Abstract: Ecosystem services are a fundamental concept in natural environment management and sustainable land use. Most previous studies focus on assessments of ecosystem services, while less research quantified the supply and demand of ecosystem services, as well as the balance. This paper quantified the deficit and surplus of ecosystem services in a context of rapid urbanization, and put forward suggestions for sustainable land development path. Hubei province was used as a case study, four ecosystem services, including water conservation, PM10 removal, carbon sequestration and recreation were selected to evaluate the surplus and deficit of ecosystem services in Hubei province from 2010 to 2015, and the equilibrium threshold (i.e., supplydemand balance) was calculated. The results showed that: (1) all focal ecosystem services were in deficit expect water conservation; (2) the equilibrium of water conservation services was relatively stable through time, while larger deficits were produced for other services; (3) the supplydemand of ecosystem services presented evident spatial heterogeneity; and (4) the green space ratio threshold required by the balance increased, while the construction land threshold ratio decreased. This study provided a scientific support for sustainable land management by quantifying the supply and demand of ecosystem services. We suggest that Hubei government should put more efforts on the removal of PM10 and carbon emission control during urbanization, increase urban green space and control the expansion of construction land.