Based on the perspectives of industrial synergy and spatial difference, using the synergy model, nuclear density estimation, Gini coefficient and gravitation model to calculate the coordination degree of four-dimensional composite system, composed of tourism industry, technological innovation, modern finance and human resources during 2010 to 2017. Further, the multi-scale analysis framework of “economic belt-basin-provincial” is constructed, to analyze the dynamic evolution characteristics of the spatial differences of the synergy degree. The conclusions are arrived as follows: 1) The development of all industries shows the dynamic time series characteristics of steady improvement over time, but it is still insufficient. And, they all show the spatial non-equilibrium characteristics of the relative advantages of the Northeast. Among them, the equalization of technological innovation behind lags behind the other three, significantly. It portends that technological innovation is the key factor affecting the whole system synergy. 2) The synergy degree of is slowly increasing, showing a spatial trend of “higher in the northeast and lower in the southwest”, which is relatively stable. Compared with the downstream of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, the synergy degree of the middle and upper reaches has a “cliff-style” decline, with an average “time lag” of 2 to 3 years. Unbalanced development trend is difficult to eliminate in a short time. 3) The regional differences of the synergy degree are gradually easing in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. Divided by the region of hierarchical basin, the difference is mainly due to the high degree of interlacing among the three major river basins, but the contribution rate tends to decline. In contrast, intra-basin and inter-basin differences gradually contribute, and inter-basin differences have a stronger impact on the overall difference than intra-basin differences. Therefore, coordinating the inter-basin differences between the upper and middle basins is still the focus of future work. 4) In terms of provinces, the potential energy value of Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui is nearly three quarters of the total, which is much higher than that of other provinces. In the space, the two-wheel drive development network structure of “Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai as the core and Sichuan and Chongqing as the sub-core” has gradually formed, and the synergy level of the middle and upper reaches has gradually been promoted.

Urban agglomeration is the highest spatial organization form when the city develops to maturity. In order to explore the coupling and coordinated development of the traffic-tourism industry-ecological environment in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the role of the three is verified by VAR model. The temporal and spatial variation trends of coupling degree and coordination degree are further analyzed between 2001 and 2017. The results show that: (1) There is a long-term equilibrium relationship between the traffic-tourism industry-ecological environment of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Traffic and ecological environment are mutually causal, and the tourism industry has a significant one-way causal relationship with the transportation and ecological environment. The three promote each other, but restrict each other. (2) The coupling and coordinated development of the traffic-tourism industry-ecological environment in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from 2001 to 2017 shows an upward trend, compared with the temporal and spatial changes of coupling degree and coordination degree of the 31 cities. It is found that most areas go from antagonistic and run-in states to coupling state, and from the middle and low coordination coupling stages to the highly coordinated coupling stage. However, the coordination degree lags behind the coupling degree. (3) There are regional differences in the coordinated development of the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. From 2001 to 2017, the performance of Wuhan Metropolitan Area is better than that of the Urban agglomeration around Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan and the Poyang Lake urban agglomeration, and the development of coupling and coordination in a few central cities as Changsha and Nanchang is better than that of the surrounding areas. Finally, it is suggested that government departments should make great efforts to develop comprehensive transportation, achieve the joint prevention and control of ecological environment pollution, promote the integration and optimization of the elements of tourism resources across regions, and promote the healthy development of the relationship between the three.

Equalization of rural medical and health services is the main goal of the national rural revitalization plan. Driven by the integration of urban and rural transportation, motorized travel has become the priority preference of the majority of rural households for transportation travel. Under this background, the research on the equalization of rural medical and health services is of urgency and necessity. This paper takes Jiangsu as an example, based on the GIS network analysis method to measure the accessibility of rural medical and health services under walking, electric bicycle and automobiles travel modes respectively, and tries to reveal the rural medical and health services accessibility and the matching characteristics of supply and demand driven by the integration of urban and rural transportation. This study have shown that the rural medical and health accessibility is low in walking mode, while electric bicycles can ensure that most rural areas enjoy higher level access to health service stations, and automobiles enable most farmers to enjoy higher level hospital accessibility. Integration of urban and rural transportation is a key factor to promote the equalization of rural medical and health services, which can effectively solve the problems of insufficient rural medical facilities and health services, inconsistent supply and demand, and low utilization during the process of equalization of rural medical services. In addition integration of urban and rural transportation can create the necessary conditions for sharing high-quality medical and health services for farmers. In view of this, in order to achieve the goal of equalization of urban and rural medical and health services, we should continue to accelerate the pace of urban and rural transportation integration, discuss the project design of medical and health service system planning under the framework of urban and rural transportation integration, and optimize the layout of urban and rural medical and health services.

Rural transformation is an important way to stimulate the vitality of rural development and achieve sustainable development of rural areas. It is of great significance to carry out in-depth research on rural transformation development in contiguous and extremely poor areas to promote the organic connection between targeted poverty alleviation and Rural Revitalization. By constructing the evaluation index system of rural transformation, using the method of mean square deviation decision-making and geographical detector, this paper studies the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of rural transformation in Wuling mountain area of Hunan Province from 2006 to 2016. The results show that: (1) from The overall rural transformation degree in Wuling Mountain Area of Hunan Province shows an obvious upward trend, the number of counties with higher rural transformation degree is increasing, and the number of counties with lower rural transformation degree is decreasing. (2) The high value areas of rural transformation are mainly located in Jishou City, Hecheng District, Wulingyuan District, Lengshuijiang City and other counties (cities and districts), while the low value areas are mainly located in the southeast and northwest of the area, showing a spatial pattern characteristic of “high in the middle area and low in the northwest-southeast area”. (3) The spatial differentiation of rural transformation in Wuling Mountain Area of Hunan Province is the result of a multiple factors. GDP per capita and fixed asset investment per capita are the leading factors, followed by local fiscal revenue per capita, retail sales of social consumer goods per capita and savings deposits per capita;The interaction among the influencing factors has a stronger effect on the spatial differentiation of rural transformation. Different regions should reasonably and orderly promote the transformation and development of rural areas in a reasonable and orderly way, so as to realize the organic connection between targeted poverty alleviation and Rural Revitalization.

With the rise of mass tourism and the expanding of the scale of international tourism, the tourism industry plays an increasingly important role in the global social economy, but at the same time it also places great pressure on the environment of tourism destinations. Tourist environmentally responsible behavior is an important indicator of the sustainable development of tourism destinations. Tourists being the main cause of the deterioration of the tourism destination environment, a systematic and in-depth study on the influencing factors of tourist environmentally responsible behavior is conducive to reducing the impact of environmental problems, and is of great significance to the implementation of effective strategies in tourist attraction and of great significance for promoting tourism ecological environment protection and sustainable development of China’s tourism destinations.There has been a lack of systematic and integrated research on the factors influencing tourist environmentally responsible behavior. Based on the meta-analysis method,30 standard documents were selected from 756 domestic and foreign documents as research data to conduct an integrated study on the influencing factors of tourists environmentally responsible behavior (TERB). The results show that:(1)personal characteristics, perceived value, destination experience, destination involvement, place characteristics, environmental attitude and place attachment all significantly positively affect tourist environmentally responsible behavior. There is a moderate positive correlation between personal characteristics, perceived value, and tourist environmentally responsible behavior. The remaining factors are highly positively correlated with tourist environmentally responsible behavior, among which the positive correlation(r=0.600)between destination experience and tourist environmentally responsible behavior is the strongest, and the personal characteristics is the smallest(r=0.260); (2)the sample size, cultural background and document type have a regulatory effect in the process of affecting tourist environmentally responsible behavior, specifically: the sample size has a regulatory effect on the relationship between personal characteristics, perceived value,destination experience, destination involvement, place characteristics， place attachment and tourist environmentally responsible behavior.Cultural background plays a significant role in regulating the relationship between personal characteristics, place attachment and tourist environmentally responsible behavior. Document types significantly regulate the relationship between destination experience, place characteristics and tourist environmentally responsible behavior.(3)the influencing mechanism of tourist environmentally responsible behavior is complex, which is affected by multiple factors and adjustment variables.Finally,several management implications has been put forward.

Four investigations were conducted at the 14 sampling sites in 7 sampling sections in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River in March, June，September and December 2017 respectively to evaluate the relationship between plankton community composition and environmental factors. The results showed that 135 species (including varieties) of phytoplankton belonging to 7 phyla 67 genera were identified, dominated by Bacillariophyta (51.85%) and Chlorophyta (25.19%).The mean density and biomass of phytoplankton were 73.16×104 cells /L and 0.87 mg/L respectively. The difference of phytoplankton abundance and biomass among different sampling sections of upper Jingjian were not obvious, and the abundance and biomass of phytoplankton showed a steady increasing trend from the upper reaches to the lower reaches of lower Jingjiang. The dominant species were Aulacoseria granulate and Cyclotella meneghinian. Margalef richness index, Pielou evenness index and Shannon-Wiener diversity index were 0.83, 0.80 and 1.90 respectively. The richness index and diversity index of the Lower Jingjiang were higher than those of the Upper Jingjiang, which indicated that the pollution of the Upper Jingjiangwas more serious than that of the Lower Jingjiang. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that dissolved oxygen, water temperature and NH3-N were the main factors affecting phytoplankton community structure. A total of 81 species of zooplankton belonging to 48 genera were identified, dominated by Rotifer (37.04%). The mean density and biomass were 6.32 ind./L and 88×10-3 mg/L respectively, and the abundance and biomass of zooplankton in upper Jingjiang were lower than that in lower Jingjiang. The dominant species were Difflugia corona, Copepods nauplii and Cyclops sp. The richness index, evenness index and diversity index of the Lower Jingjiang are higher than those of the Upper Jingjiang, which indicated that the pollution of the Upper Jingjiang is more serious than that of the Lower Jingjiang. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that water temperature， dissolved oxygen and NH3-N were the main factors affecting zooplankton community structure.

Soaking plants decomposed in the Water-level Fluctuation Zone（WLFZ）of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), while nutrients released into the overlying water. Then, greenhouse gases (GHGs) including carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH ₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) were formed and emitted. The WLFZ may be an important GHGs source to the atmosphere. In this study, typical herbaceous plants were collected from WLFZ, while plant soaking experiments were conducted with detritus of leaves and stems of Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers.，Polygonum hydropiper，Bidens bipinnata Linn.，Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder. under indoor incubation conditions. Indexes were determined including the dry weight losses in detritus, physicochemical properties, nutrient concentrations of overlying water and GHGs emission rate of water-gas interface GHGs, in order to investigate the GHGs emission processes, fluxes and interspecific differences of soaking plant detritus. Results showed that: (1) after the plants were inundated, the dry weight was declined rapidly in the first 7 days. The dry weight loss of Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder. was the highest, while Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. was the lowest. The pH and DO of the overlying water were reduced at the early stage and increased rapidly in the middle and late stages. The Eh and EC value increased in early days, and decreased later. (2) At the initial stage of plants detritus inundation, GHGs emission from the plant-water-gas interface were rapid, reaching the peak on the 4th to 7th day of inundation, then get stable in the middle and late stages. The release rate of GHGs from Bidens bipinnata Linn. and Xanthium sibiricum Patr ex Widder. were higher than that of Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. and Polygonum hydropiper. There was a significant positive correlation between CO₂, CH₄ emission rates and DOC concentrations in the overlying water (P<0.01), which was mainly due to the large amount of DOC released by plant soaking. The positive correlation between the N₂O emission rate and the NO^-₃-N concentration of the overlying water was significant (P<0.01), which was mainly due to NO^-₃-N released from inundated plant detritus. The initial carbon and nitrogen contents and plant types may affect plant soaking decomposition rate, leading to different pattens of nutrient release and GHGs emissions. (3) Cumulative emissions of CO₂ and CH₄ from the inundated  Bidens bipinnata Linn.’s and Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder.’s were significantly higher than those from Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. and Polygonum hydropiper. The cumulative emissions of N₂O from Xanthium sibiricum Patrin ex Widder., Bidens bipinnata Linn. and Polygonum hydropiper were significantly higher than that of Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. As a whole, the amount of GHGs emission of Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. was the lowest under inundation. So, Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Pers. may be recommended as ecological restoration species in the WLFZ of TGR.

To study the impact of periodic water level adjustments on the characteristics of plant community in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir, Zhong to Zigui section were selected for research. The plant species composition, distribution characteristics of life form and species diversity at different elevations were analyzed using important values and diversity indices. The results showed that: (1) There were 73 species in 32 families and 70 genera in the study area. Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Leguminosae were 3 dominant families, and the single species and genera were obvious. Cynodon dactylon, Xanthium sibiricum, Bidens Pilosa, Abutilon theophrasti, Eclipta prostrata, Polygonum lapathifolium, Alternanthera sessilis were co-existing species at three elevations. Among them, Cynodon dactylon and Xanthium sibiricum were dominant species at three elevations. (2) A total of 11 plant life forms were determined in the study area. In the lower and middle parts of the hydro-fluctuation belt, annual herbaceous plants occupied a great dominant position; in the upper parts, perennial herbaceous plants became dominant life form, and the plant life forms were more diverse. Ferns, vines, shrubs, and trees were beginning to appear. (3) The richness, diversity, and evenness index of the plant community in the hydro-fluctuation belt showed significant differences with changes in altitude, and showed an upward trend with increasing altitude. Therefore, the change of water level had a great impact on the plant community structure and species diversity. In the low-altitude section, the species composition was simplified, and plants with strong flood tolerance and reproduction ability became dominant species. The flooding stress weakened as the altitude rose, and more plant species that adapt to changes in water level appeared, causing plant communities to form different distribution characteristics along altitude changes. These results are of reference value for the selection of ecological restoration plants and the improvement of species diversity in the water-level fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

In order to clarify the water conservation functions of different vegetation restoration patterns. Based on the methods of field survey and indoor analysis， taking mountain forest-arid valley intersection zone in the upper Minjiang River as the research object, the existing litter layer, water holding process and water absorption process were carried out under different vegetation restoration patterns. Under different vegetation restoration patterns, the litter stock of the litter showed an order of NSF>LF>MP>M >S> G. Under different vegetation restoration patterns, the proportion of semidercomposed litter layer in the existing total was higher than that of undecomposed litter layer, which were more than 60%. The proportion of semidercomposed litter layer was the highest for the pattern of M(79.89%), and the pattern of NSF was the lowest(60.66%). The maximum water holding capacity of litter was 53.25 t·hm-2 and 53.22 t·hm-2, respectively for the pattern of LF and NSF, followed by that of MP pattern, and the maximum water holding capacity of litter in G pattern was the least. Under different vegetation restoration patterns, the water holding capacity of the semi-decomposed litter layer was higher than that of the undecomposed litter layer, and the relationship between water holding capacity and time of soaking showed mutiple correlation such as logarithmic, power function, linear and exponential function. The relationship between water absorption rate and time of soaking for the undecomposed layer and semi-decomposed layer of litters showed the power functions under different vegetation restoration patterns. The results can provide scientific foundation for the rational selection of vegetation restoration patterns in the region.

To comprehensively research the effectiveness of water environmental governance in the Mintuo river basin under the background of ecological civilization, this article builds up an evaluation index system for water environmental governance performance across four dimensions:water ecological protection and restoration, water pollution control, water resources utilization and social economic carrying capacity. First, the combined weight model which is based on grey relation analysis method and mean-squared deviation weight decision method is established. Then the dynamic performance index of water environmental of ten main cities in Mintuo river basin was estimated from 2011 to 2017 by the weighted composite index method and TOPSIS model. Finally, using ArcGIS10.5 software to visualize the spatial differentiation of evaluation results. The results show that: the performance index of water environmental governance in Mintuo river basin was increased in general under the integrated management of the water environment. Although the comprehensive level of water environmental management performance in the Mintuo river basin has gradually narrowed, there were significant difference between water pollution control and water resource utilization. Therefore, the water environment management in Mintuo river basin should focus on the control of water pollution, optimize water resources allocation and integrated management in the future.

Soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities are important indicators of soil quality evaluation. In order to clarify the characteristics of soil nutrients and soil enzyme activities of restored slopes in disturbed area of Xiangjiaba Project, four types of artificial restoration slopes were studied: vegetation concrete (CBS), thick base material (TBS), outside soil soil spraying (OSS) and frame beams soil covering (FBS). The soil nutrient content, soil enzyme activities and their correlations were measured and analyzed with natural forest (NF) slope as control. The results showed that: (1) soil pH of the four artificial restoration slopes was higher than that of NF; (2) soil total nutrients and available phosphorus contents of CBS and TBS were significantly higher than those of OSS, FBS and NF; TBS showed obvious advantages of soil nitrogen nutrition, CBS showed obvious advantages of soil phosphorus nutrition; the overall nutrient levels of OSS and FBS were lower; (3) the activities of invertase, catalase and polyphenol oxidase were higher than those of NF in artificial restoration plots, while there were no significant differences in soil urease, invertase, cellulase and phosphatase activities between OSS and FBS; (4) the current status of TBS was close to NF; OSS and FBS showed significant correlation in soil nutrient and soil enzyme activity as well. In summary, CBS and TBS had better effects on soil nutrient persistence and soil enzyme activities of disturbed slope of Xiangjiaba Project and TBS was moving in the direction of the development tendency of NF, while OSS and FBS had positive effects on soil enzyme activities but relatively poor impact on nutrient accumulation.

The ecological restoration effect was comprehensively evaluated in Baoji area from three stages, the first two stages during and after the implementation of the first round of returning farmland to forest (grass) project(2001-2008, 2013-2013), and the stage during the implementation of the second round of returning farmland to forest project(2014-2017), which provide a targeted theoretical reference for the improvement and implementation of the subsequent national ecological restoration policy. Based on the Rainfall Use Efficiency (RUE) model and integrated climate, land use/cover and optical remote sensing, this study explores the impact of natural and anthropogenic drivers on vegetation restoration by the use of isolated human intervention (increasing/decreasing). The results show that: (1) Since 2001, the area of afforestation area in Baoji has shown an increasing trend across the region (83%). After the implementation of the first round of returning farmland to forest (grass) project, the area of vegetation improvement was 83.32%, and the improvement of forest vegetation (between 0.64-0.67) was the best; (2) summer artificial intervention area has the largest precipitation and the lowest RUE value. The increase of RUE in spring was the most significant, and the decrease of RUE in summer was the most significant; (3) The Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and RUE showed positive correlations in 2001-2008, 2009-2013 and 2014-2017, respectively. ∑EVI grows at a rate of 0.148/a, 0.029/a, and 0.143/a, respectively; (4) The annual average RUE (0.40, 0.43) of the decrease in human intervention (2001-2008, 2013-2013) was less than the RUR (0.48, 0.46) of the increase in human intervention, and the RUE value of human intervention reduction (0.54) is greater than the value of human intervention (0.51) in 2014-2017. On spatial and temporal scale, it can be seen that human intervention can promote significant improvement of vegetation in a short time, but the climatic factors have long-term effects on the vegetation coverage in Baoji.

The research of effects of green manure crops planting methods on their growth status and soil characteristics can provide a scientific basis for increasing food production through planting green manure grass in rice-grass rotation mode in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The experiment on the effects of different green manure planting methods such as interplanting with stubble, direct seeding by shallow rotary tillage, direct seeding and no-tillage on the population basis, overwintering stability, growth process, main morphological indexes, grass production and soil nutrient dynamics after returning to the field were carried out in Kunshan City of Jiangsu Province from 2018 to 2019. It showed that the basic seedling number was highest under interplanting with stubble, with 582 900 basic seedlings per hectare, meanwhile, with the highest over-wintering rate (94.3%) among the three planting methods mentioned above when the sowing quantity was same.The growth processes of the green manure crops were basically same among the three planting methods, and the evidential difference may be found at the vegetative growth stage, which was longest for 122 days under interplanting with stubble. However, the vegetative growth state under direct seeding by shallow rotary tillage was shortest, only lasted for 102 days. The plant height, stem diameter and other main morphological indexes under interplanting with stubble were significantly higher than the other two planting methods. The fresh yield of green manure crops under the three methods all were above the level of 30,000 kg·hm ^-2, of which, interplanting with stubble was maximum, direct seeding by shallow rotary tillage was middle, and direct seeding and no-tillage was minimum. The content of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and other soil nutrients under the three planting methods all increased when applying green manure to soil, by the maximum proportion under interplanting with stubble.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity and suitability of denitrification-decomposition model(DNDC)to estimate grain yield and ammonia volatilization in double rice cropping system. The different nitrogen application levels experiments were conducted under double rice cropping system, located in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze Plain. A continuous airflow enclosure (CAE) method was used to estimate NH3 emission, and DNDC model was used to simulate grain yield and ammonia volatilization. The uncertainty and sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the variability in the model outputs and input parameters of climate conditions, soil properties and farming management etc. The results showed that the DNDC simulated grain yield and ammonia volatilization fitted well with the field observed data. The model can capture the peak of ammonia volatilization caused by fertilizer N application. The correlation coefficients between simulated and observed grain yields of early rice, late rice and double rice cropping system were 0.994, 0.928 and 0.979, respectively. The correlation coefficients between simulated and observed values of ammonia volatilization in early rice, late rice and double rice growth period were 0.994, 0.998 and 0.997, respectively. According to the sensitivity test on the DNDC model, grain yield was significantly affected by temperature, and ammonia volatilization was increased with the nitrogen application rate and temperature. The relationship between grain yield and nitrogen application amount was curvilinear. The nitrogen fertilizer requirement of theoretical maximum yield calculated from DNDC simulation data and field observation data were 420 and 417 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Soil ammonia volatilization increased with nitrogen application rate following a quadratic function equation, rather than a linear equation. A higher reliability was found between DNDC simulated value and field measured results about grain yields than ammonia volatilization. However, there is a certain deviation between the simulated and measured values of ammonia flux and cumulative ammonia volatilization, ongoing modification and calibration still need in order to improve the model's performance. Environmental data such as meteorology, soil, water, etc., as more detailed, accurate, and informative as possible, is necessary to reduce the uncertainty of input data, before DNDC application.

It is an inevitable choice to actively encourage and popularize the pro-environment production behavior of agriculture to realize the green and sustainable development of agriculture in China. Based on 765 field survey data from Hubei province, the effect of responsibility consciousness on the pro-environment production behavior of rice farmers was discussed by using the Ordered-Probit model, and the moderator effect of situational constraints was further tested, so as to clarify and grasp the mechanism of responsibility consciousness in different situations. The results showed that: first, the adoption degree of rice farmers' pro-environment production behavior was relatively low, mainly focusing on the adoption of samples of 1 or 2 items, with an average adoption quantity of 1.91 items. Second, in the dimension of responsibility consciousness, responsibility attribution and responsibility cognition had significant positive effects on the rice farmers' pro-environmental production behaviors, while behavioral responsibility had significant negative effects. Third, village rules and agreements could reduce the negative impact of behavioral responsibility on the farmers' pro-environmental production behavior, but also weaken the positive effect of responsibility cognition to some extent. In the face of the pressure of agricultural ecological environment, the positive effect of responsibility attribution on the pro-environmental production behavior of rice farmers also decreased.

Using the survey data of 1237 households in Loess Plateau, with moderate or non-tillage technology as an example, we analyze the five dimensions of social capital which influence farmers adopting conservation tillage technology, and then verify the intermediate effect of technology convenience cognition, technology effect cognition and technology risk cognition.The results showed that the influence of social capital and technology cognition on the adoption of  moderate or non-tillage technology by farmers was significantly different in different regions. In Shanxi, Social trust, social participation, social prestige and social norms have a direct positive impact on farmers' adoption of moderate or non-tillage technology;technology convenience cognition plays an intermediary role in the influence of social participation, social prestige and social norms on technology adoption; technology effect cognition plays an intermediary role in the influence of social prestige on technology adoption; technology risk cognition plays an intermediary role in the influence of social trust, social prestige and social norms on technology adoption.In Shaanxi,Social trust and social norms have a direct positive impact on the adoption of moderate or non-tillage technology; technology convenience cognition plays an intermediary role in the impact of social trust and social norms on technology adoption; technology effect cognition plays an intermediary role in the impact of social trust on technology adoption; technology risk cognition plays an intermediary role in the impact of social trust and social norms on technology adoption Intermediary effect. In Gansu,the social network, social reputation and social norms of farmers have a direct positive impact on the adoption of moderate or non-tillage technology; technology convenience cognition plays an intermediary effect in the influence of social norms on technology adoption; technology risk cognition plays an intermediary effect in the influence of social networks and social norms on technology adoption;technology effect cognition is a complete intermediary.

Extreme precipitation usually has strong uncertainty of duration. The extreme precipitation event persisting for multi-days may cause great disaster. However, there is a lack of research on extreme precipitation variation and its circulation factors from the perspective of extreme precipitation persistence. Based on the daily precipitation grid data set and atmospheric circulation index data from 1961 to 2018 in China, this study defines extreme precipitation lasting for 2 days or more as persistent extreme precipitation events. We analyze the spatio-temporal changes and causes of the occurrence frequency, number of persistent days, total annual persistent extreme precipitation and maximum annual persistent extreme precipitation in different regions of China. The results show that: (1) In the past 60 years, persistent extreme precipitation events in China have a high incidence and a long duration in the arid regions (Mongolia-Xinjiang region and Qinghai-Tibet region), while the intensity of persistent extreme precipitation events is higher in the humid regions (eastern region). (2) The frequency and intensity of persistent extreme precipitation events in China show an increasing trend. However, on the regional scale, there is no obvious change trend in the eastern region. The drier the region, the greater the increase trend. The spatial distribution patterns are similar among index change trends. (3) The contribution rate of persistent extreme precipitation events to the total precipitation shows a slow growth trend which, however, is not obvious in the eastern region. (4) There are significant correlations between the western Pacific subtropical high, the South China Sea subtropical high, the western Pacific warm pool, the Asian polar vortex, the northern hemisphere polar vortex and the persistent extreme precipitation events in China. On the regional scale, the western Pacific subtropical high has the greatest impact on Mongolia-Xinjiang region and Qinghai-Tibet region, while the eastern region is greatly affected by the western Pacific subtropical high and the western Pacific warm pool. Generally speaking, the western Pacific subtropical high has the greatest impact on China's persistent extreme precipitation events, the strengthening of the western Pacific subtropical high will lead to more persistent extreme precipitation in China.

The effects of land-use change on the watershed flood process have become one of the major hydrological concerns in the world. A change in the flood process leads to the alteration in flood design and control system, which has caused serious problems to human life and urban security. To investigate the impact of urbanization on the rainstorm flood, the Shuangqiaobang community in Changzhou City was chosen as the typical highly-urbanized region. An improved method to divide runoff plots was proposed by considering the combination of rivers, roads and drainage sumps to establish a suitable HEC-HMS（Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System）model for a highly-urbanized region. Based on this, the rainstorm flood processes under different return periods were simulated by the different land use situations. The results show that the increase of rainstorm flood would be bigger and more rapid under the transformation process from grassland to urbanization than that from land to urbanization, and the increase rate of peak discharge is less than that of flood volume. With the degree of transformation from other land use patterns to urbanization increase, the differences among the impacts of the different land use patterns on the rainstorm flood increase, especially the impact on the rainstorm flood under low return periods. The results of this study can provide scientific supports for the flood control and water resource management.

Floods are often prone to sudden occurrences in the short term, resulting in huge casualties and property losses. However, there is no consensus on the screening and analysis of sudden floods. Based on the assessment of the daily flooding status by the standardized antecedent precipitation index (SAPI), the abrupt flood index (AFI) is proposed to comprehensive reflection of the abrupt amount of water from the previous period (the same day) to the late period (the last 10 days) and the degree of flooding. At the same time, the definition and calculation of AFI threshold AFI_t are presented, considering that an abrupt flood event will occur later when AFI is greater than AFI_t . Taking the upper Hanjiang river basin as an example, the daily AFI index of the basin from 1972 to 2017 was calculated, and the date of the critical state was determined by AFI_t. Further analysis shows that the AFI index can better reflect the phenomenon of abrupt flood and AFI is helpful to identify the abrupt floods events and is benefit for the emergency management of the water resources system in the basin.