Taking the landscape pattern in Fengxian County of Jiangsu Province as the research subject, we applied buffer analysis and spatial overlay to investigate how the location of administrative center influences the landscape pattern with the support of ArcGIS 93 software and Fragstat 3. We selected seven landscape indices that can reflect landscape fragmentation, the regularity of landscape patch, the degree of aggregation and the diversity & heterogeneity of the landscape. The results show that: a) Cultivated land is the dominant land use type of the landscape and settlement landscape is one of the most important landscape patterns in Fengxian County. The degree of aggregation of cultivated lands and garden plots is higher than forest lands and the other agricultural lands. Natural reserved areas are minimally fragmented and suffered a mild influence from human activities. However, the degree of fragmentation is the highest for the other agricultural lands. The distance to the administrative center is near, the anthropogenic landscapes occupy a big proportion in the landscape area of the buffer zone, that is to say there is a characteristic of spatial attraction. However, the proportion of natural landscapes is lower, which is much smaller than the present proportion. In other words, there exists the effect of spatial repulsion. b) The distance to the town government expands, the degree of fragmentation, aggregation and the regularity of landscape patch tend to be strengthened in the first phase and then weakened. And the impact on landscape diversity and landscape heterogeneity can be so small if the distance to the town government is longer than 1 000 meters. With increasing distance to the county government, the degree of fragmentation presents a “weakenedenhancedstable” pattern. The degree of the complexity of the landscape shape increases gradually and accumulation degree decreases and then stable. Just like the changes in the landscape diversity and landscape heterogeneity which are affected by the distance to the town government, the two landscape indices can hardly change when the distance to the county government is more than 2 500 meters. The two different grinds of administrative center are of little influence on the diversity and the heterogeneity of the landscape. Overall, the distance to the county government would have more impact on the landscape pattern of land use than the distance to the town government. c) In a word, the two different levels of administrative center can affect the fragmentation degree, the shape character of patches, the aggregation level and the landscape diversity. The effective influence radius of the two different grinds of administrative center trend to be 1 500 meters and 3 000 meters after taking all the changes in the chosen landscape indexes into consideration

The purpose of the paper is to analyze the spatialtemporal features of intensive land use in Wuhan City from 1996 to 2010, and to diagnose its obstacle factors using the methods of principal component analysis, GIS analysis and obstacle factors analysis. The results showed that the degrees of land use intensity rose steadily from 1996 to 2010. The results also showed that the economic benefits, social benefits and the level of land use structure declined in a “ringlayer” model, and the ecological benefits were higher in the north district than that in the south district. In addition, the input level of land intensive use in Jianghan District presented circles as the core of the decline. The sustainable level of intensive land use decreased progressively from Jiangbei plate to Jiangnan plate in grades. Through the obstacle factors analysis, we can get the obstacle factors that affect the level of intensive land use specifically

Water ecological protection in Tibet is essential and important for ensuring national water security and stability in Asia. In this paper, the significance is analyzed and general idea is put forward about setting up water ecocompensation mechanism in Tibet according to the 2013 request of ecological civilization construction, balanced development between regions, and the most strict water resources management system. The related system is designed about the compensation scope, subject, object, standard, pattern, procedures, and the calculation methods and supervision and review principles are proposed based on physical geographical principles. It could provide reference for establishing water ecocompensation mechanism in China

The spatial and temporal characteristics of current, salinity and the concentration of suspended sediments were systematically investigated using long time series of hydrological observation data of the South and North Branches in the neap tide and spring tide during dry and wet seasons in 2009 and 2010 in the Yangtze Estuary. The relationship between the South and the North Branches was studied in this context. The salt water and sediment intrusion were discussed, especially the sediment intrusion from the North Branch into the South Branch which would influence the concentration of suspended sediments in the South Branch. The results indicate that the changes of salinity and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in the North Branch were significant. Normally, the salinity and SSC in the spring tide were higher than those in the neap tide. The salinity and SSC during the dry season were higher than those during the wet season while the salinity and SSC in the normal flow year were higher than those in the high flow year. The salinity and concentration of suspended sediments of the South Branch were about 025‰ and 02 kg/m3, respectively, which were only an order of magnitude smaller than those of the North Branch due to the runoff and it presented more complex change that the salinity and suspended sediment concentration will increase significantly in a short time during the ebb tide. The North Branch is the only bifurcation channel that dominated by tide in the Yangtze Estuary. The sediment transports backwards from the North Branch to the South Branch as the saltwater flows backwards. The concentration of suspended sediments of South Branch will increase about 005 kg/m3 in the spring tide during the wet season due to sediment intrusion. Especially in the spring tide during the dry season, the concentration of suspended sediments in the South Branch will be maintained about 025 kg/m3 for a long time and the maximum value can be up to 062 kg/m3 because of sediment intrusion. Recently, the slender sediment intrusion can be observed in the spring tide during the wet season. If the runoff is reduced excessively, the impact of the sediment intrusion from the North Branch into the South Branch will increase. Because of sediment intrusion, the median grain size and grain gradation of the surface water suspended sediment in the northern part of the South Branch (Chongxi Station) is quite different from that in the southern part of the South Branch (Xuliujing Station). The clay content at Chongxi Station is lower than that at Xuliujing Station while the silt content is higher. Sometimes the surface water suspended sediment at Chongxi Station would contain a little sand which may be taken from the North Branch

Estuaries, the junctions of rivers and seas, are complex and special areas where exchanges of fluvial and marine sediments take place. Yangtze River is the largest river on the Eurasia continent. The South Branch is the main channel of Yangtze Estuary, by which more than 98% of discharge getting disembogued into the sea. In the context of dramatic decrease of sediment load from the river basin, the aim of this paper is to gain better understanding of temporal change of suspended sediments due to the construction of the Three Gorges Project (TGP) and seabed sediment resuspension processes in the South Branch of Yangtze Estuary and to enhance our knowledge of geomorphic evolution in the South Branch. By analyzing tidal velocity, suspended sediment concentration (SSC), suspended sediment particle (SSP) and bed load observed at the lower reach of the South Branch of Yangtze Estuary from June 26th to July 3rd in 2011, the characteristics of temporal change of suspended sediment and seabed sediment resuspension processes were studied. The results indicated that in the lower reach of the South Branch hydrodynamics during the ebb tide was stronger than that during the flood tide, due to the tidal asymmetry caused by runoff and tide wave deformation. SSC and SSP rose from flood tide to ebb tide. From neap tide to spring tide, remarkable increases of tidal velocity, SSC and SSP were observed. When it was closer to the seabed vertically, SSC and SSP increased vertically and reached the maximum value in the nearbottom layer. The SSC and SSP fluctuated in a tidal cycle drastically. There were two SSC peaks near the seabed sometimes during a single flood and ebb period. The bed load was mainly composed of sand, whose content was over 90%. The resuspension of the bed load in the lower reach of the South Branch was strong, but the sediment supply from the bed load to the suspended sediment was limited. Excellent correlations were found among the tidal velocity, SSC, SSP and bed shear stress. Along with the alternating between the flood tide and the ebb tide, time series curves of the tidal velocity, SSC, SSP and bed shear stress all showed similar patterns of tidal change. Peak and valley corresponded to each other closely, meanwhile, the existence of hysteresis effect was evident at most of time. The decrease of SSC and change of relation between water and sediment in the past few years were associated with the recent sharp drop of sediment load from the river basin. The results suggest that the seabed sediment in the south branch of Yangtze Estuary had entered a more frequent activity period

The resource characteristics of the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis were studied in the fishing season from 2007 to 2011 in the Anhui and Jiangsu section of the lower Yangtze River. The average weight of the Chinese mitten crab gradually decreased from upper stream to the downstream, and the average weight fluctuation patterns in different river section were different. The maximum value of the average individual weight was represented as 025 kg/ind., observed in the Anqing section in 2010. While the minimum value of 005 kg/ind. was observed in the Jingjiang section in 2008. In the Anhui section, the annual total catch amount was 907-3044 t, with an instantaneous catch amount of 301-607 at the end of fishing season. In the Jiangsu section, the annual total catch amount was 676-4828 t, with an instantaneous catch amount of 285-1019 t at the end of fishing season. Further, the total resources ranged between 1209-3650 t and 988-5592 t in Anhui and Jiangsu section, respectively. These results showed that the Chinese mitten crab resources appear rebounding significantly from 2007 to 2011 in lower reaches of the Yangtze River, compared with the results from 1996 to 2005, which is probably caused by the proliferation of releasing and fishing moratorium and other resource protection measures.However, the Chinese mitten crab resources in the lower Yangtze River are still facing several rigorous difficulties as following. The 5year catch strength index ranged between 075 and 0.86, indicating that the crabs were still under the high catch pressure from 2007 to 2011. Meanwhile the capture of crab larvae and juvenile crab had been rising again, and the Chinese mitten crab also faced the interferences from other artificial activities. In order to maintain the sustainable development of the Chinese mitten crab, it is recommended to carry out the following measures such as banning on catching crabs in the Yangtze River, strengthening the establishment of crabs conservation area, increasing enhancement and releasing quantity, strengthening scientific research and the fisheries management.

As the water eutrophication situation becomes continuously serious in Taihu Lake, the construction of safe, stable, and reliable urban emergency water sourcehas been of greater importance. In this study, the suitability of urban emergency groundwater source for drinking and industrial purposes were assessed by using the water quality analysis results of the second confined groundwater from 2005 to 2009 in Suzhou city. Results showed that NaHCO3, CaHCO3 and mixed NaCaHCO3 type are the major hydrochemical types of the second cofined groundwater in the study area. The water quality is relatively stable and the interannual difference is minimal during the study period. Physicochemical characterizations and water quality index (WQI) of the samples revealed that groundwater from most of sites were acceptable for drinking purpose owing to low mean yearly WQI values (4998-6875), and the confined groundwater is not polluted by any organic compounds. Thus, groundwater from the study area is suitable for drinking purpose. Results of contribution rate of water indexes for WQI value revealled that As, Fe, pH and Mn are the main impact indexes. The concentration of iron, manganese, arsenic, ammonia and nitrite are generally high in some areas, and these redundant ions should be pretreated before emergency useage. Langeliar saturation index (LSI) and Larsen ratio (LnR) results showed that all water samples are scaleforming tendencies in nature with a slight tendency to corrosion characteristics for most of the samples. To meet the water quality requirement for drinking and industrial purposes during emergency water supply period, additional water pretreatment technologies should be recommended. This study provides a scientific basis and reference for the construction of regional groundwater emergency water source and the indemnification of water quality security during emergency water supply periods for Suzhou city

To evaluate the fish assemblages of Yangtze Riverconnected lakes, spatial and temporal variations of fish assemblages in the littoral zone and open water of the Poyanghu Lake in the middle and lower basin of the Yangtze River were investigated seasonally from April to November 2010. Throughout the study, 72 species belonging to 7 orders, 14 families and 46 genera were collected. Lake resident species was the richest, accounting for 5556% of total fish species. Riverlake migratory species accounted for 2500% of total fish species. While riverine species was the least, accounting for 1944% of total species. We collected a total of 6 136 individuals, representing 49 species, with 10 species such as Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Silurus asotus, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco as the dominant species in the littoral zones. We collected a total of 6 136 individuals, representing 68 species, with 10 species such as Coilia ectenes, Carassius auratus, Hemiculter bleekeri, Pseudobrama simoni as the dominant species in the offshore areas. Fish density and biomass differed significantly among the sampling sites in littoral zone, while fish species richness and biomass differed significantly among the sampling seasons in open waters. As observed for littoral zone samples, fish density was the highest in W3 and the lowest in W4, fish biomass was the highest in W3 and the lowest in W5. As observed for open water samples, fish species richness was the highest in September and the lowest in April, fish biomass was the highest in November and the lowest in April. Associations between fish abundance and environmental variables were examined with canonical correspondence analysis, which is a weighted averaging method that directly relates assemblage data to environmental variables by constraining species ordination to a pattern that correlates maximally with environmental variables. Correlations between environmental variables and canonical correspondence analysis axes were used to assess each variables contribution. In the littoral zones, speciesenvironment correlation coeffcients for the first four pairs of axes (CCA 1-4) were 0853, 0789, 0781, and 0859, respectively. For the first four assemblage axes, cumulative percent variance of species data was 29%. In the open water, speciesenvironment correlation coeffcients for the first four pairs of axes (CCA 1-4) were 0864, 0. 0875, 0000, and 0000, respectively. For the first four assemblage axes, cumulative percent variance of species data was 55%. Canonical correspondence analysis indicated that the environmental factors shaping fish assemblages were different between the two zones: water temperature, tributary presence/absence, distance from main channel of Yangtze River and water transparency were the significant environmental factors in the littoral zones; while distance from main channel of the Yangtze River and water transparency were in the open water

The middle and lower Yangtze River develops a large number of channel islands, which attract research interests after impoundment of Three Gorges Project (TGR). The data of average annual runoff and sediment discharge of Yichang, Hankou and Datong During 2000-2011 are analyzed. The 20 representative channel bars are selected as research objects based on remote sensing images in 1999, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2011. The area change of channel bars are closely linked with the annual runoff and sediment discharge before and after the impoundment of TGR. A conceptual model is developed to analyze the relationship between changes of bars area and the runoff and sediment discharge. It shows that: 1) after the impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir (2003-2011), average annual runoff of Yichang, Hankou and Datong decreased by 61%, 73% and 95%, respectively; sediment discharge decreased by 903%, 721% and 669%, respectively; average sediment concentration decreased by 896%, 896% and 896%, respectively; 2) before the impoundment, 12 bars (60%) area is increasing year by year, with an average rate of 268% on the basis of 1999; after the impoundment, only 9 bars (45%) area also increased, the average rate reduced to 221%, 11 bars (55%) area was reducing with an average rate of 194%; 3) the conceptual model shows that there is the positive correlation between the change of channel bars area and water level and erosion. Moreover, water level and erosion have the positive correlation with flow discharge and suspended load reduction. The area change of channel bar is mainly controlled by water level change. This relationship produces an illusion of channel bars evolution in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: the area of the minority of channel bars increases after the impoundment of TGR because the serious riverbed erosion occurred, but actually they are undergoing the erosion process

Studying hydropower development types and spatial patterns is useful to analyze the cumulative effects of reservoirs and optimal layout of hydropower in watersheds. Despite a few literatures has discussed the assessment method of hydropower development level, the evaluation method is still given priority to a single index on hydropower development rate. However, the single index cannot truthfully reflect the spatial distribution of hydropower station in a whole watershed, and is hard to reflect the differences of hydropower development in different river sections. These shortcomings are not conductive to the study of cumulative effects that may be caused by cascade hydropower stations. Based on the separation of the whole basin, we analyzed the types and the spatial patterns of hydropower located in the upper Minjiang River Basin. Then, we built three indices, namely, hydropower development rate, hydropower development density and hydropower development intensity, to comprehensively assess the hydropower development degree of study area. Finally, we compared these indices across many river basins in China. The results were as follows. (1) The main type of hydropower plant in study area is not large hydropower but small diversion hydropower with high water head and low dam. (2) Cascade hydropower development has been expanded to the third level tributaries. The pattern of intensive cascade hydropower development may give rise to the disappearance of some aquatic organisms in “dewatered” river sections, thus may result in the gradual evolution of aquatic ecosystems into seasonal terrestrial ecosystems. It may also speed up the flood collection rate, an affect the safety of flood controlling. (3) The hydropower development rate, hydropower development density and hydropower development intensity of Zagunao River, a main tributary of the study area, were as high as 99%, 057 and 017, respectively, making it the highest developed tributary. WenchuanDujiangyan section is the highest developed section of main stream. (4) Compared with the average level of hydropower development rate in China, the intensity of cascade hydropower development is much greater than that of other main rivers in China. (5) As the main hydropower type of study area, the biophysical cumulative effects caused by small hydropower deserve further study

Global climate models (GCMs) have been widely used for projections of future climate change and have provided unprecedented opportunities to analyze the potential effects at regional and continental scales. However, the simulation capacity of each GCM varies among different regions. Therefore, assessing the performances of GCMs in specific regions is essential for further study of adapting and mitigating the effects of climate change at regional scales. Yangtze River Basin, as one of the most important political and economic areas in China, has increasingly suffered from flood and drought disasters in recent years because of climate change. In this study, the performances of 24 Global Climate Models (GCMs) in the fifth phase of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) were assessed by comparing the model outputs with the observations from 127 meteorological stations for the period of 1961-2005 over the Yangtze River. Top 5 GCMs for annual air temperature and precipitation were selected by the calculation of the Mean Absolute/Relative Error (AE/RE), Normalized Root of Mean Square Error (NRMSE), Time and Spatial correlation coefficient as well as two statistical indices of MK trend analysis methods. However, no GCM fell in the best five for both air temperature and precipitation, and likewise no GCM fell in the worst five for them over the Yangtze River. According to recent studies, the ensemble mean of all the models usually shows better agreement with the observations than any single model. Thus, the ensemble outputs of top 5 models for air temperature and precipitations were evaluated in terms of time and spatial distribution characteristics, respectively. The results suggest that the simulated annual temperature of GCMs is superior to the precipitation outputs, and this may result from the uncertainty and variability of precipitation. The averagedensemble results show that the set outputs well fit the observations during 1961-2005, whereas oscillation amplitude of the simulations is smaller than that of observations. Furthermore, the ensemble results could capture the spatial distribution characteristics for both air temperature and precipitation over large areas except for some areas which show great divergence with less observations and high altitude. The ensemble outputs can consequently be used to project future temperature and precipitation over the Yangtze River. In order to assist policymakers and water managers in adopting strategies based on scientific understanding, further study should focus on the following aspects: (1) whether the density of meteorological stations and the interpolation methods have significant influences on the assessments; (2) whether the simulation capacities of GCMs can be improved by using finer resolution data and reducing the time scale data; and (3) how to improve the performances of GCMs in CMIP5 over the areas with large deviation of terrain

During the process of regional economic and social development, it has become an essential technical issue  to improve the efficiency and benefits of water use via controlling regional water utilization structure under predetermined water supply and ensure the development of economy and society to be matched with gross volume constraint of water. In this paper, we chose several indicators to quantitatively describe the coupling relations between water use and socioeconomic system, refined indicates of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries, domestic and ecological consumption which are divided in the way of combining national economy sectors and water consumers, and set up the system dynamic model of Jiangsu Province which simulates water utilization structure and industrial structure and considers demand of water use and socioeconomic development. Based on the prediction and analysis of the current development trend of total water use in Jiangsu province, we selected parameters which affect system significantly as the controlling variable, designed five kinds of scene for contrasting, simulated changes in supply and demand of water resources and water utilization structure dynamically, to identify the simulation program of total amount of water constraining and water utilization structure controlling strategy in Jiangsu Province. The findings can help to promote regional economic development pattern and to take the intensive and organic growth path of development

During rapid urbanization, urban thermal environment as an important aspect of humans living environment has attracted wide attentions in the fields of sustainable urban planning and landscape designing, climate change, geography, etc. Over the past few decades, research methods of urban thermal environment have transitioned from the statistics of the meteorological observation data, regional climate mode,  to analysis based on remote sensing technology; the spatial level also gradually changed from the large scope from urban-rural area to urban internal space, analysis topic has turned from urban thermal environment pattern to the driving factors of urban internal thermal environment. However, urban thermal environment fields are still subject to spatial resolution of remote sensing images and limited by the shortage of surface parameters.Most previous researches on this field analyzed the problem only on one spatial scale, and the multiscale features of the correlation are scientific issues with insufficient discussion and confidential conclusion. We selected Shanghai as an case study to analyze the correlation between land surface thermal environment (STE) and urban landscape form (ULF). We used Landsat7 ETM+ images to retrieve urban land surface temperature; socioeconomic statistics data, land use maps and urban traffic network maps were used for characterizing urban landscape features; and there are three spatial statistic levels in this study,such as administrative district (county) level, 5 km concentric rings level and street blocks level. We employed ERDAS Imagine software to process remote sensing images, used ArcGIS software for spatial data management, and used Fragstats software to calculate urban landscape parameters. The results showed that: (1) the impact of ULF on STE had a certain scalerelative dependence, the correlation between ULF and STE at different level presented the same direction but different numeric degree; (2) population density and economic density had a positive and constant effect on land surface temperature (LST); (3) both landscape mixture and landscape division had constant negative effects on LST, the correlation between block connectivity and LST was negative; (4) the impact strength of landscape division on thermal environment was dependent on landscape attribute: the higher division that warming class had, the lower strength land surface warming effect was; the higher division that cooling class had, the more strength land surface cooling effect was; (5) urban population density, the developed land proportion and housing land proportion were produced the most significant effect on urban thermal environment scale at district/county level, concentric ring level and typical blocks level, respectively. It can be concluded that: urban population density mainly determines the macro distribution pattern of urban thermal environment; in the belt of population density, the distribution pattern of urban thermal environment is mainly affected by the proportion of developed land; and housing land proportion is the landscape factor that effects local land surface thermal environment pattern when the proportion of developed land are comparative

With the new situation of vigorously developing and utilizing marine resources, the industry chain of offshore oil exploitation and transportation has tremendously developed. However, it increases the risk of marine oil spill incidents, despite the huge economic benefits. As an important fishery resource  area in China, Shanghai ocean area has abundant maritime resources, important ecological protection zones and water channels, without the current and effective monitoring and controlling actions, the potential oil spill pollution will seriously threaten the marine ecosystem, in addition to  huge economic losses. It's particularly urgent and vital to develop the ecological environmental risk zoning and to protect the sensitive resources, especially the important source of drinking water in Shanghai. In this paper, combined with the distribution information of sensitive ecological resources around Shanghai waters and the feature information of oil spills, the method of grey fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was applied to establish a fuzzy evaluation of the sensitivity coefficient of ecological sensitive area. We combined qualitative and quantitative approaches to make the evaluation results  rational and scientific. Furthermore, based on GIS platform, we classified the risk of ecological sensitive area which is nearby the pollution source with high frequency of accident by comprehensively analyzing the statistical information of the oil spill accidents over the years and the flow of ships. Putting together, the information of influence range of oil spills, high risk areas and protection order of ecological sensitive resources can be reflected directly, according to the large-scale map of ecological environmental risk zoning of oil spills in Shanghai waters, thus providing fundamental analysis for the emergency response work after the ocean accidents. From the results, we can get the following three points. First of all, the sensitive coefficient of drinking water source area in Shanghai ocean area is the highest. Secondly, the shipping area near the Wusong Port of downstream of Huangpu River, retention and seashore scenic and tourist area are always the high incidence areas in this place. Thirdly, the order of sensitive resources protection priority around the high oil spill incidence areas is drinking water source area, marine nature reserve, agricultural and fishery resources utilization and conservation area, seaside scenic spot, reserve, shipping, and industrial and urban marine using area. Our results not only help to control the risk of oil spills, but also help to reduce the loss of ecology and social economy from the future accidents. Moreover, it also has positive guiding significance to marine ecological compensation legislation and sensitive resources protection in high incidence area. In the future, characteristics of sensitive resources, harmfulness of oil, classification of oil quantity and simulation image of oil spill trajectory should be added to make difference management and remediation of oil spill pollution, especially to strengthen the shipping pollution prevention and control system of important water source area like Qingcaosha reservoir and other sensitive waters

Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) is optically active compounds in aquatic systems, which absorb light in the ultraviolet and visible domains, controlling the water leaving radiance or remotelysensed reflectance. It is important to the carbon cycling in inland waters as the photochemical processes of CDOM producing CO2 or CO. Previous studies have focused on the CDOM absorption properties in specific water ecosystems, limiting the knowledge of biogeochemical dynamics of CDOM in different waters. For example, CDOM may suffer from changes in absorption spectra with the temperature, potential sources and residence time of water, and so on. The significant issue is to analyze the properties of CDOM absorption in inland waters at different latitudes and trophic states, which is useful to construct the IOPs database and provide spatial and temporal variations of CDOM absorptions from water color. Based on the field CDOM absorptions in Taihu Lake, Shitoukoumen Reservoir, Chaohu Lake and Poyang Lake, the temporal and spatial changes of CDOM absorption at 412 nm (aCDOM(412)) was analyzed. We found that Shitoukoumen Reservoir at the highlatitude showed highest aCDOM(412) than those at lowlatitude, including Taihu Lake, Chaohu Lake and Poyang Lake. CDOM absorptions in the lakes at highlatitude exhibited significant spatial heterogeneity in terms of trophic states, for example, aCDOM(412) in the oligotrophic lake (Poyang Lake) was lower than the eutrophic lakes (Taihu Lake and Chaohu Lake). It is noted that average of aCDOM(412) in Chaohu Lake was higher than Taihu Lake, although they both are hyper eutrophic inland waters. We also found that changes in absorption spectra of CDOM as the influence of massive phytoplankton blooms with two distinct absorptions at 320 nm and 600 nm. The spectral slopes S reveals the potential sources and fates of CDOM and may negatively correlate with CDOM absorptions. We calculated the S in different wavebands and observed that spectral slopes from the UVA (315-400 nm) showed high correlation with aCDOM(412) in different water regions. The SA/aCDOM(412) was used to detect the sources of CDOM in the four water areas. The results revealed a useful proxy, SA/aCDOM(412), to determine the potential sources and fates of CDOM in inland water ecosystems. Future work will focus on how the regulatory factors (such as, temperature, light, hydrology, etc.) characterize the CDOM absorption properties in aquatic ecosystems

Sludge was one of the final sinks for many pollutants from the sewage treatment plants. The environmental effect of sludge should be paid attention.Due to lacking research on industry related sludge,forty nine Chemical Industry Parks of Jiangsu Province were investigated.Of those,twenty five parks were from South Jiangsu and twenty four parks from North Jiangsu.The content of five kinds of heavy metals (As,Cd,Cr,Hg and Pb) in sludge and its extraction from the sewage treatment plants were determined with good quality control according to the standard methods.The ecological risk of heavy metal from the sludge was assessed by using the Hakanson Index Method,and the standard for grading of pollution coefficients and potential ecological risk indices was modified based on the target five metals.The results showed that the five metals in the sludge extraction were all within the standard,indicating that the sludge does not belong to the hazardous waste.However,the concentrations of As,Cr and Hg in sludge exceeded the national standard,with the rate of 24.5%,6.1% and 4.1%,and the maximum times of 131,212 and 0.41,respectively.The content of As from Jiangsu Chemical Industry Parks was obviously higher than that from the municipal sewage treatment plants in China,based on comparison to the data reported from 2000 to 2010.The level trend of Cr> Pb>Cd in sludge was in accordance with the result of Jiangsu sewage sludge reported in 2005.The potential ecological risk showed that Hg>As>Cr,with the level proportion of ‘high’ and ‘very high’ for the integrated pollution coefficients of Hg was 714% ,and that of the potential ecological risk indices of Hg was 87.8%.The integrated pollution coefficients of the metals from 49 Chemical Industry Parks of Jiangsu Province were between 084 to 994,with the proportion of ‘moderate’,‘considerate’,‘high’ and ‘very high’ was 41%,245%,306% and 408%,respectively,while the potential ecological risk indices of the metals were between 219 to 9994,with the proportion of ‘moderate’,‘considerate’,‘high’ and ‘very high’ was 41%,163%,408% and 388%,respectively.Concerning the regional distribution,the ecological risk of heavy metal from the North Jiangsu Chemical Industry Parks was stronger.We conclude that as far as the land use is concerned,As,Cr and Hg in the sludge were the main pollutants in the Chemical 〖JP2〗Industry Parks of Jiangsu Province; but with regard to potential ecological risk,the degree of metal hazards is Hg>As>Cr.So both the limit standard mode and the ecological risk evaluation mode are necessary in the routine environment management for heavy metals,and the source control of metals enriching in sludge is quite important.Based on the heavier pollution,the investment policy in North Jiangsu should be reconsidered.As the pollution and potential ecological risk differs with industry type and waste water treatment style,the related study needs to be strengthened

In order to study the concentrations and bioaccumulation characteristics of organochlorines, DDTs, HCHs, HCB and PCBs were detected in a series of aquatic organisms collected from the Dianshan Lake, including pond snails, shrimps and several species of fish. The results showed that DDTs, HCHs, HCB were found in all biological samples, the concentrations of the analyzed organochlorine pesticides in different organisms differed greatly from each other. Among the eight species, snakehead had the highest concentrations of organochlorines. This might be due to that snakehead, as a carnivore species, lies at a higher trophic level and has higher body fat ratio. The ∑DDTs (sum of DDT, DDE, DDD) concentrations ranged from 55 to 1135 ng/g lw in the muscle, the ∑HCHs (sum of αHCH, βHCH, γHCH, δHCH) and HCB concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 24 ng/g lw to 6.9 to 91 ng/ lw, respectively. DDTs were the dominant OCPs measured in the samples. The 4, 4DDE and αHCH were the most abundant congeners. As the predominant congener of DDTs, the 4,4DDE showed the highest concentrations in all samples and accounted for a mean percentage of 76.6% of the sum DDTs. The (DDD+DDE) /DDT ratios in all the aquatic organisms were above 1, which indicated that there was no recent input of DDT in the sampling region. The profiles of DDTs and HCHs suggested a historical usage rather than contribution from recent sources. PCBs were detected in all organisms except pond snail. The concentrations of PCBs in the aquatic organisms were in the following order: snakehead > crucian > horn > bleeker > loach> günther > shimp > pond snail. Taking pond snail as the reference, the OCPs biomagnifications factors (BMF) of different aquatic organisms ranged from 1.2 (loach) to 23 (snakehead). Taking shrimp as the reference, the PCBs BMF of different aquatic organisms ranged from 5.9 (günther) to 55 (snakehead). The lipophilic nature, hydrophobicity and low chemical and biological degradation rates of organochlorines have led to their accumulation in biological tissues and the subsequent magnification of concentrations in organisms, progressing through the food chain. The abovementioned results indicated that the studied organochlorine compounds can be bioaccumulated and biomagnified along the food chain in the Dianshan Lake, which may pose a potential threat to human health

Based on the measured concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in Lake Poyang, in July,2011, firstly we classified the sediment of Lake Poyang into three categories according to the spectral signatures of different sediments on remote sensing images, which are sand, mudflat, and grassland. Then we analyzed the content characteristics of TN and TP in both water and sediment of different bottom sediment types. The results show as follows. (1) It has different TN and TP content in surface waters on different sediment types, representing a pattern of sand > mudflats > grass. TP content in bottom sediment has the same characteristics of TN and TP in surface water, and the characteristic of TN content in sediment is grass > mudflats > sand. (2) Stations on sandy sediment mainly distributed from Raohe River to Duchang, and from north branch of Ganjiag River to Duchang, and in the first section of upstream channels. It may result in high TN and TP content of station on sandy sediment from the high pollutants of nitrogen and phosphorus from Raohe River and Ganjiang River, and landsourced pollutants along the way. Part of the stations on muddy sediment distributed from Xingzi to Hukou, and landsourced pollutants is one reason that the surface water of station on grassy sediments has a relative high TN and TP content. And it has the lowest TN and TP content in surface water of stations on grassy sediments because of the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorous from water by grass in sediments

Aquaculture pond is a relatively closed and fragile ecosystem type, and sediment is an important part of the pond ecosystems. In order to ensure sustainable expansion of freshwater fish farming, it is essential to quantitatively understand how fish farming affects the sedimentary flux of the sedimentary particles between the Ctenopharyngodon idellus ponds and Pelteobaggrus fulvidraco ponds. The sedimentary flux variation and correlations with the culture activities were discussed in this paper. The objective of this study was to quantify the sedimentary flux and analyze nutrient characteristics of sedimentary particles from April to October of 2012 in two aquaculture models ponds. The sedimentary particles were collected respectively by selfmade sediment trap in different aquaculture models ponds. The sedimentary flux of total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), total phosphorus (TP), total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic nitrogen (TON) were also measured in sedimentary particles. Results showed that vertical sedimentary weight of settling particles flux in the Ctenopharyngodon idellus cultured ponds were significantly higher than in the Pelteobaggrus fulvidraco cultured ponds. Meanwhile, the sedimentary weight of the sedimentary particles showed an increasing trend in two aquaculture models ponds. The sedimentary weight was found to range between 10039 to 41466 g/(m2·d) and with an average of 224.46 g/(m2·d) in Ctenopharyngodon idellus cultured ponds, while range from 3414 to 27291 g/(m2·d) and 155.18 g/(m2·d) on average in Pelteobaggrus fulvidraco cultured ponds. Temporal variations of sedimentary flux of TN, TC, TOC and TON were not obvious in two aquaculture models ponds. The sedimentary flux of TN, TC, TOC and TON of the sedimentary particles were significantly higher in the Pelteobaggrus fulvidracocultured ponds than in the Ctenopharyngodon idelluscultured ponds during the culturing period. The content of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus of sedimentary particles also showed increasing trends during culturing period. The sedimentary flux of TN, TC, TP, TOC and TON in sedimentary particles varied from 37.1 to 194.2 mg/(m2·d), 5.42 to 8.57 mg/(m2·d), 108.9 to 426.1 mg/(m2·d), 225.3 to 1409.7 mg/(m2·d), 26.2 to 172.4 mg/(m2·d) in the Pelteobaggrus fulvidracocultured ponds, and varied from 88.2 to 182.6 mg/(m2·d), 638.1 to 1503.7 mg/(m2·d), 254.4 to 560.5 mg/(m2·d), 567.1 to 1 084.8 mg/(m2·d), 65.5 to 131.9 mg/(m2·d) in the Ctenopharyngodon idelluscultured ponds, respectively. Positive correlation was found among TN, TC, TP, TOC and TON in sedimentary particles matter in the Pelteobaggrus fulvidracocultured ponds. The temporal variation of carbon/nitrogen ratio of sedimentary particles was similar with that in surface sediments in two aquaculture models ponds, which suggested it was similar material source between sedimentary particles and sediment. Therefore, the interaction between cultured fish and environment played an important role during sedimentary particles formation in aquaculture system.

Laomukong navigationpower junction is the first level of the navigation hydropower cascade development project located between Leshan and Yibin on the Minjiang River. It is a comprehensive water conservancy project which is based on shipping and integrated avionics, combining flood control, water supply, environmental protection and tourism. In this paper, a twodimensional mathematical model was established for sediment and river flow. The model consists of the flow equation, nonequilibrium suspended sediment transport basic equation and the bed deformation equation. To prove the similarity, water level and crosssection velocity distribution were verified based on the measured data. According to the water and sediment data of Laomukong, including the suspended particle gradation, bed load gradation and the scheduling mode of the reservoir, 3 representative years (low water 1971, ordinary 1979, ample flow 1985) were selected to constitute the cycle. The reservoir sedimentation in different periods was calculated after the completion of the reservoir. Based on the calculations, we analyzed the distribution of the sediment deposition, mainly about the sediment deposition and siltation thickness in the key parts. Then a preliminary analysis was made on the reasons of sediment uneven distribution and the relationship between sediment and scheduling mode of reservoir. Due to the aggradation of the reservoir, it is necessary to discuss how the change of reservoir level affects on Leshan city and the Leshan Giant Buddha in different flood frequencies. According to the computation of sedimentation, an analysis was made on the influence of reservoir sedimentation on port construction environment. The comparison of the values of physical model and numerical simulation indicated that the twodimensional mathematical model for sediment could well simulate the process of sediment deposition in the reservoir. The results of the paper showed that: (1) the model can simulate the movement of water flow and the process of sediment deposition; (2) the sediment deposition mainly occurred in the reaches between Laojiangba and Laomukong, and the sedimentation volume accounted for 85 percents of the total; (3) after the sedimentation in the reservoir, flood in different frequencies does not have an impact on Leshan city and Leshan Giant Buddha

Comprehensive assessment of water quality is an important basis for the calculation of water environmental capacity and the implementation of water pollution control in water environment monitoring. Many different methods employ multiple factors to assess the comprehensive conditions of water quality, but no common consensus has been reached. Therefore, the study of water quality assessment using multiple factors could facilitate the comprehensive assessment of water quality. The linear transformation based on Euclidean distance was adopted to categorize the multiple water quality variables in this study. Firstly, both the raw monitor data and five grades surface water environment quality standards (GB3838-2002) were standardized, then the standardized variables were transformed to the same linear space using Matlab 2010b. The minimum Euclidean distance between vectors of water quality and the five standards in the linear space were used to identify the different categories of water quality variables. Using the published water quality monitoring data in 19 sections, including water quality monitoring data of Qiantang River tributaries, East Village section of Yangjiang, Xu, and Panlong River, and 4 Wells monitoring data of XianYang City, and JingYang County. Linear space transformation method was applied to comprehensive evaluation of water quality on each section. We used Matlab 2012b to perform calculations. Our results indicated that the linear space transformation based on minimum Euclidean method was suitable for the comprehensive assessment of water quality, and compatible with other analytical methods, such as varying weights continental distance model, grey clustering, fuzzy comprehensive index, and BP neural network. In the case of no pollution factor weighted, the evaluation result of water quality comprehensive evaluation based on linear transformation method is lighter than result base on factor weighted methods. However, even under the condition that water quality is very good, we can also use “Euclidean distance matrix” to recognize the difference between water quality monitoring data. In addition, under the condition of keeping evaluation methods unchanged, the linear space transformation method was suitable for the improved water quality standard of surface water, in the future. Without weighted pollution factors, the linear space transformation method can also compatible with current approaches in a simplified manner. At the meantime, the pollution and other monitor factors in standardization all can be treated as one direction positive/negative factors, not two directions needed. This can also facilitate data processing in water quality assessment

Lightning is a strange atmospheric phenomenon, which causes great damage to human society. Lightning has become one of the ten most serious natural disasters announced by the United Nations. The research of lightning disasters helps to better understand their features, impacts and causal factors, from which the relevant measures for lightning protection could be taken to induce the injuries and economic losses. Recently research of lightning disasters is playing a more and more important role in lightning disasters evaluation and lightning risk assessment. In the past 20 years, there were lots of lightning disasters in Anhui Province and some of them caused great damage such as great injuries and economic losses. According to the data of the lightning disasters from 1998 to 2012 and the data from lightning location system in Anhui Province, characteristics of the lightning disasters and their relevant causes were analyzed statistically, showing that a lot of factors should be taken into account for lightning disaster causes such as regional lightning activities, level of regional lightning protection, level of economic development in different areas. The results show that during these years, lightning disasters were of higher incidence from 2002 to 2009. Lightning disasters mostly occurred in June, July and August; distribution of monthly percentage of lightning disasters in Anhui Province has good consistency with lightning. Cities suffered from more lightning disasters than villages. In addition, dominating losses caused by lightning in villages were mainly casualties while those in cities were mainly economic loss and physical damages to electronic equipment. Annual frequency of lightning disasters in 78 counties was counted; more lightning disasters appeared in central and south Anhui Province, a possible reason is that there are more lightning in these areas. Based on those data, average lightning density had better correlation to annual frequency of lightning disasters than the average lightning intensity in counties. Civilian facilities, electric power and communication are main loss industries in all 16 cities caused by lightning in Anhui Province, loss of some regional economy industries are also serious. In order to characterize the affecting extent resulting from lightning disasters in different areas, annual frequency of lightning disasters N, average annual number of casualties M and average annual economic loss E were selected as evaluation indices to present a comprehensive assessment for the lightning disasters in 78 counties of Anhui province, with the entropy weight synthetic evaluation model used for natural disaster assessment. Comprehensive disaster index G of 78 counties is divided into 3 levels by using the equalinterval method. Furthermore, synthetic index G is obtained to reflect the severity caused by the lightning disasters in different areas and space distribution for lightning disaster intensity was classified. The result shows that Nanling, Fuyang, Maanshang, Huaibei and Xuancheng are heavy lightning disaster areas, so more lightning protection measures need to be taken in these areas. The evaluation results can provide scientific basis for regional lightning protection and risk assessment

The Yangtze River basin of Hubei Province is one of the most seriously floodthreatened areas. Soil and water conservation and flood storage are two kinds of ecological service functions that are directly related to the flood control capacity . From the perspective of ecosystem service value (ESV), the flood control capacity can be measured quantitatively. Land use/cover change (LUCC) is one of the main driving forces of the change of ecosystem services value. Based on the land use data of the Yangtze River Basin of Hubei Province in 1996 and 2009，this paper estimates ecosystem service value in each subdivision according to “equivalent value per unit area of ecosystem services in China” and explores the association between the ESV evolution and the land use changes. The results showed: (1) During the period 1996-2009, the flood control capacity of the study area had been enhanced, the values of these two kinds of ecosystem service values including soil and water conservation and flood storage function have been increased. (2) Due to the substantial growth of the woodlands, the soil and water conservation service value of The Three Gorges region and East Hubei plain along the Yangtze River increased during the study period. It is worth noticing that the growth of the soil and water conservation service value in East Hubei plain along the Yangtze River is mainly due to the surge of the ecological service value in Huangshi at the southern bank, whose range is greater than the decrease of the ecological service value in Huanggang at the north bank of the area. (3) Due to the shrinkage of the wetlands, the flood storage service value of the Jianghan plain and East Hubei plain along the Yangtze River decreased during the study period. It reveals that it is in lack of Sustainability for Returning farmland to forest. As important agricultural regions, the cultivated lands of these two areas has been effectively guaranteed, at the price of wetland encroachment in some areas, which destroyed flood control capacity of the region. However, there are positive aspects in other regions, such as Honghu and Wuhan. The wetlands have been effectively protected thanks to some ecological restoration policies. The flood storage service value of these regions increased during the study period. From the perspective of land use planning, these results suggest that: more attention should be paid to ecological lands, such as wetlands and woodlands. Only in this way, the ecological service function of various land use can be protected effectively