With the method of accessibility, this study defined a county-scale in urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of Yangtze River. Based on the entropy method, this study estimated a comprehensive evaluation index system for county urbanization level in three subsystems: population, economy and society in 2001, 2006 and 2011. Spatial autocorrelation was used to analyze the spatial evolution of the comprehensive level of urbanization. Regression analysis was used to analyze the driving factors for each type of county. The following conclusions are made: (1) there were three nodes i.e. Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang through calculation of the city's comprehensive strength, which defines the county-scale in urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of Yangtze River based on "3 hours city circle" scope with grid-network integration method with ArcGis9.3. It has 163 counties with the method of accessibility. (2) The comprehensive level of county urbanization continually improving, but the difference of the evolving speed is obvious in urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of Yangtze river; for the subsystems, economic evolution is the main feature of the rapid evolution of urbanization, followed by the social urbanization and the population urbanization process is the least advanced. It showed that county will enter or has already entered into the second phase of urbanization (the connotation of urbanization stage) in urban agglomeration in this area. (3) The comprehensive urbanization level and changing rate were closely related to city level and scale, the transportation and transformation of industrial structure in 2001, 2006 and 2011; Each subsystem has its own characteristics of spatial evolving pattern, but the changing rate has obvious similarity among subsystems. (4) According to the correlation of comprehensive urbanization level, the county can be divided into four types, i.e. coupled together, central lowland, antagonism together, and core-edge type; the evolution of spatial pattern is obvious in each type of county. (5) Endogenous force in "coupled together" county and "antagonism together" county is an acceleration role in the process of urbanization, investment force effect on depression in "central lowland" county, the main driving factor for "core-edge" county is administrative force and endogenous force. Endogenous force had a significant effect in four types of counties. It showed that the regional urbanization largely depended on its own economic development or production elements. Based on the above results, this study put forward some corresponding measures to promote the development of urbanization and guide the healthy development of regional urbanization based on various types of county driving factor. It is of far-reaching significance that urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of Yangtze River is striving to become "the fourth pole" of Chinese economy.

With the constant improvement of the city-level, the ecological environment problem of the city is increasingly outstanding. A coordinated development between the ecological environment and the city-level becomes a consistent pursuit of urban development. Taking the ten cities of the Yangtze River Area of Anhui province as the research region units, this study had built an index system to reflect the city-level and the ecological environment, and established a coordination degree model of the city-level and ecological environment. The model was used for measuring the coordination degree between city-level and ecological environment during 2002-2011 in Yangtze River Area of Anhui province. It was found that the coordination degree between the city-level and ecological environment during 2002-2011 in this area ranged from 0.4 to 0.5, indicating that: (1) the coordination degree in this area during this period is still in the development stage of antagonism; (2) the two systems development are in more disordered and relatively unstable development state of chaos; (3) the ascension of city-level is not corresponding well to the ecological environment; (4) the development level of the coupling coordination degree of presents slowly upward trend, but it is still in a lower level. This is because that the industrialization development level in this area is relatively low, and the city industry is still in a cluster development. According to the determination of the coordination degree of the data, a regression model forecasting the coordination degree was established and used to explore the coordination degree in this area during 2012-2021. According to the standard values, the estimated coordination degree during 2012-2021 can be divided into three main stages of development, namely the stage of development, the basic coordination development of antagonism, high quality coordination development phase. The results showed that the coordination degree will reach high quality coordinatuin development stage after antagonism and basic coordination in 2019. The coordination between the two systems of city-level and ecological environment will improve continuously, and the coordination level is expected to surpass 0.8, even has a tendency to rise further.

This paper analyzed the regional disparities and spatial-temporal evolution of China's R&D investment during 2001-2011 based on the 31 provincial units. The research employed R&D intensity as the major measuring index, and used other methods such as traditional Statistic analysis, Markov chains and ESDA. The result shows as follows. ①The absolute disparity of China's provincial R&D investment had widened while the comparative disparity had narrowed. China's provincial R&D investment had shown a significant feature of spatial autocorrelation since 2006. The areas with similar features clustered in space, and the trend was strengthening except in 2009, indicating that the overall space difference was narrowing. There was a remarkable phenomenon of "Club Convergence", and the transition probability between different clubs was small. ②Concerning to the overall spatial framework, Zhejiang and Shandong provinces in the eastern coastal area were experiencing club upward mobility, Shanxi and Sichuan in the western area and Liaoning and in the Jilin northeast area were at club downward mobility. Areas with high R&D investment were transforming from a scattered pattern to concentrated in the southeastern coastal area, especially on Beijing and Shanghai. In contrast, areas with low R&D investment were more and more concentrated in the central, western and northeast areas. In general, the spatial disparity of R&D investment had been enlarging between the eastern and western area, and manifested an obvious tendency of polarization. ③The spatial pattern of the growth of R&D investment also showed a strong trend of spatial autocorrelation, and formed the layer structure circling around Yangtze River Delta and Shandong-Anhui-Jiangxi towards the Middle and West area. The hot spot areas used to be scattered around the Beijing-Tianjin city-region and Pan-Yangtze River Delta. However, it is now concentrated in Yangtze River Delta and spreading outwards. The numbers of the sub-hot spot areas increased quickly. These sub-hot spot areas surrounded the hot spot areas, indicating that the hot spot areas had strong demonstration and radiation effects. On the other hand, the cold spot areas were decreasing sharply, all concentrated in the west. Based on the above conclusion and the cause analysis of regional disparities and spatial-temporal evolution of China's R&D investment, the following suggestions were put forward. Firstly, to construct the diversified R&D investment system dominated by market mechanism and based on enterprises. Secondly, to stimulate the spillover effect from the eastern growth pole to reduce the innovation costs in the middle and western area. Thirdly, to promote the economic development in the middle and western area. At the same time, Shanxi, Sichuan and Hubei should strive for the early realization of the club's upwards mobility, so as to bring more central and western provinces to enjoy the spillover effect. Finally, other governments and social supports are required to ensure the spillover effect between regions.

Wetland ecological system, forest and ocean are the world's three major ecosystems. Now, with the environmental changes and increasing human activities, the decrease of wetland resource is becoming more and more serious. It is the current hot topic in the research field of wetland ecosystem. The purpose of this paper is to analyze city wetland resources and ecosystem service value based on remote sensing. Using the Landsat remote sensing images in 1987, 2000 and 2007, combined with field investigation and geography datum of research area, the wetland resources in Shanghai from 1987 to 2007 were monitored by RS and GIS analysis method. The ecosystem service value theory was employed to estimate the ecosystem service value of the wetland resources' change in the study area. The results showed that: first, the wetland resources in Shanghai exhibited a gradual deterioration from 1987 to 2007, mainly in the decrease of wetland areas, especially after the year of 2000, when a significant reduction of paddy fields, rivers, ponds and shoaly lands were found. The wetland areas reduced 152 203.16 square hectometer, accounting for 18.84% of all wetland areas, among them rivers reduced 3 542.79 square hectometer, reduced by 8.17%; ponds reduced 1 489.13 square hectometer, reduced by 4.46%; paddy fields reduced 115 122.7 square hectometer, reduced by 38.87%, which is the highest of all reductions, mainly because of the transformation into industrial land, residential area and commercial crop planting areas. Only lake areas show a slight increase, and increased about 597.26 square hectometer, or increased by 9.64%. From 1987 to 2007, lakes decreased first and then increased, attributing to the construction of Dishui Lakes in 2007. Secondly, the reductions of the wetland areas have leaded to the corresponding change of ecosystem service value in Shanghai. The general wetland ecological value in Shanghai showed a downward trend, among which the ecosystem service value of rivers decreased 0.03 million, ponds decreased 0.44 million and paddy fields decreased 5.88 million, while the ecosystem services value of beaches increased 0.15 million and shoaly lands increased 1.66 million. According to the analysis, appropriate measures were proposed to deal with these problems, such as the rebalance between land use and wetland protection, preserving wetland while developing the economy, realizing the synchronous development of economy, ecological and social benefits; building wetland information database and enhancing the monitoring of wetland dynamics to provide a basis for wetland protection; propagandizing wetland culture to let people know the importance of wetland. The decreases of wetland resources and the value of ecosystem services in Shanghai are mainly a result of rapid urbanization, which may attach importance to the protection, development and use of wetland resources in urban development for the government to provide evidence.

In order to monitor and evaluate the risk of water shortage and realize the sustainable utilization of water resources, the comprehensive evaluation model based on similar cloud model and entropy weight theory was presented to solve the fuzzy and random problem in water shortage risk. The cloud model is a mathematical representation of fuzziness and randomness. It can realize the transformation between the qualitatives when the fuzziness and randomness are integrated together. It has strong robustness for the uncertain question. The method keeps the random and fuzzy in evaluation. Using existing theoretical approaches, a total of five assessment indexes were considered, such as the risk rate, weakness, possibility of recovery, period for reappear and risk level. The entropy weight method was used to compute the evaluation factors' weights, and the normal cloud model was used to describe the grade of water shortage risk. Based on the combined fuzzy similarity measure, a new method to measure the similarity of normal cloud model was proposed. By comparing the value of entropy weight and similar cloud between the three basins and the risk grade, the comprehensive evaluation model based on the entropy weight and similar cloud was constructed. Moreover, the method was compared with the entropy fuzzy comprehensive (EFC) method, the set pair analysis and the variable fuzzy sets (SPA-VFS) method. The application to analysis of three basins (Huaihe River Basin, Yangtze River Basin and Taihu Basin) in Jiangsu Province shows that the proposed model is feasible and the result indicates the water shortage risk level in Huaihe River Basin will be high in 2010, so that measures for risk management must be adopted in the near future. A numerical example shows the new method is simple, feasible and reasonable, and it can overcome some of the shortcomings of the existing methods.

With the intensification of the harsh climate and increase of human activities, land use is changing rapidly in the basin scale, and environmental effects caused by land use change is one of the key issues of global change processes. It brought a greater impact on the water environment, and quantitative analysis of the relationship between water pollution and land use is an important basis for land use restructuring. Based data analysis using GIS, with remote sensing image data as an important data source of the SWAT model, through the SWAT modelling water quantity of ChangJiang basin and simulating water quality in 1983 and 2012, the land use space-time change was analyzed, and the relation with the land use of tributary Changjiang basin in Poyang lake basin and the water pollution of the environment was explored. The most sensitive parameters in this SWAT model were crop management parameters, chemical fertilizer parameters and soil parameters. Nitrogen model output was positively related to application rates of fertilizer and soil nitrogen content. In calibration period and validation periods, ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus was consistent with the measured and simulated values. In calibration period and validation period, ammonia nitrogen relative error evaluation index were 19.67 and 23.89, the correlation coefficient R² of ammonia nitrogen were 0.817 5 and 0.763 2; while total phosphorus evaluation index relative error were 21.95 and 31.33 respectively, the correlation coefficient R² of total phosphorus were 0.838 3 and 0.756 7. The precision of the model met the requirements of the month load simulation. The area of woodland, grassland, water, urban construction land showed an increasing trend, but farmland showed a decreasing trend. Woodland showed the largest proportion of 70%, followed by paddy fields. Paddy contribution to nonpoint source loads of water environment was the greatest, and the basin was slightly more than 20% of the area. The contribution of the total phosphorus to the total amount was 53.48%-57.01%, and 51.86%-51.86% for the total ammonia nitrogen. Dry land per unit area contribution was higher than the forest and urban construction land. It suggests that agricultural non-point source pollution is the main source of agricultural non-point source pollution of water environment. Farming with 25% of the land area, contributed 60%-65% of the nonpoint source pollution load. Therefore, reducing the application of chemical fertilizers and improving the utilization of chemical fertilizers are the most effective way to reduce non-point sources of water environment pollution; while the contribution of forest land for non-point source was the lowest, therefore, converting from farmland to forest will reduce water environmental non-point source pollution. The research results can help to water environment management decisions.

In order to scientifically analyze spatial and temporal changes of drought, this paper selects the Jialing river Basin as the research basin and SPI and SPEI indices are used as indices of drought. To analyze the spatial and temporal changes of drought in the Jialing River basin, both SPI and SPEI drought indices for time scales of 3, 6, 9 and 12 months are calculated first, based on observed monthly precipitation data and monthly average temperature data from the basin. The data covers the period from 1962 to 2010. Subsequently, the MK test is used to detect the trend of SPI and SPEI series. The SPI and SPEI indices of most stations are characterized by negative MK values for different time scales. Furthermore most of the stations pass significant test at >95% confidence level, some of them even pass significant test at >99% confidence level. The MK values of SPI and SPEI drought show that drought has an increasing trend in most of the basin. The spatial changes of drought show that significant drought increasing trend is detected by the MK values of both SPI and SPEI in the western and northern basin, while drought doesn't have obvious increasing trend in eastern basin, even several stations in eastern basin show a slight decreasing tendency for drought. Mathematically, the SPEI is very similar to the SPI, but it includes the role of temperature. The SPI and SPEI variations on different time scales also show that the Jialing River Basin has a more obvious increasing trend for drought on the large time scale. The SPI and SPEI indices show obvious differences in detecting spatial changes of drought trend for time scales of 3 and 6 months. The drought trend detected by SPEI is more significant which shows temperature changes has an important influence on drought for small time scales. However, the difference in the SPI and SPEI indices is smaller for time scales of 9 and 12 months which indicates that trend of drought on the large time scale is dominated by the precipitation mainly. In addition, for the same time scale, drought in the Jialing River basin shows a more severe increasing trend by applying SPEI index compared to SPI, which shows SPEI index considering the effects of temperature can test out the increasing trend of drought in a more effective way. Therefore, SPEI index is more suitable for the analysis of drought evolution characteristics of river basin under the condition of climate change.

In this study, different methods of baseflow separation were used to analyze the daily runoff data measured by the hydrologic observation station in HuangBengLiu Gully, Gongga Mountain. The separation results, mean value, meanvariance and coefficient of deviation of the baseflow indices were calculated. Baseflow process and lag time of the runoff and baseflow in HuangBengLiu Gully were analyzed. The baseflow indices were found to range from 0.65 to 0.74 in HuangBengLiu Gully and averaged 0.7. In the dry season, the runoff of HuangBengLiu Gully lagged 2.7 to 14.5 days relative to the rainfall and averaged 8 days. The baseflow lagged 0.7 to 3 days relative to the runoff and averaged 1.8 days. In the wet season, the runoff of HuangBengLiu Gully lagged 0.7 to 3.7 days, with an average of 1.8 days, and the baseflow lagged 0.9 to 2.6 days, with aa average of 1.5 days. When considering basin as whole, the calculated precipitation infiltration recharge coefficient ranged from 0.16 to 0.28. The results showed that the stability and reliability of the separation results by F4 digital filtering method are the best. The runoff lag time relative to the rainfall in the wet season was shorter than in the dry season, but the differences in baseflow lag time between wet and dry season was relative minor. According this study, we argue that multiple methods should be used to separate baseflow from runoff of a watershed, and the stability and reliability of the separation results should be considered. The whole basin problems should be considered when calculating groundwater recharge with watershed, especially in the mountains.

The vegetation is important to maintain the ecological environment in the earth, and it is affected by climate factors significantly. Dynamic monitoring of the vegetation variation could reflect the trend of climate change to some extent. Vegetation cover change is one of the cores of global environmental change research, but also the front and hot field of modern physical geography. SPOT AVHRR NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) in the Southwest during the period from 1999 to 2012 was selected to get the vegetation cover change information based on GIS and RS technology. The temporal and spatial vegetation cover change were analyzed by using spatial data covering the Southwest in the past 14 years, and discussed the relationship between major climatic factors (temperature, precipitation and SPEI) and the vegetation. The results are shown as follows. (1) From 1999 to 2012, NDVI vegetation of the Southwest had an entirely rising trend, with the growth of 6.9%/10 a, and this was faster than average of China. There were some significant spatial differences of the vegetation cover change, and the NDVI of the seven vegetation types increased significantly. Meanwhile the vegetation coverage appeared improvement as a whole area. The NDVI decreased area covered only about 1.18% of the whole study area. The decreased area was mainly distributed on the north of Hengduan Mountains, the east of Sichuan Basin and the central part of Yungui Plateau. (2) The Hurst index of NDVI time series shows that the vegetation restoration was sustainable, and it is expected that the area of vegetation cover change to healthy development, but the NDVI decreased areas with strong persistence and the NDVI increased areas with weak persistence might be indicative. Grassland degradation & strong sustainability area is the largest, as well as the improvement of the mixed needle & strong sustainability area. The decreased areas with strong persistence was mainly distributed on the north-central of Hengduan Mountains, the Midwest of Yungui Plateau, zoige plateau central, and northern Sichuan basin intersect with the Zoige plateau area. (3) In the past 14 years, the climate of the Southwest presented a process of distinct warming and drying. Analyzing the space distribution principle of temperature, the annual average temperature raised overall in the Southwest, meanwhile west of the Southwest has an entirely rising trend and East was opposite. Precipitation and drought trend was decreased in South and the North of the area is increased. There was significant positive correlation between NDVI and temperature, and precipitation was not strong correlated relatively with NDVI in the Southwest, and precipitation was the key to affect vegetation growth on the study area. In addition, no significant correlation between SPEI and NDVI could be found in the Southwest.

Human activities have strong impacts on ecosystem functioning through their effect on abiotic factors and on biodiversity. Classically, biodiversity changes have been assessed using diversity indices that take into account the number of species present (species richness) and the evenness of abundance distribution among species. However, such indices based only on taxonomic identity provide an incomplete view of biodiversity. Indeed, they do not take into account the biological identity and differences among species. While a lot of theoretical and experimental studies have shown that species functional traits play an important role in connecting changes in community composition and shifts in ecosystem processes. Based on this, we used two different methods, the traditional biodiversity assessment and functional diversity index, to analyze the change of ecosystem function before and after the dam closure of the Guanyinyan Hydropower Station. The purpose of this study is twofold: one is evaluation of the effects of the Ganyinyan Hydropower Station construction in the Jinsha River on the ecological system function, providing certain reference basis for the construction of water conservancy projects in the future, also laying a certain foundation for the author's next phase study. The second is through comparison and analysis to find a more effective and reliable method of assessing ecosystem function. Due to differences in functional traits of species, after habitat change, species that can adapt to new the environments will dominate in community, while species that can't adapt to the new environment will reduce the number or even disappear, leading to the community structure change, and thus make the entire ecosystem process shift. In this paper, by monitoring the fish community composition before and after the Guanyinyan dam construction, combined with the difference of fish functional traits, analyzed the changes of fish community structure and functional diversity before and after the closure of the dam, then make an evaluation of the impact caused by dam construction. Our results show that dam closure has caused some damages on the existence and behavior of the species with larger size, hypostomatous and narrow recipes width; resulted in a decrease in the number of or even disappear of the fish and reduced the functional diversity of fish communities downstream, and then a certain effect on the entire ecosystem function of this area.

The Yangtze River is one of the most important rivers in china and the annual soil erosion amount is about 2.4 billion tons. The serious erosion caused poor soil in upstream and frequent flood disaster in middle and lower reaches. As the major ecological problem of river basin, the soil erosion has become an important factor which restricts the regional development, and analyzing the soil conservation has become the focus of scholar's study. But a lot of soil conservation researches about the Yangtze Basin involved only the upstream. In this paper, the soil conservation ability of the whole Yangtze Basin was calculated by applying the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and its spatial-temporal distribution characteristics were analyzed by using Moran's I index and linear regression coefficient method. There are five factors in the USLE: R, K, LS, C, P. The R value was computed by using the daily rainfall data provided by the meteorological station in and around the study area. Among this process, the spatial interpolation had to be done. By access to relevant literature, the parameters in K model were obtained. Then, the K factor value was calculated according to the land use data. In Arcmap spatial analysis tool, gradient and slope length was calculated by computing DEM, and then got LS factor. The C factor value was got by calculating MODIS-NDVI data which download from NASA web site. According to the statistic values of P in different land use, the P factor was determined. Before calculate the soil conservation with GIS, all of these factors in USLE should be converted to the raster data with same projection and resolution. Based on the results of USLE, the spatial analysis with Moran's I index can be achieved by GeoDa and the linear regression coefficient method which was used to demonstrated the temporal dynamics can be carried out on GIS. The results showed that: (1) The amount of soil conservation in the estuary and source area of the Yangtze River was the lowest (≤560 t/hm²), while the high levels of soil conservation (≥ 2 400 t/hm²) area located in the upstream around Sichuan Basin, as well as the south of middle and lower reaches; (2) The inter-city soil conservation amount was highly auto-related. The regions of "L-L" type were found mainly in the source and estuary area of the Yangtze River and west of Wuhan; the cities of "H-H" type were mainly in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the south of Jiangxi; (3) The area where soil conservation quantity showed a trend of increase accounted for 62%. And the regions that presented rapidly increasing trend (b>5) distributed in the southern of Shaanxi, northwestern of Hunan, eastern of Jiangxi and eastern of Sichuan. The falling trend area accounted for 38%, mainly in the upper reaches of the Yangtze and south of middle and lower reaches.

Qingshan Reservoir is an important utilization large reservoir which was built in 1964. Its eco-environment and water management have a great significance on sustainable development of this area. With the fast economical development, the water quality has been declined as an amount of pollutants discharged. To explore the characteristics of the phytoplankton community structure and the response of water quality, a survey was carried out quarterly in Qingshan Reservoir in 2009. Based on the analysis of phytoplankton and water samples from inflow, center and dam in Qingshan Reservoir, the characteristics of community structure and abundance distribution were studied, and the water situation was evaluated. Cell number and species identification were performed by light microscope. The dominant population, species diversity and community structure of phytoplankton were determined as well. A total of 89 species in 40 genera and 7 divisions were identified, which the most abundant group was Chlorophyta, with 33 species that account for 37% of total species, followed by Bacillariophyta (27 species), Cyanophyta (17 species), Euglenophyta (6 species), other alges (6 species). The abundance of phytoplankton cells varied from 6.20×10⁵ to 1.18×10⁷ cells/L (averaging 4.88×10⁷ cells/L). The main physical and chemical indicators results showed that the water quality of Qingshan Reservoir was in the light-middle eutrophic state. The trophic state index was higher in inflow than in center and dam sites. The concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus were higher than the surface water quality standards Ⅳ value. The indices of Shannon-Wiener, Margalef and Pielou Evenness were 1.37-2.23 (averaging 1.79), 0.56-1.52 (averaging 1.05) and 0.45-0.77 (averaging 0.64), respectively. The dominant species of each month were identified and their contribution to the total abundance was analyzed. The seasonal variation of phytoplankton community structure was significant. In spring Bacillariophyta, Cryptophyta and Pyrrophyta dominated, in summer Cyanophyta and Chlorophyta dominated, in autumn Cyanophyta, Bacillariophyta and Cryptophyta, and in winter Bacillariophyta and Cryptophyta. The relationship between phytoplankton and environmental factors were discussed. Correlation analysis showed that there was significant negative correlation between phytoplankton density and transparency, inflow, outflow, and significant positive correlation between phytoplankton density and TP. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the inflow, outflow, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and nutrients were important environmental factors affecting the distribution pattern of phytoplankton. Qingshan Reservoir is located in a typical subtropical monsoon climate area, seasonal changes in the density of phytoplankton communities significantly affected by seasonal changes in watershed hydrology, and in particular, rainfall, temperature and hydraulic retention time are the main factors affecting phytoplankton community.

Cultivated land is fundamental to the sustainable development of Chinese agriculture, society and economy. Rapid industrialization and urbanization has worsened the situation of the scarce cultivated land resources. It's therefore very important for agricultural ecological civilization and sustainable development based on the evaluation on cultivated land use efficiency. Energy provides a new measure for evaluating environment, resources, human services, information, and alternatives for development. In this paper, taking cultivated land in Wuxue as an example, the calculating method and spatio-temporal varyingn characteristics of utilization efficiency for cultivated land were built and analyzed based on the connotation defining of efficiency of cultivated land and Energy Theory provided by H. T. Odum. The results showed that: 1)The input and output energy of cultivated land were on the rise in the 10 years during 2002-2011 and the growth rate reached 58.17% and 62.19% respectively. Among the various parts of inputs energy, industrial energy accounted for the largest (more than 70% of the total), even increased by 82.17% in 2011. 2) Cultivated land eco-economic system in Wuxue was cost-efficient and the degree of land use intensity was increasing every year. The degree of input energy density was 2.35×10¹⁶ sej/hm² in 2011, being much higher than in 2002, but the output-input ratio based on energy took on the trend increased first (2002-2005) and decreased afterwards (2006-2011). Energy-based resource and environmental loading index of cultivated lands was on the rise from 2.88 to 4.61 in 10 the years during (2002-2011), the deteriorating quality of cultivated land threatens ecological environment, food security and sustainable agricultural development. 3) The energy per farmer was increasing year by year from 2002 to 2011. In 2011, the energy per farmer reached 6.08×10¹⁵ sej, increased by 53.92%, indicating a greatly improved living index of farmer. The growth rate of the energy per farmer year on year was however unstable. The output of energy density presented an inverted "V" shape as a general from 2002 to 2011. There has been a slowly declining trend since 2008, indicating a serious problem of grain security. 4) The results Moran's I indicated that the input and output energy for unit area of cultivated land in Wuxue has a gathereing characteristics. From the results, it is expected to provide a reference for optimizing the input structure in agricultural production and the further improvement to develop sustainable productivity of cultivated land.

Farmland conversion is one of the main characteristics of land use at the stage of rapid development of economy, and it is a way for realizing the urbanization and industrialization. Since farmland conversion is unavoidable, that the contradiction between farmland conservation and economic development becomes sharp in the current stage of economic development. Probability of farmland conversion has a positive indication to allocation of land resources and farmland protection under the background of land use regulation and prime farmland preservation. Logistic regression model is typically based on the hypothesis that force of each factor in space is homogeneous. However, there are more and more theoretical and empirical evidences showing that effects of driving forces of farmland conversion are actually different in space. Theoretically, locations of farmland are relatively fixed while effort of driving forces is non-stationary in space, which would cause spatial heterogeneous of driving forces of farmland conversion. In this paper, we established two models to evaluate driving forces of farmland conversion and the spatial heterogeneous of driving forces. We used logistic regression model firstly and then geographically weighted logistic regression model. Then the prediction accuracy of the two models were compared. We took Wuhan as a typical city and used the land use data and GIS data of public facilities, environmental and economics from 2000 to 2011 based on patch scale. Based on the analysis, the main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, based on the estimation results of the logistic regression models, spatial dependence between farmland and spatial spillover of construction land to farmland had a significant effects on the probability of farmland conversion, which indicates that farmland conversion presened probably local rather than global. Based on the estimation results of the geographically weighted logistic regression model, environment and public facilities, characteristics of social and economic and land use policy had different effects on the probability of farmland conversion in space, but there was no difference in the directivity. Both estimation results of the two models show that driving forces of farmland conversion performed spatial heterogeneous. Secondly, geographically weighted logistic regression model was better fitting and better predictive accuracy than logistic regression model. Because geographically weighted logistic regression model has a more realistic hypothesis as the model foundation. Geographically weighted logistic regression model could deal with patch scale data of farmland conversion while geographically weighted regression model could only deal with large scale statistical data. Thirdly, spatial heterogeneity of driving forces presented a certain law, and the law of distribution in space was affected by industrial layout, preference of economic and urban development, etc. According to the causation of spatial heterogeneity of driving forces, differentiation land management policies could partly resolve conflict between farmland protection and construction land supply. The research results reveal the spatial heterogeneity of driving forces of farmland conversion and achieve the spatial heterogeneity visualization. The conclusions provide a theoretical and practical reference to differentiation land management policies.

Emission inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contribute to control the emissions of PAHs and to reveal their sources. In addition, emission inventory can provide basic data and scientific evidences for the research of migration and fate of PAHs in multi-media environments. The emissions of 16 PAHs which are listed as U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority pollutants was estimated using reported emission activity data and emission factors. Emission characteristics of PAHs were discussed and the results were compared with other cities' emission inventories in this study. It was estimated that the total emission of these 16 PAHs in 2012 in Shanghai was 447.8 tons, of which coking industry and domestic coal combustion, as the major sources, accounted for 34.7% and 21.3% of total emission, respectively. This emission character was similar to Taiyuan's PAHs emission inventory. Additionally, natural gas and refining industry accounted for 15.6% and 10.7% of the total emission, respectively. The emission intensity of PAHs in 2012 was about 70.6 kg/km² in Shanghai, which was much higher than the average intensity of China, while lower than those of 76 metropolises in China. The amount of carcinogenic PAHs was identified as 60.06 tons, which accounted for 13.4%of the total emission. The emission amount of naphthalene accounting for 30.8% of the total emission was the largest, followed by phenanthrene. Additionally, the low molecular weight species with 2-3 rings of PAHs emissions were the dominating, proportion being 71.1%, and D[ah]A was the minimum. The total emissions of PAHs showed a slight downward trend from 2000 to 2012. An equation fitted using regional gross product (GDP) and energy consumption data were conducted to predict energy consumption by 2020. It was predicted that GDP in 2020 will be 36 173.14 hundred million RMB, and energy consumption will be 14 175.33 ten thousand tons of standard coal. According to the forecasted data, PAHs emission will be about 356.57 tons by 2020 in Shanghai. Emissions might be lower due to the introduction and implementation of a number of policies and measures in the future. However, the accuracy of emission factor and emission activity data might affect the estimated result of PAHs. In addition, some emission data such as cooking and smoking are hard to obtain. Therefore, above reasons were considered as uncertainties in estimating emission inventory of PAHs.

As one of the most important components of the urban social-economic-natural complex ecosystem, ecological lands provide various critical ecosystem services. As an essential resource for human being, the protection of existing ecological land, the restoration of currently damaged ecological zones, and the return of naturally ecological land are important measures for improving and balancing regionally ecological conditions. These methods are also useful for sustainable development and harmony between human and nature. In view of ecosystem services of ecological land and ecological environment effects of land use and land cover change during rapid urbanization processes, it is necessary to select typical urbanization area to quantify the spatiotemporal characteristics and driving mechanisms of ecological land use change, which plays practical roles in providing spatial strategies for improving regionally ecological security and establishing urban ecological security pattern. The research area of this study is located in Xinzhuang Town of Changshu City, south Jiangsu Province, which experiences the most rapid industrialization across China in the past decades. As time goes by with the acceleration of urbanization, considerable amount of ecological land resource has been consumed with the deteriorated ecological environment and the fragmented landscape. Based on high resolution remote sensing images, integrated with GIS and RS technology, and by utilizing transfer matrix and landscape pattern metrics, this study systematically analyzed the changing characteristics of ecological land in Xinzhuang Town. A logistic regression model has also been employed to analyze the driving forces of the main types of ecological land change, with per capita GDP, per capita gross industrial output, per capita gross agricultural output, per capita income, population density and the distance to nearest rural settlements, major road, river, and village center as possible driving factors. Main conclusions are as follows. During the period of 1991-2009, the spatial structure and area of ecological land have been dramatically changed in Xinzhuang Town, with an accelerated decreasing trend. Among these changes, the area of paddy fields change was obvious that the cumulative reduction was 1 806.61 hm²; while both the aquaculture land and garden plot with higher economic benefits were increased, especially the former, whose average annual growth was 43.01 hm² between 1991 and 2009. The decreased ecological land was mainly transferred to aquaculture land, residential land and industrial land. At class level, the fragmentation and aggregation increased, dominance decreased, and landscape shape was more and more regular for most of the ecological land types. Logistic regression results showed that for the paddy fields coverage change, "distance to nearest river", "distance to nearest road", and "distance to nearest rural settlement" were the most important independent variables in the first period of 1991-2001, while "distance to nearest river", "Per capita GDP", and "Per capita industrial output" were the most important independent variables over the second period of 2001-2009. For aquaculture land coverage change, the main driving factors in the first period were "distance to nearest river" and "distance to nearest road", while "distance to nearest rural settlement" seemed to be more important in the second period. For forest land coverage change, it was found that in the first period, "distance to nearest village center" and "distance to nearest road" have produced greater influence, and in the second period, "distance to nearest road" and "population density" were more important. However, due to the deficiency of quantification and space technology of policy factors, this study did not consider the policy factors, such as land development, management and ecological protection. Further studies are needed to explore how to add policy factors to improve the fitting precision of the model and practical application effects, and thus provide more scientific decision support for urban ecological security and regional sustainable development.

Autumn fishery by enclosing plate-shaped sub-lake is an extensive fishing method around the Poyang Lake, which is influenced by the hydrological changes and has a certain negative impact on fishery resources. In order to research the composition and characteristic dynamics of fish community in the sub-lake, and observe the correlation between the catch and water level changes, an investigation was carried out for three times in Dahuchi and Shahu located in Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi province, China, from 2011 to 2013. The study was conducted in aspects of catch species diversity and the relation between its yield of commercial fishes and water level changes to describe the true situation and its change features and probable problems. The connection time of Dahuchi and Shahu with Xiu River in 2011 were 23 days and 10 days respectively, and a phenomenon of drought-flood abrupt alternation occurred in Poyang Lake. Poyang Lake had a flood year in 2012, and the connection time of Dahuchi and Shahu with Xiu River were 124 days and 108 days respectively. While Poyang Lake suffered a drought year again in 2013, and both lakes did not connected with the river. 7 times inquiries were implemented in two lakes in 2011, 9 times in 2012 and 5 times in 2013. In this study, totally 59 fish species were collected, belonging to 6 orders, 12 families and 43 genera. In 2011, totally 41 fish species were collected, belonging to 6 orders, 10 families and 34 genera, and 38 species in Dahuchi, belonging to 6 orders, 10 families and 31 genera, and 32 species in Shahu, belonging to 6 orders, 7 families and 27 genera, six of them were commercial fishes. In 2012, totally 49 fish species were collected, belonging to 6 orders, 10 families, 35 genera, and 44 species in Dahuchi, belonging to 6 orders, 10 families, 32 genera, and 36 species in Shahu, belonging to 6 orders, 8 families, 27 genera, 8 of them were commercial fishes. In 2013, totally 38 fish species were collected in Dahuchi, belonging to 6 orders, 10 families, 32 genera, 7 of them were commercial fishes, and there was no fisheries production in Shahu because of the low water level. The results of the investigation study showed that the largest group was from Cypriniformes, and had the similar fish species in different years, but the dominant species were changed and the yield of catch had a downward trend. The analysis of non-metrimultidimensional scaling (MDS) showed that community diversity varied among years and sub-lakes. The correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive correlation between CPUE a day and the water level in the year of 2011, while such correlation declined in the year of 2012 and 2013.

The water environment of Houguanhu Lake was gradually to be worse with the rapid development of urbanization in Wuhan. This study was first focused on the history and current status water quality of Houguanhu Lake, and found that total phosphorous (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and permanganate index (COD_Mn) were the main pollutants in Houguanhu Lake in these years. In order to find out the sources and contributions of the pollutions, the Houguanhu Lake basin was divided into 5 pollution control districts (PCDs) which named H1-West farmland & forest PCD, H2-North urban PCD, H3-Northeast urban & industry PCD, H4-Southwest farmland & forest PCD and H5-South urban PCD, on the basis of land use structure, characteristics pollution and administrative divisions. The point source pollutions and non-point source pollutions were analyzed comprehensively. Rural pollution and point source outfalls were the major pollution sources which were account for 82.9% COD_Mn, 76% TN, 78%TP and 80.8% ammoniacal nitrogen (NH₃-N) from the whole basin sources. From the analysis of contributions of pollutants from each PCD, the H3 PCD and the H4 PCD contributed the most COD_Mn, TN, TP and NH₃-N to Houguanhu Lake. These two PCDs were accounted for 23.97% and 25.70%, 30.28% and 25.31%, 25.62% and 29.33%, 31.77% and 24.44% of the total pollutants, successively and respectively. And also the H3 PCD was the largest contribution in per km² in basin from all of the PCDs, with COD_Mn, TN, TP and NH₃-N were 35.57 t/(a·km²), 6.87 t/(a·km²), 0.85 t/(a·km²) and 5.57 t/(a·km²), respectively. In this study, we proposed several effective management countermeasures for each PCD and the whole basin, and evaluated the reduction of pollutants.

Based on the urbanization and air environmental dates from 2000 to 2013 in Wuhan, this paper constructed a comprehensive level of evaluation index system of the urbanization and air environment. Through structure entropy weight method and response degree model, it comparatively analyzed the temporal response characteristics and total response intensity of air-environment in the process of the urbanization. The results indicates that firstly, Wuhan had entered a period of rapid growth of urbanization after 2000, the presence of air environment comprehensive index and its components presented different characteristics, comprehensive index presented increasing trend in fluctuation similar with the air quality index, while air pressure index trended to decrease and air environmental resilience index trended to strengthen. This means that firstly in the process of urbanization, the emissions of air pollution had controlled, air environment management level had improved. Secondly, air environment comprehensive index and its components of urbanization also had different response characteristics, among which, the air quality index and comprehensive index turned from the positive response to negative responses, and as the turning point, in 2010, Wuhan air environment pressure increased and the air quality had a tendency to deteriorate in recent years. These mainly due to the influence by PM₁₀ and NO₂, and the principal elements that make the air quality becoming poor are building construction dust, road dust, industrial waste gas pollution and motor vehicle exhaust. Thirdly, in the same process of urbanization, the positive response of air environmental quality, relative to the decrease of the load, was not consistent and hysteresis. Therefore, we need to take persistent efforts to improve air quality in Wuhan city. And it must be recognized that it is a long process to improving urban air quality of the environment. It is necessary to reduce the pressure of air pollution, at the same time, adjusting the industrial structure, increasing the energy-saving and emission reduction efforts. Simultaneously, we must actively prevent dust pollution in the expansion of urbanization that comes from constructions, road dust, et al.

The Xiangtan manganese (Mn) mine is the largest Mn mine in China and is the typical nonferrous metal mine in the southern China. This study collected the seasonal vegetables (Fruticicolidae, Brassica chinensis, Allium schoenoprasum, Ipomoea aquatica) of the Hongqi mining area and the Sha Kuang Cun recovery area of the Xiangtan Mn mine, the dominant plant of the waste area (Phytolacca acinosa, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Xanthium sibiricum) and the soil of three areas. The concentrations of Mn, lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were determined after acid digestion by hydride generation atomic fluorescent spectrometry. The results show the concentration of Mn(8.3-84.5 mg/kg)in vegetables of mining area was significantly higher than that(2.7-55.6 mg/kg)of recovery area. The vegetables of mining area and recovery area were polluted by Pb(0.6-33 mg/kg). The concentration range of Zn in vegetable was 1.9-6.5 mg/kg. The concentration of heavy metals in soil was significantly exceeded the standard value and Pb pollution(1 993.5-2 213.5 mg/kg)was the most serious in all. The concentration of Pb was 40 times of Chinese soil environmental quality standard value. The concentrations of heavy metals in Phytolacca acinosa, Crassocephalum crepidioides and Xanthium sibiricum were different and the tolerances of heavy metal were strong. These three plants were the dominant plant of soil contaminated by heavy metals of waste area. Three plants were good phytoremediation plant and Phytolacca acinosa had the best tolerance and growth in all. The concentrations of Mn and Zn in the above-ground part of Phytolacca acinosa were highest and the concentrations of Zn in the under-ground part of Crassocephalum crepidioides was highest in all plants. The result provides scientific basis for rational utilization and remediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals in Mn mine.

We estimated the biomass and carbon stocks of trees in the entire Three Gorges Reservoir Region based on an establishment of national standing tree biomass model and carbon coefficient measurement and on the combination of the seventh and eighth continuous forest inventory data of this region. The results showed that: (1) The amounts of vegetation biomass and carbon stocks for the seventh survey were 12 583 million tons and 6 471 million tons, respectively. The biomass was 75.70 t/hm² and carbon density was 38.93 t/hm². The corresponding amounts for eighth survey were 14 253 million tons and 7 396 million tons, respectively. The biomass was 77.46 t/hm² and carbon density was 40.20 t/hm². In the past five years, the biomass and carbon storage in this area have increased and played an important role in carbon sequestration. (2) The vegetation biomass and carbon stocks of pine forests in the two surveys were both significantly higher than other stands, accounting for 40 % and 50% of the total. (3) The biomass and carbon stocks increased first and then decreased with increasing forest age class and for the middle-aged forest, the biomass and carbon stocks reached the maximum. As a general,Young-aged and middle-aged forest dominated during these two surveys. (4)In this area, forest biomass and carbon stocks were mainly composed of natural forests, which played a major role in carbon sequestration. The proportion of plantations has however increased, followed by a gradually increasing ability of carbon sequestration.

Urban rivers are hybrid ecosystems and exert different key ecological and societal roles within urban ecological systems. With the acceleration of urbanization and rapid development of social economy, the urban river pollution is becoming more problematic for many cites in China, as well as in Ningbo, a city located in the middle of the coastal line of the Chinese Mainland. To recover river social functions, restore ecosystem services and improve the environmental quality of urban human settlements, many integrated control measures were employed in urban river comprehensive restoration, which involved a lot of investment and efforts. To reduce the cost of control measures, an evaluation framework was needed to assess the efficiency and guide the practical work of urban river comprehensive restoration; it was also an important tool to support the work of managers of urban river environments. The purpose of this paper was to propose an evaluation methodology to meet the need of urban rive management. An evaluation index system and corresponding evaluation method were established by using expert investigation and systematical analysis, in which, the evaluation index system comprised four layers and the individual evaluation indexes reflecting various requirements of the question. Then, the proposed evaluation method was applied in Ningbo urban river management. In the case study, the water quality monitoring and public surveys were conducted before and after the river comprehensive treatments of 11 urban rivers in Ningbo in March and October in 2012. The monitoring water indices included transparency, water temperature, total phosphorus(TP), total nitrogen(TN), ammonia nitrogen(NH₃-N), dissolved oxygen (DO), permanganate index(COD_Mn), chlorophyll a (chla). The comparison of monitoring results showed that before urban river interventions, the average concentrations of TP, TN, NH₃-N, COD_Mn and DO were 1.05, 13.64, 9.51, 10.96 and 7.4 mg/L, respectively, and chlorophyll a was 58.2 mg/m³; after urban river interventions, the average concentrations became to be 0.61, 10.8, 7.95, 9.02, 4.8 mg/L and 41.5 mg/m³, respectively, and the tropic level index, water quality index and the black and stink index in most of the 11 rivers get lower than before. Moreover, many integrated control measures, including sewage interception, sediment dredging, phytoremediation, landscape construction and ecological embankment were employed in urban river comprehensive restorations, which tended to focus on societal and ecological benefits rather than water quality improvements, so instead of using the traditional water quality evaluation method, the proposed method was applied to evaluate the effects of the integrated control measures used in Ningbo urban river. The average evaluation of urban river comprehensive restorations in Ningbo scored from 48.4 to 91.4, and the urban river comprehensive restorations got some good effect. Because of the sewage influents from riparian to some rivers after intervention, for example, the Nanbei River, Zuguanshan River, and Zhujia River, the efficiencies of urban river comprehensive restorations were not always conspicuous, and the Zhiluo River had no effect. The case study shows that the index system and evaluation method are scientific, reasonable, and easy to put into practice for relevant personnel and branches. It needs to be stated that the evaluation indexes is not perfect enough, and water ecological index should be appended according to the characteristic of urban river and the needs of management.

Applying model to simulate the process of rice heat injury and its potential yield loss is a key part of the research on high temperature resistance of rice, but there exist some difficulties in measuring micrometeorology of rice canopy accurately. This study adopted MINCER, which is the latest newly development for rice canopy micrometeorological measurement, to determine the microclimate conditions in rice canopy during heat injury. Comparing the observation data with the meteorological data of the neighborhood national basic meteorological station, three groups of comparative data were sorted, such as date of rice canopy, date of upper rice field and date of open area. The date of upper rice field was detected at the height of 1.9 m, which is the twice plant height above the field, and the date of open area was observed at the height of 1.5 m. The experiment shows that the seed setting rate of tested cultivars was significantly reduced by 4% after sufferring high temperature weather at flowering stage. The daily average temperature of rice canopy, upper rice field and open area were increased in turn, and the temperature of rice canopy and upper rice field were 2.05℃ and 0.92℃ lower than the open area. But during continuous high temperature period, the rice canopy temperature showed an abnormal increase periodically. Contrary to the case of temperature, relative humidity of rice canopy, upper rice field and open area were decreased in sequence, relative humidity of rice canopy and upper rice field were 14.55% and 5.97%(absolute value) higher than open area. Under high temperature condition, the variation range of the difference between upper rice field and the rice canopy temperature was less than under normal weather, and great temperature difference between them appeared earlier than under normal weather condition. This was the same as the relative humidity. These results were of great significance to guide the research of the rice heat injury identification conditions and the simulation process of rice heat injury.

Small watershed is a regional unit which has relatively intact natural ecological processes. Watershed vulnerability assessment has an extremely significant impact on the reasonable utilization of regional resource and sustainable development. Large-scale evaluation considering natural, social and even other factors is one of the difficulties encountered in current watershed vulnerability assessment study. The 8.0 Ms Wenchuan Earthquake has caused severe damage to the mountains of southwest China. Because of the earthquake, the mountain areas have been facing with debris-flow hazard and landslides more frequently and the mountain environment has been increasingly vulnerable. Secondary mountain disasters have seriously affected regional economic and social development and would constant influence on the production and daily life of local people in a long time. Therefore, it is of great essentiality to enrich small watershed vulnerability assessment, especially to coordinate the relationship among natural and social factors and the effects of catastrophic mountain environment. And it is also highly important for mountainous watershed disaster prevention, mitigation and regional sustainable development. Longmen Mountain of Pengzhou city, the case area in this study, is situated in the core impacted region and the characteristics of post-earthquake secondary mountain disaster are more obvious. The study area was divided into 77 small watersheds by GIS technology and remote sensing image with high resolution. With the comprehensive consideration of natural, social factors and disaster events, the evaluation index system of small watershed vulnerability was constructed with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). And the evaluation of small watershed vulnerability was conducted from the aspects of disaster degree and social vulnerability in the combination of small watershed and grid as unit by the overlay tools of GIS. In the end, the degree of small watersheds vulnerability is classified into slight, moderate, high and extreme fragility, with the number of small watersheds being 12, 21, 27 and 17, respectively. And the corresponding area accounted for the entire study area is 11.53%, 38.63%, 40.46% and 9.38%, respectively. Taking the regional major disaster events from 2009 to 2013 to test and verify, the evaluation results are consistent with the actual situation. However, the influencing factors of watershed vulnerability are numerous and it is of certain difficulty to evaluate the watershed vulnerability quantitatively and exhaustively. There are also some deficiencies in social vulnerability analysis and socio-economic data digitization. Last but not the least, the methods applied in this paper are feasible for larger-scale watershed vulnerability assessment under catastrophic mountain environment, which can also provide a reference for regional vulnerability assessment.