稳定同位素识别水体硝酸盐污染来源的研究进展

doi:10.11870/cjlyzyyhj201505005

Abstract

Abstract: Nitrate (NO₃^-) contamination of surface water and ground water is an environmental problem in many regions across the world. Nowadays, with rapid industrialization, economic and population growth and intensive human activities (such as the discharge of industrial and domestic sewage, increased use of N-containing organic and inorganic fertilizers, animal manure, leakage of fossil fuels, etc.), the concentration of nitrate has raised increasingly and posed a serious threat to water environment, thereby causing the widespread concern of hydrological ecologists. Increased nitrate concentration in the water body has a serious impact on human health and environments. In order to safeguard drinking water supplies and control contamination effectively, it is of great importance to effectively identify the nitrate pollution sources of water body. Nitrate pollution originates from multiple sources via different pathways as point or diffuse sources: mineral nitrogen fertilizers and animal manure in agriculture, domestic or industrial nitrogen-bearing wastewater, atmospheric deposition, mineralization of soil organic nitrogen and biological nitrogen fixation. The traditional methods to identify the nitrate pollution sources are by investigating land use types of study area and combining the characteristics of local water chemistry, however, the results are relatively rough. In recent years, stable nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) and oxygen (δ¹⁸O) isotope data of NO₃^- have been frequently used to identify NO₃^- sources in water environment, because the isotopic composition of N and O in NO₃^- is generally different among various NO₃^- sources such as atmospheric N₂, soil, chemical fertilizers, and sewage and manure. Nevertheless, the stable isotope technology also has limitations because of the multiple NO₃^- sources and isotope fractionation caused by N-transformation processes. This review systematically summarizes the typical δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O-NO₃^- ranges of known NO₃^- sources, introduced the multiple isotope technology combined to identify NO₃^- sources in water environment, and presents mixing models and future development directions to quantify the contributions of different NO₃^- sources. Based on the previous researches about the application of stable isotope methods, we suggest that in the future it is important to combine multiple isotope technology to identify NO₃^- sources in water environment. In addition, future research hotspot will be quantification of the contribution of different sources of NO₃^- by using stable isotopes simultaneously, in combination with mathematical models.

Key words: nitrate, pollution source, stable isotope, source apportionment

CLC Number:

X522

ZHANG Qian-qian, MIAO Li-ping, SUN Ji-chao, LIU Jing-tao. RESEARCH ADVANCES IN IDENTIFYING NITRATE POLLUTION SOURCES OF WATER ENVIRONMENT BY USING STABLE ISOTOPES[J].RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2015, 24(05): 742-749.

References

[1] NESTLER A, BERGLUND M, ACCOE F, et al.Isotopes for improved management of nitrate pollution in aqueous resources:review of surface water field studies[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2011, 18:519-533.
[2] XUE D M, BAETS B D, VAN O, et al.Cleemput classification of nitrate polluting activities through clustering of isotope mixing model outputs[J].Journal of Environmental Quality, 2013, 42:1486-1497.
[3] 毛巍, 梁志伟, 李伟, 等.利用氮、氧稳定同位素识别水体硝酸盐污染源研究进展[J].应用生态学报, 2013, 24(4):1146-1152.
[4] FAN A M, STEINBERG G A.Health implications if nitrate and nitrite in drinking water:An update on methemoglobinemia occurrence and reproductive and developmental toxicity[J].Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 1996, 23:35-43.
[5] 杨琰, 蔡鹤生, 刘存富, 等.NO₃^-中N和O同位素新技术在岩溶地区地下水氮污染研究中的应用[J].中国岩溶, 2004, 23(3):206-212.
[6] RIORDAN O T, BENTHAM G.The politics of nitrate in the UK[J]//BUT T P, HEATH WAITE A L, TRUDGILL S T.Nitrate—processes, pattersand management.New York:Wiley, 2004:406-416.
[7] LI, S L, LIU C Q, LI J, et al.Assessment of the sources of nitrate in the Changjiang River, China using a nitrogen and oxygen isotopic approach[J].Environmental Science and Technology, 2010, 44(5):1573-1578.
[8] LI, S L, LIU C Q, LI J, et al.Evaluation of nitrate source in surface water of southwestern China based on stable isotopes[J].Environment Earth Science, 2013, 68:219-228.
[9] FUKADA T, HISCOCK K M, DENNIS P F, et al.A dual isotope approach to identify denitrification in groundwater at a river-bank infiltration site[J].Water Research, 2003, 37:3070-3078.
[10] XUE D M, BOTTE B J, De Baets, et al.Present limitations and future prospects of stable isotope methods for nitrate source identification in surface-and groundwater[J].Water Research, 2009, 43:1159-1170.
[11] GRANGER J, SIGMAN D M, ROHDE M M, et al.N and O isotope effects during nitrate assimilation by unicellular prokaryotic and eukaryotic plankton cultures[J].Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2010, 74:1030-1040.
[12] KOHL D H, SHEARER G B, COMMONER B.Fertilizer nitrogen:Contribution to nitrate in surface water in a corn belt watershed[J].Science, 1971, 174, 1331-1334.
[13] KREITLER C W.Determining the source of nitrate in ground water by nitrogen isotope studies[J].Report of Investigations, 1975, 83:1-57.
[14] 张翠云, 张胜, 李政红, 等.利用氮同位素技术识别石家庄市地下水硝酸盐污染源[J].地球科学进展, 2004, 19(2):183-190.
[15] FREYER H.Seasonal variation of ¹⁵N/¹⁴N ratios in atmospheric nitrate species[J].Tellus B, 1991, 43:30-44.
[16] CAO Y C, SUN G Q, XING G X, et al.Natural abundance of ¹⁵N in main N-containing chemical fertilizers of China[J].Pedosphere, 1991, 1:377-382.
[17] LI X D, MASUDA H, KOBA K, et al.Nitrogen isotope study on nitrate-contaminated groundwater in the Sichuan Basin, China[J].Water Air Soil Pollut, 2007, 178:145-156.
[18] ZHANG Y, LIU X J, FANGMEIER A, et al.Nitrogen inputs and isotopes in precipitation in the North China Plain[J].Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42:1436-1448.
[19] TOWNSEND-SMALL A, MCCARTHY M J, BRANDES J A, et al.Stable isotopic composition of nitrate in Lake Taihu, China, and major inflow rivers[J].Hydrobiologia, 2007, 581:135-140.
[20] ELLIOTT E M, KENDALL C, WANKEL S D, et al.Nitrogen isotopes as indicators of NO_x source contributions to atmospheric nitrate deposition across the Midwestern and Northeastern United States[J].Environmental Science and Technology, 2007, 41:7661-7667.
[21] HEATON T H E.Isotopic studies of nitrogen pollution in the hydrosphere and atmosphere:A review[J].Chemical Geology, 1986, 59:87-102.
[22] FOGG G E, ROLSTON D E, DECKER D L, et al.Spatial variation in nitrogen isotope values beneath nitrate contamination sources[J].Ground Water, 1998, 36:418-426.
[23] IQBAL M Z, KROTHE N C, SPALDING R F.Nitrogen isotope indicators of seasonal source variability to ground water[J].Environmental Geology, 1997, 32:210-218.
[24] CHOI W J, HAN G H, LEE S M, et al.Impact of land-use types on nitrate concentration and δ¹⁵N in unconfined ground water in rural areas of Korea[J].Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2007, 120:259-268.
[25] CHOI W J, LEE S M, RO H M, et al.Natural ¹⁵N abundances of maize and soil amended with urea and composted pig manure[J].Plant Soil, 2002, 245:223-232.
[26] CHOI W J, RO H M, LEE S M.Natural ¹⁵N abundances of inorganic nitrogen in soil treated with fertilizer and compost under changing soil moisture regimes[J].Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2003, 35:1289-1298.
[27] CURT M D, AGUADO P, SA'NCHEZ G, et al.Nitrogen isotope ratios of synthetic and organic sources of nitrate water contamination in Spain[J].Water Air Soil Pollut, 2004, 151:135-142.
[28] WIDORY D, KLOPPMANN W, CHERY L, et al.Nitrate in groundwater, an isotope multi-tracer approach[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 2004, 72:165-188.
[29] BATEMAN A S, KELLY S D.Fertilizer nitrogen isotope signatures[J].Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 2007, 43:237-247.
[30] 邢光熹, 曹亚澄, 施书莲, 等.太湖地区水体氮的污染源和反硝化[J].中国科学(B辑), 2001, 31(2):130-137.
[31] ROADCAP G S, HACKLEY K C, HWANG H H, et al.Application of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes to identify sources of nitrate[C].Illinois Groundwater Consortium Conference on 9 April 2001.
[32] KARR J D, SHOWERS W J, WENDELL G J, et al.Tracing nitrate transport and environmental impact from intensive swine farming using delta nitrogen-15[J].Journal of Environmental Quality, 2001, 30:1163-1175.
[33] MARIOTTI A, LANDREAU A, SIMON B.¹⁵N isotope biogeochemistry and natural denitrification process in ground water:Application to the chalk aquifer in northern France[J].Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1988, 52:1869-1878.
[34] MCCLELLAND J W, VALIELA I.Linking nitrogen in estuarine producers to land-derived sources[J].Limnology and Oceanography, 1998, 43:577-585.
[35] BEDARD-HAUGHN A, VAN GROENIGEN J W, VAN KESSEL C.Tracing ¹⁵N through landscapes:Potential uses and precautions[J].Jourbal of Hydrology, 2003, 272:175-190.
[36] 李思亮, 刘丛强.贵阳地下水硝酸盐氧同位素特征及应用[J].中国岩溶, 2006, 25(2):108-111.
[37] WASSENAAR L I.Evaluation of the origin and fate of nitrate in the Abbotsford Aquifer using the isotopes of ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O in NO₃^-[J].Applied Geochemistry, 1995, 10:391-405.
[38] ROCK L, MAYER B.Isotopic assessment of sources and processes affecting sulfate and nitrate in surface water and ground water of Luxembourg[J].Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 2002, 38:191-206.
[39] MAYER B, BOLLWERK S M, MANSFELDT T, et al.The oxygen isotope composition of nitrate generated by nitrification in acid forest floors[J].Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2001, 65:2743-2756.
[40] DEUTSCH B, MEWES M, LISKOW I, et al.Quantification of diffuse nitrate inputs into a small river system using stable isotopes of oxygen and nitrogen in nitrate[J].Organic Geochemistry, 2006, 37:1333-1342.
[41] SPOELSTRA J, SCHIFF S L, HAZLETT P W, et al.The isotopic composition of nitrate produced from nitrification in a hardwood forest floor[J].Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 2007, 71:3757-3771.
[42] KENDALL C.Tracing sources and cycling of nitrate in catchments[M]//KENDALL C, MCDONNELL J J.Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology.Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1998:519-576.
[43] DURKA W, SCHULZE E D, GEBAUER G, et al.Effects of forest decline on uptake and leaching of deposited nitrate determined from ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O measurements[J].Nature, 1994, 372:765-767.
[44] PIATEK K B, MITCHELL M J, SILVA S R, et al.Sources of nitrate in snowmelt discharge:Evidence from water chemistry and stable isotopes of nitrate[J].Water Air Soil Pollut, 2005, 165:13-35.
[45] HALES H C, ROSS D S, LINI A.Isotopic signature of nitrate in two contrasting watersheds of Brush Brook, Vermont, USA[J].Biogeochemistry, 2007, 84:51-66.
[46] LEE K S, BONG Y S, LEE D, et al.Tracing the sources of nitrate in the Han River watersheds in Korea, using δ¹⁵N-NO₃^- and δ¹⁸O- NO₃^- values[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2008, 395:117-124.
[47] PARDO L H, KENDALL C, PETT-RIDGE J, et al.Evaluating the source of stream water nitrate using ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O in nitrate in two watersheds in New Hampshire, USA[J].Hydrological Processes, 2004, 18:2699-2712.
[48] FINLAY J C, STERNER R W, KUMAR S.Isotopic evidence for in-lake production of accumulating nitrate in Lake Superior[J].Ecological Application, 2007, 17:2323-2332.
[49] HVBNER H.Isotope effects of nitrogen in the soil and biosphere.[M]//FRITZ P, FONTES J C.Handbook of Environmental Isotope Geochemistry.Amsterdam:Elsevier, 1986:361-425.
[50] RIVERS C N, BARRETT M H, HISCOCK K M, et al.Use of nitrogen isotopes to identify nitrogen contamination of the Sherwood sandstone aquifer beneath the city of Nottingham, United Kingdom[J].Hydrogeology Journal, 1996, 4(1):90-102.
[51] MARIOTTI A, LETOLLE R.Application de l'etude isotopique de l'azote en hydrologie et en hydrogeology-analyse des resultats obtenus sur un exemple precis:Le Bassin de Melarchez (Seine-et-Marne, France)[J].Journal of Hydrology, 1977, 33:157-172.
[52] FLIPSE W J, BONNER F T.Nitrogen-isotope ratios of nitrate in ground water under fertilized fields, Long Island, New York[J].Ground Water, 1985, 23:59-67.
[53] KENDALL C, CAMPBELL D H, BURNS D A, et al.Tracing sources of nitrate in snowmelt runoff using the oxygen and nitrogen isotopic compositions of nitrate[J].Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow-Covered catchments, Proceedings of a Boulder Symposium, 1995, 228:339-347.
[54] ARAVENA R M L, CHERRY E J A.Stable isotopes of oxygen and nitrogen in source identification of nitrate from septic systems[J].Ground Water, 1993, 31:180-186.
[55] WILLIARD K W J, DE WALLE D R, EDWARDS P J, et al.¹⁸O isotopic separation of stream nitrate sources in mid-Appalachian forested watersheds[J].Journal of Hydrology, 2001, 252:174-188.
[56] KENDALL C, ELLIOTT E M, WANKEL S D.Tracing anthropogenic inputs of nitrogen to ecosystems[M]//MICHENER R, LAJTHA K.Stable isotopes in ecology and environmental science.2nd ed.Blackwell publishing, 2007:375-449.
[57] AMBERGER A, SCHMIDT H L.Natural isotope contents of nitrate as indicators for its origin[J].Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 1987, 51:2699-2705.
[58] FUKADA T, HISCOCK K M, DENNIS P F.A dual isotope approach to the nitrogen hydrochemistry of an urban aquifer[J].Applied Geochemistry, 2004, 19:709-719.
[59] KENDALL C.Tracing nitrogen sources and cycling in catchments[J].Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology, 1998, 1:519-576.
[60] HOLLOCHER T C.Source of the oxygen atoms of nitrate in the oxidation of nitrate by nitrocacter agilis and evidence against a P-O-N anhydride mechanism in oxidative phosphorylation[J].Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 1984, 233:721-727.
[61] KENDALL C, ARAVENA R.Nitrate isotopes in groundwater systems[M].Environmental tracers in subsurface hydrology.Springer US, 2000:261-297.
[62] LEENHOUTS J M, BASSETT R L, MADDOCK III T.Utilization of intrinsic boron isotopes as co-migrating tracers for identifying potential nitrate contamination sources[J].Ground Water, 1998, 36:240-250.
[63] WIDORY D, PETELET-GIRAUD E, NE'GREL P, et al.Tracking the sources of nitrate in groundwater using coupled nitrogen and boron isotopes:A synthesis[J].Environmental Science and Technolegy, 2005, 39:539-548.
[64] SEILER R L.Combined use of ¹⁵N and ¹⁸O of nitrate and ¹¹B to evaluate nitrate contamination in groundwater[J].Applied Geochemistry, 2005, 20:1626-1636.
[65] MICHALSKI G, SCOTT Z, KABILING M, et al.First measurements and modeling of Δ¹⁷O in atmospheric nitrate[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2003, 30:1870.
[66] TSUNOGAI U, KOMATSU D D, Daita S, et al.Tracing the fate of atmospheric nitrate deposited onto a forest ecosystem in eastern Asia using Δ¹⁷O[J].Atmos Chem Phys Discuss, 2009, 9:23073-23101.
[67] SACCON P, LEIS A, MARCA A, et al.Multi-isotope approach for the identification and characterization of nitrate pollution sources in the Marano lagoon (Italy) and parts of its catchment area[J].Applied Geochemistry, 2013, 34:75-89.
[68] HEATON T H E, STUART M E, SAPIANO M, et al.An isotope study of the sources of nitrate in Malta's groundwater[J].Journal of Hydrology, 2012, 414-415:244-254.
[69] PHILLIPS D L, KOCH P L.Incorporating concentration dependence in stable isotope mixing models[J].Oecologia, 2002, 130:114-125.
[70] MOORE J W, SEMMENS B X.Incorporating uncertainty and prior information into stable isotope mixing models[J].Ecology Letters, 2008, 11:470-480.
[71] PARNELL A C, INGER R, BEARHOP S, et al.Source partitioning using stable isotopes:Coping with too much variation[J].PLOS ONE, 2010, 5(3):e9672.
[72] XUE D M, DE BAETS B, VAN CLEEMPUT O, et al.Use of a Bayesian isotope mixing model to estimate proportional contributions of multiple nitrate sources in surface water[J].Environmental Pollution, 2012, 161:43-49.
[73] 邵益生, 纪杉.应用氮同位素方法研究污灌对地下水氮污染的影响[J].工程勘察, 1992(4):37-41.
[74] 金赞芳, 王飞儿, 陈英旭, 等.城市地下水硝酸盐污染及其成因分析[J].土壤学报, 2004, 41(2):252-258.
[75] 刘君, 陈宗宇.利用稳定同位素追踪石家庄市地下水中的硝酸盐来源[J].环境科学, 2009, 30(6):42-48.
[76] 陈惟财, 陈伟琪, 张珞平, 等.九龙江流域地表水中硝酸盐来源辨析[J].环境科学, 2008, 29(6):1484-1487.

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

Recommended 10

[1]	CHEN Yong,CHEN Guo-jie,YANG Ding-guo. DISTRIBUTION OF HUMAN SETTLEMENTS IN THE UPSTREAMMINJIANG RIVER AND THEIR ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS]——A CASE STUDY OF LIXIAN COUNTY[J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2004, 13(1): 72 -77 .
[2]	CHEN Zheng-hong,WAN Su-qin,MAO Yi-wei. ANALYSIS OF THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL IN COMPLICATED TOPOGRAPHY AROUND THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR AREA[J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2005, 14(5): 623 -627 .
[3]	ZHANG Lei,DONG Lixin,WU Bingfang,ZHOU Wancun. LAND COVER CHANGE BEFORE AND AFTER THE CONSTRUCTION OF THREE GORGES RESERVOIR WITHIN 10 YEARS[J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2007, 16(1): 107 -112 .
[4]	LI Na,XU You-peng,CHEN Shuang. INFLUENCE OF URBANIZATION ON PRECIPITATION IN SUZHOU CITY[J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2006, 15(3): 335 -339 .
[5]	YU Na,CHEN Liqiao,ZHAO Quanhong. ON ABUNDANCE AND BIOMASS OF OSTRACODS IN TAI LAKE[J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2008, 17(4): 546 .
[6]	KONG Lingqiang. PRIMARY EXPLORATION TO THE SHAREHOLDER RESETTLEMENT MODE FOR HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT IMMIGRANTS[J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2008, 17(2): 185 .
[7]	SUN Weixia, ZHAO Yongcun, HUANG Biao, LIAO Jingjing, WANG Zhigang, WANG Hongjie. SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF SELENIUM IN SOIL ENVIRONMENT AND ITS CORRELATION WITH HUMAN HEALTH IN THE YANGTZE RIVER DELTA OF CHINA[J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2008, 17(1): 113 .
[8]	YU Su-jun, ZHANG Ji, XIA Yong-qiu. DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING METHOD FOR LAND SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION BASED ON GENETIC ALGORITHM[J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2006, 15(2): 180 -184 .
[9]	SHI Lian-qiang, LI Jiu-fa, YING Ming, ZUO Shu-hua, XU Hai-gen. EVOLUTIONAL PROCESS IN MEIMAOSHA OF THE YANGTZE RIVER ESTUARY AND ITS RESPONSE TO RESERVOIR PROJECT[J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2006, 15(4): 458 -464 .
[10]	YANG Li-xia,YANG Gui-shan,YUAN Shao-feng. APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELS IN PREDICATION OF THE POPULATION——TAKING JIANGSU PROVINCE AS AN EXAMPLE[J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2006, 15(3): 287 -291 .

RESEARCH ADVANCES IN IDENTIFYING NITRATE POLLUTION SOURCES OF WATER ENVIRONMENT BY USING STABLE ISOTOPES

PDF (PC)

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 8

Metrics

Recommended 10

[1]	ZHOU Yi, WU Hua-wu, HE Bin, LI Jing, DUAN Wei-li, WANG Jian-feng, TONG Shi-xian. STUDY ON SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATIONS OF δ¹⁸O AND δD IN YANGTZE RIVER WATER AND ITS FACTORS [J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2017, 26(05): 678-686.
[2]	GE Cheng-Jun, SHU Hua-Mei. SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN AGRICULTURAL SOIL IN TYPICAL INDUSTRIAL ZONE IN NANJING CITY [J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2009, 18(9): 843-.
[3]	HUO Li,WANG Shaoping,ZHENG Libo. DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF POLLUTION SOURCEDATABASE SYSTEM BASED ON ArcGIS ENGINE [J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2007, 16(5): 667-667.
[4]	HU Zhiping,ZHENG Xiangmin,HUANG Zongchu,MAO Guofang,CHEN Zhenlou. CHARACTERISTICS OF N ELEMENT LEAKAGE IN THE DRY LAND IN LUODIAN IN SHANGHAI SUBURBS [J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2007, 16(5): 624-624.
[5]	LI Chong-ming, HUANG Zhen-li. STUDY ON THE POLLUTANT LOADS INTO THREE GORGES RESERVOIR (Ⅱ)——POLLUTANT LOAD PREDICTIONS AFTER IMPOUNDMENT [J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2006, 15(1): 97-106.
[6]	LI Chong-ming, HUANG Zhen-li. STUDY ON THE POLLUTANT LOADS INTO THREE GORGES RESERVOIR (Ⅰ)——POLLUTANT LOAD STATUS BEFORE IMPOUNDMENT [J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2005, 14(5): 611-622.
[7]	ZHANG Xin-ping,SUN Wei-zhen,LIU Jing-miao. STABLE ISOTOPES IN PRECIPITATION IN THE VAPOR TRANSPORT PATH IN KUNMING OF SOUTHWEST CHINA [J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2005, 14(5): 665-669.
[8]	LIU Ying-hua, ZHANG Shi-rong, ZHANG Su-lan, WEI Su, XIAO Peng-fei. SPATIAL VARIATION OF NITRATE CONTENT IN GROUNDWATER IN CHENGDU PLAIN [J]. RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE YANGTZE BASIN, 2005, 14(1): 114-118.