in the first place and Eastern China in the last with respect to carbon emission diversity, of which the differences inside Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Shanxi, Guangxi contribute greatly to the diversity of the regions they are related to. Furthermore, the cluster analysis classifies all provinces into four levels of excellent, good, moderate, and poor. Cluster analysis demonstrates that Hainan and Qinghai are excellent in carbon emission situation; 18 provinces represented by Beijing, Tianjin and Jilin are graded as good; other 8 provinces represented by Hebei and Shanxi are proved as moderate; only Shandong belongs to poor region in carbon emission situation. Finally, the authors suggest formulation of diverse objectives and strategies aimed at emission reduction

Based on the surveys of fishes in the subtidal water of the mouth area of Yangtze estuary between JuneNovember in 2006 and JanuaryMarch in 2007, we analyzed the seasonal changes of fish community composition in this area. A total of 42 fish species belonging to 21 families were collected. The lengths of all fish species were almost lower than 20cm, which meant the fish community composition mainly dominated by the young or small size fishes in the subtidal water areas. The guild of marine fishes (27 species) has the largest number of species, followed by estuarine resident fishes (10 species), while the other guilds of freshwater, anadromous and catadromous fishes had the lower number species. As for as the live layers of subtidal fishes, the most fish species was the demersal fishes (about 23 species), followed by the surface or pelagic fishes (14 species), lowest the lower level of fishes (only 5 species). The dominant species contributing above 15% of the total fish abundance were spinyhead croaker Collichthys lucidus, estuarine tapertail anchovy Coilia ectenes, leading fish Harpodon nehereus in station S1, which was similar with station S2. It found that there was higher similar in fish community composition between station S1 and S2, so it suggested that no obvious difference existed in the subtidal fish community in the mouth area of Yangtze estuary. However, we also found that there were obviously seasonal changes in fish abundance and species between these two sampling stations. Using the methods of group average cluster analysis and nMDS ordination, the subtidal fish community was classified into groupⅠ(samples collected from winter to early spring) and group Ⅱ (samples collected from summer to autumn). Through the SIMPER soft analysis on the fish community, we found the average similarity in group Ⅰ was 63% and accumulative contribution of 5 fish species was more than 90%, including Anguilla japonica, Collichthys lucidus, Coilia ectenes. In group Ⅱ, the average similarity was 442% and accumulative contribution of 7 fish species was more than 90%, such as Collichthys lucidus, Coilia ectenes, Harpodon nehereus, Trypauchen vagina, Odontamblyopus rubicundus, Stolephorus chinensis and Setipinna taty. Moreover, the average dissimilarity between the two groups reached 7303% and the accumulative contribution of 17 fish species was more than 90%, such as Japanese eel Anguilla japonica, spinyhead croaker Collichthys lucidus, spear tail goby Chaeturichthys stigmatias, estuarine tapertail anchovy Coilia ectenes, Joyners tonguesole Cynoglossus joyneri and leading fish Harpodon nehereus

Under the rapid economic development, in order to coordinate  the relationship between regional economic development and environmental protection, this paper explored the environmental pollution of Poyang Lake wetland. Little egret and its habitat in the Poyang Lake wetland was served as biological indicators, to directed the migratory of heavy metals in ecological chain. Concentrations of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, V, Cr, Ni and As were determined based on the analysis of little egrets samples (feathers, eggshells) and environmental samples (water, soil, little egrets food) which were collected from the representative sites of little egret habitats: the county of Dongzili, the mountain of Piaoli and Qinglan lake in Poyang lake wetland. The results showed that the content of every heavy metals in soil was lower than the standards of class Ⅱ soil standard, the content of every heavy metals in water was significantly lower than the National Water Quality Standard, but the content of every heavy metals in little egrets food (included little shrimp, little Carp, little Catfish and etc.) exceeded the National food Quality Standard. It showed that little egrets habitat still presents a certain degree of heavy metal pollution, which is caused by industrial activities in the coastal area of five river basin such as the Dexing Copper Mine. And the results of enrichment coefficients of heavy metals showed that: the enrichment of heavy metals in feathers of the little egret in its food is less than 1, could not constituted enrichment, except Cr and Cu was constituted enrichment. But the enrichment of little egrets samples in water was reached a high degree, the coefficients was ranged in 14628-8 00610, which reached a high level. Overall the enrichment coefficients of little egrets food in water were highest in all samples, the enrichment ranged in 51716-14 21937. It indicated that the content of heavy metals in water samples and in food samples little egret (fish, shrimp) present a strong enrichment. While the fish, shrimp creature in water were directly consumed by little egrets. This caused a high concentrations of heavy metals in egrets body, and its also the main reason affected the health of wetlands mainly higher organisms. Living environment of human was influenced by the utilization of rich resources in the Poyang Lake. Hence, the pollution of the Poyang Lake also selfevident impacted human beings. The little egrets, which as wetland birds with higher vertebrates, its food were similar with senior biological human diet, which in the top of the food chain. The little egrets as a biological indicators in ecoenvironment reflects the wetland ecological environment pollution levels and the relationship to human health has several positive significance

As the largest freshwater lake in China, the largest wetland in Asia and an important ecological zone in the world for migrating birds, the Poyang Lake plays important roles for ecology, human life and produce. The Poyang Lake has important function on sustaining biodiversity, regulating flood, providing water for the midstream and downstream of the Yangtze River, and is strategic significant for regional and nationwide ecological safety. But it experienced significant changes in recent years under the pressure of global climate change and human disturbance, for example, the frequency of flood and drought increased, causing predicament for the habiting of fishes, migrating birds and finless porpoises, also for shipping, human fetching drinking water. The implement of Ecological Economic Zone Program of Poyang Lake, and the plan of Poyang Lake EcoHydraulic Project, brought new challenges and pressures for ecosystem of the Poyang Lake. Since the change of water level in the Poyang Lake had close relationships with birds migrating, ecological scene, and the development of fisheries, it was essential to study the change of water level for the health of the Poyang Lake ecosystem and the sustainable development of Poyang Lake Ecoeconomic Region, while existing researches mainly aimed to the runoff characteristics in Poyang Lake Basin, seldom focused on the water level. This paper investigated the trend and cyclical characteristic of water level in the Poyang Lake and obtained qualitative and quantitative analysis, employing the MannKendall method and maximum entropy spectral method, basing on water level data in the past 51 years (1962-2012) of Tangyin Hydrological Station, which located in an island surrounded by water in the center of the main body of the Poyang Lake. Almost 55% of inflow water of the Poyang Lake pass nearby this island. Both in highwater period and lowwater period, the water level data of Tangyin Hydrological Station had good representation for the Poyang Lake. The results show as follows. 1)The annual average water level and the annual highest water level had no significant changing trend, and the annual lowest water level had significant downward trend. 2) The mutation point of annual mean water level and the annual highest water level was the year of 2005, and the late mutations were transferred to weak downtrend; the mutations point of annual minimum water level was between the year of 2003 and 2005, and the downward trend was more obvious during the late mutation. Moreover, there were significant decreasing trends especially since the year of 2010. 3) The annual average water level was with 25-26 a in the first cycle, 6-7 a in the second main cycle, 11 a, 12 a, 16 a in the third main cycle; there were 19a cycles in the annual highest water level; there were 6a in the first main cycle in the annual minimum water level, and 16a in the second main cycle. 4)The next ten years, the flood will be without a rising trend, and the flood inundated area will not expand; the low water level will be lower, the dry time will come into being in advance, the disappear of dry time will delay, and the problem of water shortage in extended urban area and shipping will be more serious

In order to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of fish, the hydroacoustic survey was undertaken in the near downstream of Gezhouba Dam (from the dam to downstream reach of Zhenjiangge) using two methods including sonar sailing by ship and sonar fixedpoint monitoring, during April and June 2013. The fish density and the activities in water column were obtained after denoised in the observation data. The results show that there is significant spatial difference in the fish density distribution in the near downstream of Gezhouba Dam. The fish density in the water body of Dajiang is significant higher than that in Sanjiang. Moreover, the fish density in the reach of near the dam is higher than that in the downstream. The highest value is 6924 ind./1 000 m3, and lies on the downstream reach which is 1 km away the Dajiang project, while, the minimum value is 153 ind./1 000 m3, and is located in the downstream reach closing to Yihua building. The distribution of fish resources has difference for April and June. In details, the dielmovements of fish are more active in June, and the fish moves to the surface water at daytime, with less activity from nightfall to dawn. Further analysis displays that the complex operation of the ship lock, the available food, and the different fish population with special life habitat will have important impact on the spatial and temporal distribution of fish. In addition, the study was conducted during the closed fishing season. The closed fishing leads to plenty of fish in the water body, which has vital effect on the fish resource protection for the near downstream of Gezhouba Dam in spring and summer. DualFrequency Identification Sonar applied to the water area where terrain hardly changes. It is necessary to adjust the speed of ship at 7km/h or below for a better image effects. This research of the implementation by DualFrequency Identification Sonar SMC300 in water area near Gezhouba Dam proves that the method was effective. It is meaningful to attempt to this approach in other fish surveys of inland river. Using the acoustic surveys we conduct an unbiased survey of all species in the study area. Based on this research, DIDSON also has a blind spot, which is concerned that instability in precision of monitoring

Schizothorax oconnori (Cyprinidae: Schizothoracinae) is an endemic and commercial fish in the Tibetan Plateau, and only distributes in the middle and upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its tributaries at elevations above 3000 m. This work estimated the lifehistory pattern and exploitation status of S.oconnori in the middle Yarlung Zangbo River, also evaluated the influences of fishing intensity and the age of first capture on spawning potential of the fish. The life history pattern and exploitation status of the fish were studied by examining 1126 individuals collected from August 2008 to August 2009 in the middle Yarlung Zangbo River, Tibet. The total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M), fishing mortality (F) and exploitation ratio (E) of S.oconnori were estimated with some classical formulae. A typical Kselected species Huso dauncus and a typical rselected species Eleotris oxycephaoa were taken as references using a fuzzy cluster analysis, to evaluate the lifehistory pattern of S.oconnori by seven lifehistory parameters. The exploitation status of S.oconnori in the middle Yarlung Zangbo River was assessed using the spawning stock biomass per recruit model. Due to the uncertainty of natural mortality, we simulated the population dynamic variation under different M (female: 0053 ± 0020/a; male: 0064 ± 0020/a) in this study. The influences of fishing intensity and the age of first capture (tc) on spawning potential of the fish were also evaluated. The total mortality of S.oconnori was 0090/a for females and 0112/a for males. The natural mortality was 0053/a for females and 0064/ a for males, and fishing mortality was 0037/a for females and 0048/a for males. 〖JP2〗The exploitation level of S.oconnori was 0415/a〖JP〗 for females and 0428/a for males. The fuzzy cluster analysis indicated that the lifehistory pattern of S.oconnori belonged to Kselection. At the current F, M and tc, the spawning potential ratio was 52.80% for females, and 5164% for males, both higher than the target reference point 40%. Under three different M, the fishing mortalities of females and males were all lower than the target reference point 40%. It was concluded that the resource of S.oconnori in the middle Yarlung Zangbo River had been exploited reasonably, the population recruitment was sufficient, and this population could provide optimal yield under a stable status. However, if the fishing intensity increased continuously, once exceeded the threshold reference point F25% (0091/a for females and 0113/a for males), the population might face with overexploitation, and the recruitment pattern could not maintain the population equilibrium, and finally would be very easily depleted. High level of F beginning at late age could have the same effect on spawning stock biomass per recruit as lower F level applied at earlier age. Therefore, the catch per unit effort could be enlarged by rising tc in the long run. In addition, the smallsize fish nets (especially trap nets) should be banned to prevent fishing of the young, and the highly destructive electrofishing must be resolutely banned

In order to understand the water environment of reservoirs, an investigation was conducted on the water quality in 17 large and mediumscale reservoirs of Hangzhou City, China. The results showed that the water quality of those reservoirs were not optimistic. According to a single factor index, the water qualities of three reservoirs met Grade Ⅱ water standards, two reservoirs met Grade Ⅲ, two reservoirs met Grade Ⅳ, three reservoirs met Grade Ⅴ and seven reservoirs were worse than Grade Ⅴ. The specific index determining the classes was total nitrogen in all cases. According to trophic state index, in the wet season two reservoirs were oligotrophic, thirteen reservoirs were in mesotrophication and two reservoirs were light eutrophication; in the dry season sixteen reservoirs were in mesotrophication and one reservoirs was in moderate eutrophication. Total nitrogen and total phosphorus were the main factors affecting eutrophication. The results of cluster analysis showed that the seventeen reservoirs were divided into three categories. Qinshan and Fuchunjiang reservoirs were identified as a class for the bad water quality; Tongshan, Xiayuan, Fengshuling and Yanjia reservoirs located in the upstream region of Xinan River and Xinanjiang reservoir were identified as the second class for the good water quality; the remaining ten reservoirs were identified as the third class. The reservoirs located in mountainous region had the best water quality, reservoirs near the town followed and reservoirs located near the city and downstream city had bad water quality. Different regions and different types of reservoirs had different pollution reasons. For different reasons we should implement corresponding countermeasures to prevent and control reservoir pollution

In the 21st century, the global seismicity is in a relatively active period, which has occurred in several large destructive earthquake. Most destructive earthquakes are associated with the occurrence of secondary disasters. On April 20, 2013 an earthquake of magnitude 70 occurred in Lushan county in Sichuan province (103°E, 30°18′N) . The focal depth was 13 km. The Epicenter was about 100 kilometers away from Chengdu. Large energy was released by the earthquake. Local people suffered great harm and important buildings and facilities were severely damaged. We selected Lushan earthquakestricken area including 21 counties (cities, districts) as the study area. We applied field survey and the high resolution remote sensing visual interpretation as the method. Combining the relevant statistical data of local land, water conservancy, construction and other departments, a systematic analysis on the main characteristics of secondary mountain hazards in Lushan earthquakestricken area was performed in this study. There were 782 secondary mountain hazards which had been record their detailed information. With the support of GIS technology, we made further investigation about environmental background, distribution and cause of secondary mountain hazards in Lushan earthquakestricken area, and finally the results showed that the secondary mountain hazards were mainly distributed in the areas with seismic intensity of ⅧⅨ, low mountain elevation, slope gradient of 0°-40°, slope aspect of east and west, tertiary period mudstone gravel, intense river erosion activity and annual rainfall ＞1 200 mm. The formation of secondary mountain hazards are mainly associated with landform, geological structure, climate, hydrology and human activities. Topography on the formation of secondary mountain hazards demonstrates the impact of nonseismic conditions of the new features. Reconstruction of the surface morphology under seismic effect and development provide a lot of loose solid materials for secondary mountain hazards. Precipitation and surface runoff changes affecting slope stability provide power for the secondary mountain hazards. Excessive human socioeconomic activity accelerates the formation of secondary mountain hazards. According to the “4.20” Lushan earthquake, this paper carried out the analysis and research of  the distribution characteristics and causes  of secondary mountain hazards in Lushan Earthquakestricken Area, and this research provided reference and guidance for restoration and reconstruction, settlement relocation and readjustment of population distribution

A seven magnitude earthquake occurred in Lushan County, Yaan City, Sichuan Province on April 20, 2013, which caused 193 deaths or missing and with a loss amounting to RMB 1.4 billion. The structure of mountains, rock and soil was severely damaged by the Lushan earthquake, which induced a series of geological disasters including landslide, collapse, debris flow and so on. The serious geological disasters threatened the life, the property of the local people, the significant infrastructure and even the ecological condition. Exhaustive study and hazard assessment of debris flow in Lushan earthquake were of important realistic significance. Using the AHP method, we selected six assessment factors, namely terrain slope, lithology, fracture zone, vegetation cover, earthquake intensity and annual rainfall. In the application of AHP method, the weight of each factor was determined. The weight is 0.186 for seismic intensity, is 0.284 for rainfall factor, 0.176 for slope, 0.169 for lithology, 0.108 for fracture zone, and 0.077 for vegetation cover. The study area was eventually classified into five categories (extremely low, low, moderate, high, extremely high), which were determined according to the views of experts as well as the understanding of the regional development of geological hazards. Grade 1 to 5 were used to indicate the different hazard levels. Grade 5 represented the most dangerous, while Grade 1 represented the least dangerous. The choice of GIS technology for spatial analysis completed the study using the weighted superposition model. Applying the spatial analysis tool in GIS, a zoning map of debris flow hazard assessment was obtained. The result showed a regular pattern that the study area such as Lushan County, Tianquan County, Mingshan District, and Yucheng District located in the extremely high hazard area, and its level of hazard zoning was mainly affected by the earthquake and rainfall factors. We draws a conclusion that the division of the study area and the feature of geological hazard point distribution were in substantial agreement.

In order to study the soil denitrification rates under different vegetations in urban riparian zone of Shanghai, three sampling sites were chosen for denitrification measurement in Changfeng No. 2 greenbelt of Suzhou River riparian. The three sampling sites were distributed in the upstream part, middle part and downstream part along a transect of the riparian, which were respectively covered with three common green plants, namely, Fatshedera lizei, Cynodon dactylon and Rosa bracteata. Three parallel soil samples were taken from each soil layer (2-5 cm, 12-15cm, 22-25 cm and 32-35 cm) at each sampling site in March (early spring), May (spring), July (summer) and November (autumn) of 2012. In the laboratory, the denitrification rates of soil samples were determined using the C2H2 inhibition technique. Meanwhile, the basic physicochemical properties of soil including particle size, soil moisture content, soil organic matter (SOC) and concentrations of ammonia (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) nitrogen were also analyzed. The results showed that soil physicochemical properties and the denitrification rates of soils under the three representative green plants were different to some extent. Higher moisture content, SOC and ammonia nitrogen concentrations were found in soil under Rosa bracteata, while higher nitrate concentrations were found under Cynodon dactylon. In general, concentrations of SOC, NH4+ and NO3- were higher in early spring or spring and decreased with the increase of depth except in summer. The range of soil denitrification rates were 002-425 ngN/(g·h) under Fatshedera lizei, 009-761 ngN/(g·h) under Rosa bracteata and 009-302 ngN/(g·h) under Cynodon dactylon. The mean denitrification rate of soil was the highest under Rosa bracteata (093 ngN/(g·h)), next under Fatshedera lizei (076 ngN/(g·h)), and smallest under Cynodon dactylon (054 ngN/(g·h)). The denitrification rates under different vegetations were all significantly higher at the 2-5 cm layer of soil than that at the other depths, and no significant difference was found between the denitrification rates at the soil layers of 12-15, 22-25 and 32-35 cm. As for the seasonal change, the denitrification rates in the 2-5 cm soil layer under Rosa bracteata and Fatshedera lizei were significantly higher in early spring than that in the other seasons, while soil at depth of 2-5 cm under Cynodon dactylon showed higher denitrification rates in spring and summer than early spring and autumn. There were no significant seasonal differences between the denitrification rates at the other three soil layers. The results of threeway analysis of variance (ANOVA) suggested that the denitrification rates in soil of urban riparian were significantly affected by single and combined factors of vegetation type, soil depth and season except the combined factor of vegetation type and depth. Results of Pearson correlation analysis showed that denitrification rates were extremely correlated (p<001) with SOC (r=049), soil NH4+ concentrations (r=069) and NO3- concentrations (r=0508) suggesting that the vegetation might affect denitrification rates by controlling soil physicochemical properties, but there were no significant correlations between denitrification rates and soil moisture content or temperature

The meteorological drought has happened much more frequently since 20 century in middle latitudes, whereas the impact of it on the carbon cycle and ecosystem productivity remains unclear. Forest is the largest carbon sink in terrestrial ecosystems and plays an irreplaceable part in coping with the climate change. As the first step of the carbon storage in terrestrial ecosystems, net primary productivity (NPP) plays an important role in carbon balance as well as regional productivity. The better the understanding of how drought affect NPP is, the more helpful for improving the resistibility and stability of an ecosystem, which can also help provide a theoretical basis for research of ecosystem carbon sink capacity of Hubei Province. Here, the droughts that occurred in Hubei Province from 2001 to 2010 have been reconstructed by standardized precipitation index (SPI), and standardized anomaly index (SAI) has been extended to evaluate the anomalies of NPP. Estimation of NPP value in Hubei Province has been made using CASA model, then the impact of drought has been accessed by SPI in this study. The results are as follows. (1) Annual NPP of forest during 2001-2010 of Hubei Province changed from 7102 Tg to 9345 Tg with an average of 8062 Tg. Spatial distribution of NPP was not obvious with the average of 97934 g·m-2·a-1 and simultaneously seasonal change of NPP presented a single peak curve with the highest value in July and August and lowest in January and December; (2) The more intense the drought was, the lower the NPP value, and NPP value dropped by 2609% in mild drought, 3267% in moderate drought and 3828% in severe drought; (3) In the years when drought happened broadly in forest of Hubei Province, the impact of drought on NPP seemed more clear and the interannual variation of NPP value and drought areas presented strong negative correlation; (4) The variation of NPP anomaly proportion along with the drought intensity presented a linear trend. NPP value will get lower in half of the forest when SPI value is lower than -04 which means that the forest is sensitive to mild drought; and when SPI value is lower than -16, more than 80% of forest will suffer a low productivity. The result showed that the impact of drought on NPP was obvious, while there are still questions that remain unclear and deserve further investigation. (1) Vegetation growth has significant seasonal variation and drought intensity at different time scales has different impact on the vegetation in different growth stage. Our tentative study showed that the forests in Hubei Province were sensitive to drought of three and six months while the linear trend of the impact of drought of twelve months was not so obvious. So the studies of response of forest to different time scales would be worth exploring in future researches; (2) Meteorological factors such as precipitation influence the vegetation growth by changing the moisture of soil, so there is a time lag in the response of vegetation to climate factors, and vegetation is also affected by the cumulative effects of the previous climate conditions. In addition, there is a special difference of how the vegetation growth response to the meteorological factors, which should be investigated further; (3) Besides the drought conditions, natural factors like radiation and temperature and some human factors are also important to NPP, which cannot be eliminated in this study. So it is necessary to analyze how these factors influence the vegetation growth especially when some natural disasters and extreme weather happen so that the relationship of plant and climate can be better understood

Treering width has been widely used to investigate relationships between wood formation and environmental factors, but this proxy can be associated with high autocorrelation and it represents the integrated response to many environmental factors, which may interfere with the climatic signal. Climategrowth interactions have been mostly investigated by correlation/response analysis between ring width and climatic factors. The treering width chronologies of Cryptomeria fortune of 71 tree cores in Wawushan Nature Reserve in the southwest Sichuan Province, according to international treerings database standard, were developed to investigate relationships between radial growth of earlywood, latewood and temperature, precipitation. The results showed that earlywood width was more sensitive to climate than latewood width, which was insignificant with temperature．And earlywood radial growth was significantly positively correlated with average temperature of April, average maximum temperature in April, maximum temperature of September and October of the last year（ρ＝0352，p<005；ρ＝0297，p<005；ρ＝0298， p<005；ρ＝0309，p<005）, and negatively correlated with mean temperature in July and the minimum temperature in November of the last year（ρ＝-0356，p<005；ρ＝-0293， p<005）. Radial growth of latewood and mean maximum temperature in October presented significantly positive correlation（ρ＝0296， p<005）. However, radial growth of earlywood and latewood did not have significant correlation with precipitation. Radial growth of earlywood was particularly influenced on “lag effect” especially from September to October in the last year; monthly mean temperatures in April，October promote the accumulation of nutrients in plants, which is conducive to the formation of earlywood wide rings. Since lower temperature in early spring, early summer, and superabundant precipitation in growing season (especially in June and July), earlywood was easy to form narrow rings. Change of the highest temperature on growing season affected its wide ring formed. The results revealed that changes of different seasonal temperature and precipitation were acted on treering formation and radial growth of early wood and late wood, and precipitation is not a major limiting factor to radial growth of Cryptomeria fortune. Overall tree ring chronology of earlywood and latewood can reflect regional climate change to some extent

Based on the traditional dimidiated pixel model, the vegetation fractions of 1998, 2004 and 2010 were inversed respectively with the dataset of MODIS (NDVI) and SPOT VGT. Then, the spatialtemporal relationships between precipitation and vegetation fractions were analyzed using the models of gravity center and coefficients. The results showed that: (1) the vegetation fraction of Yalu Tsangpo River basin during the past 13 years has demonstrated an increasing trend, which was indicated by that areas of low and mediumlow vegetation fraction decreased while those of medium and mediumhigh vegetation fraction had an increasing trend. (2) In terms of vegetation fraction change intensity, the vegetation fraction has been much stable for the past thirteen years with the stable, slightlyincreasing, increasing region occupying about 70% of the whole basin, where were influenced seriously by the human activities. (3) The timeseries NDVI and precipitation of Yalu Tsangpo River basin had a positive relationship both in the transfer trajectory of gravity center and timelag effects.

Road traffic is considered as one of the most important sources of air pollution with adverse effects on human health. Greenbelts of nonmotorized roads are not only used for beautification of a city but also contribute significantly to purify total suspended particulates (TSP) in atmosphere which are derived from motor vehicles. The aim of this study is to explore which greenbelt configuration mode is more efficient to purify TSP for different grade roads and to find out which meteorological factor has more significantly effect on the purification efficiency of TSP. Some stylegreenbelts were selected as research objects in this study. Through monitoring the concentration of TSP by the way of assigning sample points along the greenbelts, we studied the quantitative purification efficiency of greenbelts which has different structures and at different grade road to TSP. Meanwhile, the correlation analysis was performed between the purification efficiency of TSP and the vegetations status of greenbelt which measured by canopy density and shelterbelt porosity. Further, we explored the correlation between the purification efficiency of TSP and the temperature, relative humidity and wind speed using the grey correlation method. The results were as follows. The configuration structure which planted with arbor and the shrub will be best for the greenbelt of the arterial road to purify TSP, and the configuration structure which configured with arbor, shrub and herbaceous plant will be most suitable for the greenbelt of the minorarterial road to purify TSP. It showed that dungarunga and large shrubs should be give priority to when we design the nonmotorized road greenbelts at serious traffic road. The purification efficiency of the greenbelt to the TSP is higher when the canopy density value and the shelterbelt porosity value of the greenbelt was between 75%-90% and 10%-20%, respectively. The canopy density will reduced and shelterbelt porosity will rise for the vegetations disrobed of their leaves in autumn and winter, but the TSP concentration of most cities is highest at winter, so more green plants should be chosen to design greenbelts. In addition, the purification efficiency will rise if choosing more plants which has better ability to absorb dust. Relative humidity played an even more important role than temperature and wind speed to the purification efficiency of TSP

Land cover plays a significant role in the earth system science, which reflects the influence of human activities and environmental changes. Within the past decades, several global land cover datasets derived from satellite observations, free of charge, have become available to the scientific community in Europe and America. They offer valuable information on the current state of the land surface. However, considerable disagreements among their classification legends pose significant errors and uncertainties in the use of such datasets. This paper proposes a fuzzysettheorybased method to fuse several land cover classification products for China. First of all, a set of (say, n) target classification legends are defined prior to the fusion process. No doubt that they should be compatible to the classification legends of the original products to be fused. Moreover, each of the target legend must correspond to at least one original legend. Secondly, each original legend is assigned to an affinity score for each target legend, which indicates how much the former agrees with the latter. Scoring, regarded as a technique based on fuzzy theory, is usually performed by experts according to semantic rules. Scoring is followed by the voting and decisionmaking procedure. Among the affinity scores of a pixel, the highest one suggests that the pixel falls into the target class linked by itself. In addition, we have also exploited spatial correlation by weighting the affinity scores of the neighboring pixels. When fusion is completed, a synthetic map (SYNMAP) combining the features of all original classification products is created. Overall consistency of class between SYNMAP and each land cover is engaged to evaluate the fusion method. All the datasets, including SYNMAP, are evaluated after being further categorized into a few of simple classes, each of which include several original or target legends. Note that classification accuracy, which offers an absolute index and is commonly seen, is not presented in the paper since we are short of ground truth data. Nevertheless, the goal of the fuzzytheorybased method is to produce a fused map that accommodates all the advantages of different original land cover data sets and reconcile their discrepancy caused by the disagreement of different classification system. Therefore, the index of consistency between two land covers should suffice. In our experiment, ESA, MODIS/IGBP, MODIS/UMD, and MODIS/PFT are employed as the original land covers to be fused. IGBP legends are set as the target. Meanwhile, nine simple classes are used during evaluation. Overall consistencies indicate improved agreement of SYNMAP with all the other land cover products. It means that the proposed fusion method has successfully combined various features of different land cover products. The conclusions can be used for national and regional numerical model and ecological environment evaluation for further research and applications

We aims to report the crosscorrelation characteristics and the temporal evolution properties of air pollution between Chengdu City and 14 surrounding towns. In this study, we collected the daily air pollution index (API) data of Chengdu City and 14 surrounding towns provided by Sichuan Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center. The 5 years regular monitoring data, from Jan.1 2008 to Dec.31 2012, were analyzed by using the detrended crosscorrelation analysis (DCCA) method. The DCCA exponent quantitatively measures the crosscorrelation of two series in terms of longterm crosscorrelation exists. The results show that the relationships of air pollution between Chengdu City and its surrounding towns display a long range crosscorrelation at the time scale ranging from one day to 5 years. The long range crosscorrelation suggests that the correlations of air pollution between Chengdu City and its surrounding towns do not obey the classical Markovtype stochastic behavior (exponential decrease with time), but display more slowly decaying correlations in a powerlaw fashion with time. For example, there is a varied tendency in air pollution of Chengdu City (its surrounding towns) to be followed by another varied tendency in air pollution of its surrounding towns (Chengdu City) at a different time in a powerlaw fashion. It has been found that the long range crosscorrelation properties will follow changes in different months. In order to further clarify this result, the crosscorrelations properties were analyzed based on monthly mean wind field. It is found that the results of DCCA analysis and the monthly mean wind field between Chengdu City and its surrounding towns have a good synchronization. These results correspond to atmospheric circulation and regional transport hypothesis. It suggests that in specific geographical and meteorological conditions, it exists intercity transport of air pollutants between Chengdu City and its surrounding towns. The atmospheric pollution type of Chengdu Plain may have been changed from local pollution into regional air pollution. The intercity transport has been the important factor of air pollution in the Chengdu Plain, which provides conditions for the formation and aggravation of heavy air pollution in Chengdu City. Therefore, in the air pollution forecasting model of Chengdu City, the long range crosscorrelation properties of air pollution between Chengdu City and its surrounding towns should be considered. This paper helps to understand the nature of regional air pollution in the Chengdu Plain. The prevention and control of air pollution in the Chengdu Plain should be developed towards regional jointly prevention and control in the planning and construction of Chengdu City and its surrounding towns