Abstract: In the context of economic globalization and urbanization, production factors increasingly agglomerates towards large metropolis. The economic belts that contain multiple contiguous urban clusters areimportantunits of regional growth and competition. This paper firstly uses the Moran’s Indextoexamine thespatial autocorrelationbetween transportation infrastructure and economic growth in the Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2005 to 2014. The results suggest that there is a significant correlation between transportation infrastructure and economic growth. One possible reason is that transportation infrastructure is relatively well developed in this broad region. The other is that it is appropriate to choose province as the studyarea. Moreover, using the spatial durbin model, this paper empirically analyses the impacts of transportation infrastructure on economic growth. The regression results indicate that transportation infrastructureis positively correlated to economic growth, andthe spillover of economic growth among regions are positive as well. These results are consistent with theoretical expectation and actual situation. Neglecting spatial interaction would result in the overestimation of transportation infrastructure’s effect on economic growth. What’s more, the labor force and actual capital stock are positively related to economic growth while industrial structure and government expand are negatively correlated with the dependent variable. Policy implications are the interprovincial collaboration in Yangtze River Economic Beltshould be further developed, the interconnectivityandeffectiveness of transportation infrastructure need improved. What’s more, it is necessary to increase the efficiency of labor force,promote theupgrading of industrial structure andavoid the excessive government investment.