Abstract: Based on the data of the 5th and 6th censuses, factor and cluster analysis and other methods were used to study the evolution trend of social spatial structure in the central city of Chengdu from 2000 to 2010. It is found that the main factors, social areas and structural patterns of urban social spatial structure in Chengdu have changed significantly in the past 10 years. The evolution characteristics of the main factors can be summarized as follows: the factors of general wage earners, professional and technical personnel and industrial workers show great changes; while the factors of immigrants and living conditions, highly educated population and minority population show certain stability and sustainability. The evolution characteristics of social areas can be summarized as the optimization of spatial structure and upgrading of function orientation in the old urban areas, and the evolution towards “three descent and two mention”; the expansion of intellectuals’ residential areas and the separation from minority agglomeration areas, showing a trend of residential differentiation; the gradual migration of foreign population to secondary and tertiary industries and the expansion of agglomeration areas; and the agglomeration districts of agricultural population gradually become suburbanized and the prominence of blue-collar population areas. The pattern of social spatial structure has evolved from the single and homogeneous “circle + fan” structure in 2000 to the “circle + fan + multi-core + multi-group” pattern in 2010. Various types of spatial regions have expanded and the spatial heterogeneity has become clearer.