Abstract: It is an inevitable choice to actively encourage and popularize the pro-environment production behavior of agriculture to realize the green and sustainable development of agriculture in China. Based on 765 field survey data from Hubei province, the effect of responsibility consciousness on the pro-environment production behavior of rice farmers was discussed by using the Ordered-Probit model, and the moderator effect of situational constraints was further tested, so as to clarify and grasp the mechanism of responsibility consciousness in different situations. The results showed that: first, the adoption degree of rice farmers' pro-environment production behavior was relatively low, mainly focusing on the adoption of samples of 1 or 2 items, with an average adoption quantity of 1.91 items. Second, in the dimension of responsibility consciousness, responsibility attribution and responsibility cognition had significant positive effects on the rice farmers' pro-environmental production behaviors, while behavioral responsibility had significant negative effects. Third, village rules and agreements could reduce the negative impact of behavioral responsibility on the farmers' pro-environmental production behavior, but also weaken the positive effect of responsibility cognition to some extent. In the face of the pressure of agricultural ecological environment, the positive effect of responsibility attribution on the pro-environmental production behavior of rice farmers also decreased.