Quantitative indicators including the green rate, percentage of greenery coverage, per capita green areas, per capita park green space area and so on was used as the basis of urban green space system planning in China. The planning relied on the experience and subjective judgment, can't be accurately reflecting the intrinsic attribute of urban green space, and providing reasonable and reliable basis of the ecological urban expansion line and ecological security pattern. Biotope mapping was a kind of ecological technical means which originated in Europe, but in our country, how to link up with Chinese urban and rural planning standards, provide basic research work for urban and rural planning and nature conservation are the main problems that we look forward to solve in our study. Biotope mapping to interface with the Chinese urban and rural planning phase, to provide professional, reliable basic research achievements, this paper is to solve the main problem. This paper presents the city all the land use types as ecological unit classification method of "localization" and "urbanization", and it was established the biotope classification system (9 categories of 37 small class) which has confirmed with Chinese urban and rural standard, with the method of mapping science, our study has comprehensively identified the value of different green space in city and town, and has taken the methods to ensure important township natural systems for which has the ecological value of the green space protection and restoration in urban development process not be affected by fragmentation, at the same time, our study has provided scientific basis to specify the new developing field on the basis of the evaluation results. In determining the biotope classification system on the basis of the study area, our study has disaggregated and evaluated the comprehensive map, landscape pattern indexes and each single index of the biotope, and still has established the whole town domain comprehensive evaluation system of ecological value, meanwhile our study has mapped and evaluated for the comprehensive value of biotope, finally to divide the ecological function district of the whole town domain, and to propose its protection and planning scheme of the ecological landscape planning pattern. It is to achieve protection and adjustment of land within the green area and vegetation richness, tree coverage and other important ecological indicators to ensure the effect of natural system, without fragmentation in the city in the development process;and how to realize our country city green "smart growth" as the follow-up research direction.

Under the background of construction land limited by zoning for regulating the constructive expansion in the general plan for land use, according to the location of "three boundaries and four areas", from the scale and layout, the structure changes and the extension direction of construction land, by GIS spatial analysis technology statistical analysis and other methods, contrastive analysis of various dynamic changes of construction land in Changzhou city before and after the restriction is beneficial to improve the planning and management efficiency of the urban development. The following conclusions can be drawn as: (1) The time and the region exerted an effect on the restraint degree of construction land by the spatial regulation. (2) The zoning for regulating the constructive expansion helped urban-rural construction land to make use of constructive expansion conditionally-permitted zone to realize the distribution adjust, and to limited the illegal occupancy of the construction land for transportation, water conservancy and other use. (3) Due to the spatial layout of the constructive expansion permitted zone and the constructive expansion conditionally-permitted zone, the expansion direction of construction land in Changzhou city changed from previous NE-SW to late due north, thus effectively relieving the trend of blind exploitation in the form of "standing pancake".

Developing ecological civilization and building a beautiful China urgently need to focus on rural development. It is also need to promote the construction of the beautiful village with considering local conditions. In the past, many researchers focused on the system level of beautiful village construction, and neglected the spatial level. Based on geographic conditions survey data, taking Deqing County which locates in Zhejiang Province as an example and using spatial analysis technology, this paper discusses the orientation choice and corridors construction of beautiful village construction.#br#Firstly, natural background, especially topography and water, is a major factor to construct beautiful village. Based on natural background, the construction orientation could be divided into three types in village level: mountain landscape orientation, hilly scenery orientation, and plain and water orientation. Then, considering urban space expansion in the future, urban landscape orientation is added. Four types of orientation are divided in the finally: mountain landscape orientation, hilly scenery orientation, plain and water orientation, and urban landscape orientation.#br#Secondly, differences in resources endowments influence development potential of beautiful village construction. These resources can be reduced into 3 types: tourism resource, culture resource and current situation of beautiful village construction. Based on the distribution of resources, the potential of beautiful village construction of each unit has been evaluated. All villages have been divided into three grades according potential evaluating: core construction villages, important construction villages and general construction villages. The villages with Good potential mainly distribute in 3 areas: west mountain area, near the Xiazhu Lake area and northern area of the county.#br#Thirdly, six ecological protection zones which are important for ecological security in Deqing are identified. In different land cover regions, the obstacles of animal migration are not the same. Using the costdistance algorithm which can be run in the software of ARCGIS, this paper calculates the migration cost of six ecological protection zones. Then, based on this migration cost, using the shortest path algorithm, we calculate the minimum cost migration paths. Four important ecological corridors have been identified.#br#Fourthly, we add the ecological corridors to land cover, and adjust the space position of ecological corridors. The ecological spatial pattern which includes six core ecological protection zones and four ecological corridors has been built in Deqing County. In the process of economic development, the core ecological protection zones and ecological corridors should be protected. Such protection is very important to maintain ecological security in Deqing County.

Because of uneven distribution of water resources and increasingly serious water pollution, the inter-basin water transfer project provides a suitable solution not only for many regions that faced the problem of quantitative water shortage, but also for some cities of quality-induced water shortage. However, these huge costly projects often have a giant impact on the eco-environmental quality of the pilotage areas, which means the environmental cost caused by these projects cannot be ignored. This paper focus on the case study——the water transfer project of Qiandao Lake, which transfer water to Hangzhou City, capital of east China's Zhejiang province. Through the methods of questionnaire interview and field research data in the diversion area, Jiande city, we collect 610 questionnaires, among which 596 questionnaires are effective. After that, we analyze the influencing factors of the local residents' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the diversion project, and estimate the economic losses of environment impact on the pilotage area by contingent valuation method (CVM). Then, we calculate the environmental cost of the project in the construction period, based on residents' WTP of the diversion area, Jiande city. The result shows that the WTP for recovering and improving the destroyed zoological environment is about 377.6-542.1 yuan per person annually. The result shows that the environmental cost of diverted water,based on 978 million cubic meters total water transfer quantity proposed annually, is about 0.15-0.21yuan per ton, and totaling about 580-828 million yuan, which is higher than the 370 million yuan that announced in Hangzhou second Qiandao Lake water transfer project environmental impact report in 2014. Since this report considered the economic cost, and analyzes the environmental cost such as the deterioration of water quality, regional climate change, the change of species from the perspective of technology and engineering, not including economic analysis of the influence to the social life, most of which failed to be monetization analyzed. Contrastively, this paper consider those and result in the estimated cost is more than 370 million yuan, the results in the report. It can be seen that there is large cost of Qiandao Lake water transfer project which cannot be overlooked. Based on the main conclusions and results, some measures should be taken during and after the project to protect the water environment and residents' lives along the drainage basin of XiAn River. One the one hand, a mechanism for ecological compensation, tightened supervision and administration are very necessary. One the other hand, receiving-region, Hangzhou city should reinforce the water management and wastewater treatment, saving water, to seek settlements in the context of quality-induced water shortage together.

Poyang Lake is an important flood mediation lake of the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River. It is also recognized as an important international wetland which provides key wintering habitats for migratory birds along the East Asian-Australian Flyway. The phenomenon of lower water levels and longer dry season persisting in Poyang Lake is very common in recent years. In this context, the proposal for construction of the Poyang Lake hydraulic project is being made, and it has aroused a broad attention on the habitats from ecologists and environment protection organizations. Wetland information extraction is important for the protection of habitats, and we found that the appliation of object-oriented classification method applying medium-low resolution remote sensing image in wetland classification is not sufficient. In this paper, we classified wetlands according to the migratory habitat preference in wintering period by taking Poyang-Nanji National Wetland Nature Reserve as study area. The main data were extracted from Landsat8 OLI images by object-oriented approaches such as muti-scale segmentation, feature selection and decision tree establishment. Meanwhile, NDVI and NDWI were applied for classification, and characterizing the bands and band combinations were constructed. This paper systematically analyzed the validity of object-oriented approaches in medium-low resolution remote-sensing images by comparing with traditional pixel-based approaches including maximum likehood method, support vector machines method and artificial neural net method. The results show that extracting certain object from multi-segmentation scale levels better recognizes complex wetland landscape and works more efficiently. Compared with spectral characteristics method, object-oriented approach gains higher precision by integrating spectral, spatial, shape and texture features (Total precision 87.64%;Kappa coefficient 0.8552). In conclusion, the medium-low resolution Landsat8 OLI images can meet the needs of wetland information extraction and can be used as the main data source of wetland classification. The object-oriented approach is relatively low-costing and efficient to achieve high-precision wetland landscape information from medium-low remote-sensing images. What's more, this paper provides a new way for other areas of wetland information extraction.

Taking the upstream rivers, lake body and outlet as the study area, temporal and spatial variations of hydrology, water quality and trophic level in Dongting Lake were analyzed by using ngle factor assessment of water quality and trophic state index(∑TLI),which could be investigated changes of water environment in Dongting Lake and its impact analysis after the Three Gorges project operation based on monitoring data for more than 20 years. The results showed that runoff and sediment into Dongting Lake were decreased significantly. Temporal and spatial characteristics of transparency(SD), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) and photoplankton densitywere obvious. Annual average of four environmental parameters showed increasing trend generally, and changes of SD and density and species of photoplankton were more obvious after the Three Gorges project operation. SD in west Dongting Lake was higher than that in south Dongtinglake, and SD in east Dongting lake was lowest. TP concentration was highest in lake body, while TN concentration was lowest in lake body. Water quality in upstream rivers was better than that in lake body, and it was worst in lake outlet. Water quality in upstream rivers was good and maintained class Ⅱ～Ⅲ, however, water quality in lake body and outlet deteriorated obviously and kept in class Ⅳ～Ⅴ mainly after the Three Gorges project operation. Lake eutrophication was increasingly serious. The trophic level in East Dongting Lake was slightly higher than that in West and South Dongting Lake. After the Three Gorges project operation, runoff and sediment declined, SD increased, water change cycle extended, water environmental capacity decreased, pollutants (nitrogen and phosphorus) concentration increased, above factors had some adverse effects on water quality and increased the degree of lake eutrophication.

To find a proper reanalysis dataset which could best agree with the precipitation characteristics of the Dongting lake basin (107°13'-114°18' E、24°35'-30°27' N), reanalysis precipitation data from ERA-intreim, CRU-TS3.21, GPCP V2.2 and TRMM 3B43(V7) were collected to be compared with the actual observation precipitation from CMD to assess their fitting and dispersion degree, by the analysis of mean, precipitation difference (PD), the percentage of precipitation differences (PPD) and standard deviation of PD (SD-PD) and PPD (SD-PPD). All the four reanalysis precipitation datasets were interpolated to the same 27 meteorological stations as CMD provides. The results indicated that: 1) annual and seasonal variations of the four reanalysis precipitation datasets were consistent with that of CMD, while the reanalysis precipitation data in autumn and winter fitted more closely with CMD than other seasons did;2) during 2000-2012, the average annual precipitation in Dongting lake basin of ERA-Interim, CRU, GPCP, TRMM, and CMD, are 1 648.71, 1 322.87, 1 317.76, 1 403.13 and 1 332.69 mm, respectively. Correspondingly, PPDs between four reanalysis precipitation datasets and the CMD data were 23.71%, -0.74%, -1.12% and 5.29%. In addition, spatial distribution of PD between them ranged from 1 000.21 to 649.51 mm, 333.89 to 643.82 mm, 292.55 to -686.85 mm, 256.20 to -561.27 mm, respectively, while their SD-PDs ranged from 445.89 to to 97.35 mm, 365.53 to 48.66 mm, 251.42 to 43.12 mm and 204.11 to 32.76 mm;3) of the four reanalysis precipitation datasets, ERA-interim exhibited the greatest overestimation on value and on time scale during the two periods, and its annual variation of PPD and dispersion degree were the largest. The average precipitation of CRU was more similar to CMD than that of GPCP,while the interannual variation of PPD as well as dispersion degree of GPCP were smaller than those of CRU. TRMM overestimated the precipitation slightly on time scale, and possessed stable interannual variation and minimum dispersion degree;4) precipitation in Hengyang basin, with Nanyue station as the center, were underestimated by all reanalysis datasets. The spatial distribution of overestimated value had significant difference. Overestimated extremum for ERA-interim occurred in western mountain area, however, for CRU and GPCP, in southern mountain area, and the overestimated area was not obvious for TRMM. There was distinct difference in spatial distribution of dispersion degree for ERA-interim data, followed by CRU, then GPCP, and there was no significant difference for TRMM. The maximum dispersion degree of all reanalysis data existed in western and southern mountain area of the Dongting lake basin. According to the analysis above, although TRMM data overestimated the mean value slightly, it was found that TRMM data presented the best consistency with CMD data than GPCP and CRU data did, and ERA-Interim data was the worst.

The stable isotopic composition of precipitation are integrated tracers of atmospheric processes worldwide. It is widely used to determine vapor sources with precipitation stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. More than 20 stations in the Tibetan Plateau has been studied the precipitation isotopic composition since the 1990s. But the precipitation isotope characteristics and water vapor moving patterns in Tibetan Plateau southeast edge of Gongga Mountain remains unclear. Based on the precipitation samples and detailed meteorological data in subalpine area of Gongga Mountain from May 2012 to October 2012, we analyzed the temporal and spatial variation of δD and δ¹⁸O. Meanwhile, the water vapor sources of Gongga Mountain was tracked by HYSPLIT model with backwards trajectory method and the modeled trajectories was synthesized with δD and δ¹⁸O values. The results shows that the LMWL(Local Meteoric Water Line) of this region is δD = 9.4019 × δ¹⁸O + 28.5303(‰)( R²= 0.9833,p < 0.001). This LWML's slope and interception is higher than the GMWL (Global Meteoric Water Line), which is caused by the rainy and relatively low temperature meteorological characteristics of the subalpine area of Gongga Mountain. Both δD and δ¹⁸O decreases when the mountain elevation rises, which is because both temperature and precipitation amount changes along the elevation. This "altitude effect" differs in different months. The δD and δ¹⁸O of this region are both high when rainy season begins and ends. The highest radiation at august leads to a small peak on hydrogen and oxygen isotope curves. Statistical analysis indicates that the relationships between stable precipitation isotopes and meteorological factors are closely related. When the temperature and precipitation amount rises, both hydrogen and oxygen isotopes decreases. Besides, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes are negatively and positively correlated with water vapor pressure and wind velocity, respectively. Monthly deuterium excess data shows no "altitude effect" and no differences with global average deuterium excess value 10‰. Backwards trajectory analysis associated with the isotope data reveal that the vapor sources of this area are mainly from westerly transport, eastern monsoon and local evaporation. This pattern is similar to Tibetan Plateau and Himalayas. The results can provide a scientific basis for the study of hydrological and atmospheric processes in alpine ecosystem.

To carry out the most stringent water resources management system is the clear requirement in the central number one file of year 2011. Based on the connotation analysis of initial water rights allocation under the most stringent water resources management, firstly the index system of initial water rights allocation which including target layer, criterion layer, index layer and solution layer was constructed by the three red lines for the first time. Secondly, the projection pursuit (PP) model of initial water rights allocation under the most stringent water resources management was established and the projection index function was optimized by the genetic quantum algorithm (GQA). Then, the best projection value calculated in the model was regard as the water proportion of the initial water rights allocation. And lastly, taking the first-stage of South-to-North Water Diversion East Route Project for example, the model was applied to allocate the initial water diversion of all the net increase water supply in this project. The distribution results verify that the index system and the model constructed in this paper have feasibility and effectiveness to a certain degree.

In this paper, we present the impacts of temperature and precipitation changing to wheat - rice production in Jiangsu province in recent 20 years, based on mathematical statistics and nonlinear regression model methods. Relative data shows that the maximum temperature(Tmax), minimum temperature(Tmin) and average temperature(Tavg) increased by 0.050,0.056 and 0.061℃ annually in recent 20 years. However, there is no obvious change in precipitation (Prec). As the climate warming, the whole growth process of winter wheat significantly reduced 0.41 d (day) (p<0.05) annually. Vegetative stage reduced 0.70 d every year. Reproductive stage extended 0.32 d significantly in each year (p<0.05). Both vegetative stage and whole growth stage of winter wheat and Tavg, Tmax, Tmin of each stage show negative correlation. Although the whole growth stage of rice pushed back integrally, the days didn't change. Comparing 2000s to 1990s, the growth stage of winter wheat was shortened, and both rice and winter wheat seeding time was delay. So replacement time of wheat-rice stubble extended 5d, while rice-wheat stubble reduced 3d. In recent 20 years, yields of wheat and rice are rising significantly (p<0.05). Annual yield significantly increased 85.5 kg·hm^-2 per year(p<0.01). By using nonlinear regression model analysis, the annual yield increased 0.47%, 0.10% and 1.92% respectively, if Tavg, Tmax and Tmin increased by 1℃, because the increasing yield of winter wheat is higher than the yield reduction of rice. In order to take advantage of the changing climate, postponing breeding to prevent vigorous growth of winter wheat before winter is suggested. Select late varieties with high-temperature tolerance to promote the reproductive growth would also help increasing the production of rice.

The Chishui River is the last undammed first-order tributary of the upper Yangtze River Basin. It originates from the Wumeng Mountains in Zhenxiong County, Yunnan Province, and flows for nearly 437 km before drain into the upper Yangtze River in Hejiang County, Sichuan Province. Because of locating in the transitional region of the Yun-Gui Plateau and Sichuan Basin, habitat heterogeneity in the Chishui River is very high, ultimately leads to a rich biodiversity in both fish species and other aquatic organisms. Previous investigations revealed that the Chishui River inhabited 141 native fish species in its mainstream and tributaries, 46 of these species are endemic to the upper Yangtze River. It is widely expected that the Chishui River will play more important roles in fish conservation as the construction of cascade hydropower stations in low Jinsha River. In this paper, fish investigations were conducted in Chishui reach during the period from 2011 to 2013, in order to understand the present status of major commercial fish species in the Chishui River. Fish specimens were sampled monthly by a combination of different fishing gears, including fixed gill-nets, drift gill-nets, longline, shrimp pots and falling nets. A total of 58 fish species, belonged to 3 orders, 10 families and 47 genera, were collected during the study period. Among the species collected, Sinibrama taeniatus, Ancherythroculter kurematsui, Ancherythroculter wangi, Hemiculterella sauvagei, Hemiculter tchangi, Platysmacheilus nudiventris, Acrossocheilus monticolus, Bangana rendahli, Procypris rabaudi, Parabotia bimaculata, Leptobotia elongate, Sinogastromyzon szechuanensi, Liobagrus marginatoides were endemic to the upper Yangtze River. The fish assemblage was dominated by 13 species, namely Hemibarbus labeo, Spinibarbus sinensis,Saurogobio dabryi, Pelteobagrus vachelli, Mystus macropterus, Rhinogobio typus, Leiocassis crassilabris, Squalidus argentatus, Cyprinus carpio, Siniperca chuatsi, Pseudobagrus truncates, Carassius auratus and Silurus asotus, which collectively accounted for 92.61% (by amount) and 93.82% (by weight) of the total catches. Most individuals caught were small-sized with the body length <200 mm and the body weight < 100 g. Evident miniaturization tendency were detected in both fishing targets and fishing size compared to history data. Overfishing, water pollution, channel improvement and illegal dredging might be the main causes responsible for these changes. In order to effectively protect the Chishui River, which considered as the last refuge of endemic fish species, complete fishing closures and establishing of coordination management mechanism were suggested.

Forest phenology as an important indicator of climate and environment change, for the land vegetation ecological environment monitoring is a great significance. This study time series MODIS NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index)data is 2011 to 2013, through Savizky-Golay (S-G)filter smoothing and dynamic threshold method, to extract the forest phenology four parameters that the start of growing season (SOS)、the end of growing season (EOS)、the length of growing season (LOS) and the amplitude of growing season (AOS) in Guizhou Province in 2012. and then, using the extracted Phenological parameters with longitude, latitude and altitude do correlation analysis. This study research shows that:(1) Overall, forest phenology parameters with latitude are weakly Correlation in Guizhou Province, therefore,forest phenological latitude zonal regional differentiation was not significant in Guizhou province;(2) Forest phenology of Guizhou Province the start of growing season and the length of growing season are extremely significant associated with longitude, the end of growing season of forest phenology is low correlation with longitude, Overall, forest phenological parameters land and sea (longitude) zonal regional differentiation is significant in Guizhou Province;(3) Forest phenology of Guizhou Province the start of growing season and the end of growing season are significantly associated with altitude, the length of growing season of forest phenology is extremely significant correlation with altutide,therefore,the forest phenological parameters vertical(altutide)zonal regional differentiation is very significant in Guizhou Province.

As important hydrological features of coastal wetlands, periodic tides usually present two types of hydrological cycles on different time scales, semi-diurnal and semi-lunar tidal cycles (consisting of neap and spring tide periods (NTP and STP)). Therefore, tidal effects on soil physical and chemical properties of the vegetated zone may vary greatly between tidal cycles, because of different inundation frequencies and durations. Previous studies suggested that soil properties showed no significant change across the semi-diurnal cycle, probably because these work were mainly conducted in STP when soils were inundated or water-saturated most of the time. However, there has been no study on whether or how the semi-lunar tidal cycle affects soil properties in coastal wetlands. A field study was conducted in Chongming Dongtan wetland in the Yangtze River estuary to investigate temporal variations of soil physical and chemical properties along with the transition from NTP to STP in a semi-lunar tidal cycle and to explore possible underlying mechanisms of these variations. During the cycling of semi-lunar tides, periodic neap and spring tides significantly affected soil physical and chemical properties of coastal wetlands. A major change caused by the transition between NTP and STP was in soil water conditions. Soil moisture was significantly greater in STP than in NTP, because soil was over-saturated or submerged nearly all the time during STP due to frequent tidal inundation, especially in the low tide zone. Further analysis indicated that increased moisture in top soils in STP was greater than those in subsurface and deep soils. This suppressed the diffusion of O₂ from atmosphere into soil, and existing soil O₂ was rapidly consumed during STP. Therefore, soil Eh decreased dramatically with the transition from neap to spring tides. Regression analysis also showed that soil Eh was negatively correlated with moisture (R² = 0.60, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, variations of soil Eh with that transition increased gradually from the low to the high tide zone, probably because the frequency of inundation by tidewater is greater and the duration is longer in the former zone. No significant change in soil pH values was observed between NTP and STP. Soil pH is an important factor in regulating the soil inorganic carbon (SIC) pool. SIC may account for more than 60% of soil total carbon in wetlands of the Yangtze River estuary. Periodic tidal inundation can maintain the alkaline environment (pH > 8.0) of soils, ensuring the stability of the SIC pool in the estuary. Soil conductivity and sulfate content were significantly greater in STP than in NTP because of the influence of tides, suggesting that tides transport substantial nutrients to coastal wetlands. Because of greater inundation frequency and longer duration, this exchange of salts was more efficient in the low tide zone than in the high tide zone. Consequently, compared with NTP, increase in soil conductivity and sulfate content in STP decreased gradually from the low to the high tide zone. Thus nutrient input via this mechanism may be vital in supporting high plant productivity in coastal wetlands. Positive effects of nutrient input on plant productivity were likely stronger in the low tide zone than in the high tide zone. This speculation may be confirmed by the results that plant traits of Spartina alterniflora such as aboveground plant biomass, plant height, and basal stem diameter were more advantageous in the low tide zone than in the high tide zone. In addition, soil bulk density, pH values, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved nitrogen (DN) did not change significantly with the transition from NTP to STP, except at site S1 where only topsoil bulk density, DOC and DN were significantly lower in NTP than in STP. These findings indicate that semi-lunar tidal cycling can significantly impact soil physical and chemical properties in coastal wetlands, especially soil water, salinity and nutrient characteristics as well as redox environment, which may play important roles in regulating plant growth and relative ecological processes of coastal wetlands.

The characteristics and effects reducing nitrogen and phosphorus of lakeside ecological restoration engineering were explored in this study based on the varieties of environmental conditions and N and P output intensities among the lakeside zones of Chaohu Lake. To detect the difference of N and P reduction between the periods of heavy rain and rainstorm interval, we chose 4 typical sections of ecological restoration area and native shrub grass area in the northwest lakefront of Chaohu Lake. The result showed that section 2 and section 3 had obvious effect on N and P removal. During the heavy rain, the removal efficiency of N and P in section 2 were 69% and 60% and they were 60% and 58% in section 3 respectively;During the rainstorm interval, concentrations of N and P decreased 67% and 63% respectively in section 2 and 59% and 51% in section 3;The effect reducing N and P of ecological restoration engineering was significantly related with the concentrations of N and P in the rainstorm runoff;The section 2 had the best effect on reducing N and P.

Malodorous status of urban rivers is an environmental problem that occurs in many cities of our country. Study on the pollution characteristics of pollutants in sediment, such as organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals, together with the ecological risk assessment, is of great significance to the pollution control and ecological restoration of malodorous rivers. Eight typical malodorous rivers were chosen in Nanjing City. Their surface sediment samples were collected and analyzed. The result showed that the contents of organic matter, total nitrogen and total phosphorus ranged from 0.75% to 10.86%, 0.05% to 0.68% and 0.04% to 0.23%, respectively. Significant positive correlations were found among these three pollutants, indicating that they were from the same pollution source. Assessed by the sediment quality standard, it can be known that the contents of these three pollutants were all between the severe level and the lowest level in general. While the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus was more serious than that of organic matter. The mean contents of the six heavy metals in sediment were all higher than their background value. Extremely significant positive correlations were shown between Cu, Cr, Ni and Zn, while no good correlations were found among different heavy metals and nutrients. The result of potential ecological risk assessment indicates that the pollution of heavy metals in the sediment of malodorous rivers was serious and the potential ecological risk of 84.2% of the samples was high. The potential ecological risk of these elements was Cd>Cu>Pb>Cr>Ni>Zn in sequence. Cadmium was the key pollutant and had very strong ecological risk. Compared with other typical polluted water bodies in our country, the pollution of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and cadmium in the sediment of malodorous rivers in Nanjing City was more serious.

Ganjiang river is the largest river system of Poyang Lake Basin. The change of streamflow and sediment in Ganjiang river has an important influence on hydrological process of Poyang Lake. However, the current research on streamflow and sediment of Ganjiang river is mainly based on Waizhou hydrostation, the control station at downstream. That may leads to an incomplete understanding about hydrological characteristics of entire basin. This study systematically examined the changes of discharge and sediment load and their possible causes, which may provide reference for water and sediment resource management of river basin, according to the long-term measured data recent 60 years at six representative stations. Those stations are four stations (Hanlinqiao station, Bashang station, Julongtan station, Xiashan station) at upstream, Jian station at midstream and Waizhou station at downstream. The non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and moving t-test were applied to detect the change in annual streamflow and suspended-sediment. Results indicated that: (1) Great variability at annual and interannual scales on discharge was analyzed at upper four stations, Jian station and Waizhou, with variation coefficient as 0.31, 0.29, 0.28 respectively. 1970s and 1990s were regarded as abundant water time, as average runoff at major stations during those period were 103%-113% than average from 1953-2013, while the other were flat or low water years. No significant trends and abrupt points were detected on streamflow, and annual changes were more slightly obvious in upper stream than downstream.(2) In-phase relations between sediment load and streamflow were observed on shorter time scales before 1992, which may imply a considerable influence of the runoff on sediment transport. However, obvious different tendency were detected between streamflow and sediment during 1993-2013 owing to great reduction of sediment at all stations. Detailed examination shows annual sediment load change was more dramatic compared to runoff, with variation coefficient ranging from 0.46-0.62. An abrupt point of sediment at the upper four stations, Jian station and Waizhou station came out in 2002, 1995 and 1995, with relative change rate at 52%, 71%, 67% respectively. (3) The flow duration curves and monthly average sediment concentration were analyzed to explore possible causes of sediment reduction. There were no significant changes on flow duration curves, while monthly average sediment concentration after abrupt points has decreased to 30%-49%, which acts as a major cause for the decreasing annual sediment. Both decreases in annual sediment and in sediment concentration at the upper stream can be linked with recent human activities, mainly including soil erosion control and reforestation. Although the upstream sediment decrease has certain influence on the downstream, reservoir construction, especially Wanan reservoir which capacity was 2.2 billion cubic meters and operated from 1993, was a main cause of the decreasing trend of sediment at Jian and Waizhou station. The average annual deposition of suspended-sediment in Wanan reservoir was estimated to 400×10⁴t. In addition, soil erosion control and large amounts of sand mining activities at downstream were contributed to the decreasing trend of sediment at Waizhou station. (4) The impact of soil and water conservation measures on reduce sediment was slow and hysteretic, while influences of sediment reduction of Wanan reservoir is prompt and significant. In concluded, a significant decreasing trend was observed on annual sediment load, while the runoff into the Poyang Lake from Ganjiang river maintained steady. Those contributes to reduce amount of sediment deposition and healthy development of Poyang Lake.

Jet flow generated by the tail propeller can cause disturbance to river flows, and a further analysis is required to investigate whether such disturbance will result in re-suspension of bed sediment. Then,a comparative analysis was conducted on the research findings on the development rule of propeller jet flow .Meanwhile, a typical section of Xiangjiang River was chosen as an instance, and results from observing and measuring the prototype of propeller jet flow in the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan section of Xiangjiang River were combined, together with geological survey data about the bed in this section. Also, the conditions for bed sediment incipient motion and suspension in this river section were calculated and analyzed, so as to determine whether the propeller jet flow affects the bed bottom sediment. The calculated results suggest that when the ambient velocity is low, the initial velocity of propeller jet flow, the water depth of riverbed and the sediment grain size are the main factors that determine the existence of sediment movement. The Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan section of Xiangjiang River basically become a reservoir;the average water depth in most river channels is much larger than the standard depth (2.8 m);the average gain size of bed sediment in this section exceeds 0.87 mm, and there is little fine-grained sediment;calculation and analysis of the disturbance caused by propeller jet flow in dry season shows that the mean velocity on the jet flow cross-section is less than the sediment incipient velocity;the sediment suspension indicator is above 4 in most cases. The above suggests that the possibility of bed sediment incipient motion and sediment re-suspension occurrence is tiny small in this section. Therefore, it can be judged that the influence on bed bottom sediment is negligible during normal ship navigation in this reservoir area.

High-resolution and highly precise lead record for recent lake sediments (last 50-100 years) are essential for quantitative paleoenvironment research. Sample cores TE with a length of 85 cm, ZZ-2 with a length of 89cm and CB-1 with a length of 91cm were drilled in the deepest part of Tian'ezhou, Zhongzhouzi and Chiba oxbow Lakes by the Gravity Impact Core Sampler in Jingjiang section of the Yangtze River during November 2012. They were divided into sediment samples in which a set interval is applied to pick about every 1 cm. They were selected for understanding the Pb enrichment conditions and its environment significancs of oxbow lake sediments by using enrichment factor analysis. Dating of the ²¹⁰Pb, characteristics of the grain size, frequency dependent susceptibility and element contents (Al and Pb) were analyzed. By the analyses of grain-size parameters and magnetic parameters of cores TE and ZZ-2 two stages of oxbow lake sediments,which named layer A (lower) and layer B (upper) can be distinguished. According to the average deposition rate and the diagnostic characteristics of the grain size and frequency dependent susceptibility, the possible sediment depth of the river/lake transformation event layer was found. After combining local chronicles with environmental events such as river/lake transformation events and flood events, which indicated by sediment characteristics, the high-resolution chronological sequence were set up. Three cores disclosed the lead enrichment records and its environment significancs of oxbow lakes. The results of the lead enrichment records show that, the characteristics of Pb unnatural enrichment in three cores are mostly identical. They all began in the early 1980s and declined in the 2000. Based on the high-resolution age of deposition rate and environmental events, which was closely related with the lead pollution history such as the beginning of the lead pollution and 2000 which the year of leaded petrol has been banned in China, it is thought that the result is caused by human activity impacts. By comparing and contrasting three lead enrichment records of three sample cores, the similar trend of three curves were found. It is indicated that oxbow lakes' river/lake sedimentary facies had no effects on the unnatural enrichment of Pb element. Based on the above study, it reveals that the possibility of using the unnatural enrichment events of Pb element as a time marker in the study area.

Since the impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir, Xiaojiang River has frequently occurred in the alternation of spring-summer and summer- autumn. Continuous monitoring bloom not only helps to understand the change characteristics of bloom and its influence factors, but also reflects the gradient change of water environment, which is important to understand the occurrence mechanism of bloom and the change status of the water quality. In order to understand phytoplankton community structure, blooms outbreak characteristics and their influencing factors during the progress of water bloom in early summer, the phytoplankton and physicochemical environment were monitored continuously in Xiaojiang River of Three Gorges Reservoir in May 2013. There were abundant phytoplankton with identified 136 phytoplankton species (including varieties) belong to 80 genera and 8 phyla. The main proposition of community was the species of chorophyta with identified 48 species belong to 35 genera. It was followed by the species of cyanophyta (31 species belong to 10 genera) and bacillariophyta (30 species belong to 10 genera). Comparing with the early and middle stages of water bloom, the terminal stage had less species number of phytoplankton and cyanophyta. The community of phytoplankton was characterized by cyanophyta and chorophyta during water bloom, and Microsystis were far superior numerically and the abundance up to more than 90%. The phytoplankton density could reach to 10⁷ cells·L^-1, and the density of surface water was more than the middle and bottom water in the spatial distribution. For environmental factors, total nitrogen (TN) was in heavy eutrophic level and total phosphorus (TP) was in light-moderate eutrophic level, flow velocity (FV) was varied in different layers. The physicochemical factors in the middle layer were similar with the bottom, but had significant difference with surface. Redundancy analysis (RDA) on phytoplankton and environmental factors showed that the total cell density of phytoplankton was closely related to cyanophyta and microcystis, and they were positively related to dissolved oxygen (DO) and TN/TP, and negatively related to TP and FV. This revealed that TN/TP and FV played an important role during the occurrence of water bloom of Xiaojiang River.

The environmental hormones with accumulation and potential risk were concerned recently because of the inherent toxicity. The testing methods of the environmental hormones were studied by several research. Chemical methods were the major testing methods to determine the known environmental hormones during the past few years. In this paper we established and optimized a biological testing method based on the receptor effects theory. The experimental parameters of environmental hormone effects testing based on the receptor effects theory were optimized, including recovery and proliferation of recombinant gene yeast, exposure time and temperature of estrogenic compounds, the testing method of β- galactosidase, the optimum testing temperature, colorimetric time and colorimetric wavelength, statistical method by ORIGIN, and quantitative method, to analyze the estrogenic effect, in which 17β-estradiol was used as the standard reference materials. The results indicated that the method was more efficiently and accurately to determine the actual samples when recovery and proliferation of recombinant gene yeast was cultured in SD/-Trp/-Leu auxotrophic medium and shaked in 30℃ after 66 h when the yeast initiated the logarithmic growth. We could mix sample and yeast mixture in 20℃-35℃ water bath for 3-6 hours to improve the sensitivity.The β- Galactosidase should be released by organic solvent treatment in 35℃ water batch for 60 min, then 420 nm colorimetric analysis after 2.5 hours. The dose-effect curves of the environmental hormones fitted by ORIGIN were best when the concentration were between 0.025 nmol·L^-1 to 0.25 nmol·L^-1. In addition, we suggested that the dilution sample should be added in actual tests to increase the accuracy of the methods.

In this paper, we summarized research progress of indicator of soil physical quality systematically and its application prospect in mine area environment, and built indicator system of soil physical quality for mine area environment. The main conclusions and suggestions are as following: Much attentions were paid on quantitative research of usual indicators by tillage and human disturbance, and mutual influences among physical, chemical and biological indicators. Scientists overseas introduced and adopted many unusual indicators to evaluate soil physical quality. The unusual indicators, combined with the usual indicators, can be used to conduct deeper research on soil damage and degradation by tillage and human disturbance. Influences on soil physical quality by mining subsidence is a systemic and complicated process, thus, research on soil for mine area environment in China should be based on different purposes to choose the right usual and unusual indicators to systematically evaluate, characterize and quantify soil physical quality in mine area environment. The indicator system of soil physical quality for mine area environment in this paper has certain reference and application values.

Drought is a climatic anomaly, characterized by certain time constants and spatial extent. In view of the concept of time-area function, comprehensive assessment indices and analysing mode for systematic quantification and visualization of space-time properties of drought are proposed based on the comprehensive monitoring index of meteorological drought (MCI). By application for the middle and lower Yangtze basin, it shows that the assessment indices and procedure proposed above perform well in capturing the magnitude and interannual variation of historical drought, and show a certain capability to determine the start, duration, and strength of a real-time drought process. The assessment indices and procedure are simple in calculation, reasonable in analysis and easy in spread, and thus have a great advantage in the provincial, basin, as well as national drought monitoring and assessment operations.

The flash flood disasters of mountain torrent,landslide and debris flow are common in mountainous areas of China.Though the developmental background of the three types of disasters are similar to some extent,the concrete impact factors of them are different.Previous studies paid great attentions on effects of specific factors on these disasters,but the quantitative relationships of different impact factors to the three types of disasters in comprehensive analysis remain unclear.As a result,the weights of impact factors were hard to design impersonally in risk or hazard assessment of corresponding disasters.Accordingly,taking the Sichuan province as an example,a conceptual model was constructed to evaluate the impacts of basic factors,e.g.,rainfall,landforms and population-property vulnerability,and general factors on different types of flash flood disasters based on making clear the distributed pattern of disasters of mountain torrents and corresponding landsides and debris flows.The results show that:1) the flash flood disasters in Sichuan Province mainly distributed in the mountainous and plateau areas around the Sichuan basin and part of the Hengduan mountainous area,in which the mountain torrent disasters mainly developed in the northeastern and southern mountainous areas around the Sichuan basin;landslide disasters located mostly in the western and southwest mountainous areas around the Sichuan basin;and the debris flow disasters mainly distributed in the western and southwest mountainous and plateau areas around the Sichuan basin and part of the Hengduan mountainous area.2) If 100% variation of flash flood disasters on distribution was assumed to be decided by the rainfall,landforms and population-property vulnerability,the impact degrees of the three basic factors to the different types of disasters are:for the mountain torrent disasters,59%,28%,13%;for the landslide disasters,48%,34%,18%;for the debris flow disasters,15%,73%,12%.The factors of rainfall and landforms both play the most important roles in developing and distribution of the local flash flood disasters.3) Besides the three basic factors,the soil is the most important factors to the development of disasters of mountain torrent and landside,and the factor of lithology is critical to the distribution of debris flow disasters.Generally,the underlying surface condition plays a more important role on the distribution of debris flow disasters,while the rainfall condition is more critical to the disasters of mountain torrent and landslide.

Debris flow is one of common disasters in the mountain aera, especially after the richer scale 8.0 earthquake in Wenchuan on 12 May 2008, in Sichuan Provence. A large quantityof loose materials which are caused by earthquake in vally are provided for debris flow. Expiated by heavy rainfall, regional group debirs flow hazards occurs, and causes serious property loses and threatens people's life. So the prediction of debris flow is urgent task now. But the formation of debris flow is so complicated that can't be predicted accurately. Some researchers consider small valley is the most active agent in landscape evolution, and debris flow in it takes the most energetic role in mass transportation. According to A.N.Stranler'S geomorphologic erosion circulation theory, the parameter of a drainage basin's hypsometric integral(S) is used for describing basin geomorphology. Lately the hypsometric integral has become an index to infer activities of disaster in some ravine, and is used to find the source region of debris flow. The paper, based on the theory of debris flow was derived from certain branch watershed which in special evolution stage, the relationship of hypsometric curve and the debris flow activities was anglicized. For the curve, integral value(S) of hypsometric integral curve was characterization of the solid material reserves for debris flow in the ravin. The larger parameter S is the indication of younger geomorphology stage of the ravine, and more rock,soil or other materials can be provided for debris flow. And parameter K which is the elevation ratio corresponding S/2 was characterization of elevation position of the debris flow source area initially. The larger parameter K is the indication of the higher elevation of the cathment area, and also better condition for the water gather for debris flow. As to sensitivity analysis for debris flow along highway in wenchuan county which has been seriously damaged in the earthquake, With the support of spatial analysis function of Arcgis and the matlab software, 1:50 000 terrain data before the earthquake in 2008 is used to calculate the parameter S and K for each debris flow ravine. The results showed landscape development stage of the basin and the elevation of catchment area. According to the actual disaster activity after earthquake, the hypsometric integral value of sub level basin debris flow gully with the features of S below 0.5 but frequent outbreaking, or large area and more branches was calculated. The results were used to discriminate the specific source for the debris flow. And according to S, the debris flow sensitivity were graded determined in the end. Then the potential influence of geomorphic evolution to debris flow activity was explained the results.