Abstract: Building a scientific and rational spatial pattern of urban system is very important for promoting new-type urbanization and balancing development between regions. Therefore, this research deeply analyzed the evolvement of urban scale structure, urban Hierarchical Structure and Urban System in Economic Belt of Yangtze River (EBYR) by Kernel density analysis, fractal theory, and modified gravity model etc., based on the urban influence index and road network data of this region in 1988, 2001, and 2012. The results show that: the urban scale in EBYR has changed significantly, from single low-level club to medium and high level of multiple clubs, and appears multimodal “club convergence” phenomenon of main urban scale. Rank hierarchy of distribution pattern tends to be completed. Urban scale structure is gradually formed into a typical multi-core-periphery pattern. Urban scale system overall presents the features of primary first-place type, while its rationalization trend is evident. The difference of urban gravitational intensity continues shrinking, while regional differences are significant and the cities with lower level of gravity locate in the central and western regions. The urban systems of Yangtze Delta, Middle Delta and Great Southwest are gradually formed in this region, however the organization of urban system in Middle Delta was relatively loose. Eventually, this research discussed the spatial evolution mechanism of the urban system in EBYR from four different aspects: factor, mechanism, feature and target.