Abstract: Research on the spatiotemporal evolution and coupling effects of soil and water resource carrying capacities is crucial for regional sustainable development. Taking the YiShuSi river basin as the object, this study used the DPSIR framework to construct an evaluation index system of water and soil resources carrying capacity. The Super-SBM-DEA, coupling coordination, and geodetector model were employed to explore the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and the major influencing factors of water and soil resources carrying capacity, coordinated utilization efficiency, and coupling coordination from 2013 to 2022. This study aimed to provide data support for the sustainable development of the region. This study showed that: (1) The change of water and soil resources carrying capacity was mainly affected by the response layer (0.271 4) and the driving force layer (0.268 6). The pressure layer (0.083 4) had the least influence. (2) The water and soil resources coordinated utilization efficiency in the eight prefecture-level cities was in a good state, with an average efficiency value of greater than 1. However, unfavorable weather conditions had an impact on Xuzhou, Zaozhuang, Jining, and Rizhao, leading to lower efficiency ratings in some of the years. (3) The water and soil resources coupling coordination was rising, while the disparities across prefecture-level cities were progressively narrowing. With a general spatial distribution that was "high in the east and low in the west, high in the north and low in the south," Linyi had the strongest coupling coordination among them. The north-south direction had a "U"-shaped curve change between 2014 and 2018. (4) The main factors affecting the coupling coordination were per capita GDP (48.58%), residential water consumption (94.96%), and per capita grain output (86.54%). The interaction between each factor had a greater influence on the evolution of the coupling coordination than a single factor. Based on the above outcomes, policy recommendations were put forth to optimize the allocation of these resources, encourage industrial restructuring, improve ecological environment restoration, and strengthen regional coordination and cooperation.