Abstract: Exploring the spatial spillover effect of the multidimensional industrial structure on the carrying capacity of resources and the environment is an important way to promote regional coordination and high-quality development in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Taking the panel data of 108 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2003 to 2019 as a sample, based on the entropy method to evaluate the level of resource and environmental carrying capacity from three aspects: resource carrying capacity, environmental carrying capacity, and social and economic support, using Theil index and spatial autocorrelation and other methods to explore the characteristics of its temporal and spatial evolution, and use the spatial econometric model to analyze the spatial spillover effect of the multidimensional industrial structure on the carrying capacity of resources and the environment. The results show that: (1) The overall resource and environmental carrying capacity of the Yangtze River Economic Belt maintains an upward trend, with the characteristics of downstream>overall>midstream>upstream. It mainly comes from the intra-regional differences between the upper, middle and lower reaches. (2) The carrying capacity of resources and environment presents a spatial trend of increasing step by step from northwest to southeast, with significant spatial agglomeration and correlation characteristics. (3) There are differences in the spatial spillover effects of the rationalization of the industrial structure, the service-oriented industrial structure, and the advanced industrial structure on the carrying capacity of resources and the environment. There is a positive spatial spillover effect, but it is not significant. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity of resources and environmental carrying capacity in the Yangtze River Economic Belt is formed under the interaction and accumulation of many factors, including industrial agglomeration, technological innovation, opening to the outside world, and government intervention. In order to realize the first demonstration belt of economic and ecological civilization construction in the Yangtze River, we should pay attention to the spatial spillover effect of resource and environmental carrying capacity between cities, give play to the role of regional synergy and interaction, and promote the spatial adaptation of resource elements.