Abstract: With the accelerated development of urbanization and industrialization in China, air pollution is becoming more and more serious, which seriously endangers public health. Based on the hourly PM2.5 concentration monitoring data of Anhui, the backward trajectory model, the Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) and the Concentration Weighted Trajectory (CWT) were used to construct the PM2.5 source analysis model, and the source of PM2.5 in Anhui was analyzed. Combined with geographical detector, the driving factors affecting the concentration of PM2.5 local emission were analyzed. The results show that: (1) The three dynamic processes of local contribution, local spillover and external transmission of pollution have important influence on the temporal and spatial variation of PM2.5 concentration in Anhui; (2) Monthly cumulative measured concentration, total concentration, external transport concentration, local contribution concentration, local spillover concentration and monthly average local contribution rate of PM2.5 all showed a high trend of southwest and the opposite in the northeast, but the first three appeared high value in northwest of Anhui, such as Fuyang, Bozhou and Huaibei; (3) Approximate 97.5% of external transport contribution rate is more than 50% in Anhui, and the contribution rate of PM2.5 local emission in the cities is 30% ~ 50%, indicating that the pollution in January is mainly from external transmission. (4) The explanatory power q values of factory density, vehicle ownership density and population density for monthly cumulative local contribution concentration of PM2.5 are 0.33, 0.47 and 0.61, respectively. By comparing with the results of geographical detector of monthly cumulative measured concentration of PM2.5, it is indicated that the relationship between artificial factors and monthly cumulative local contribution concentration of PM2.5 is closer. The results can provide a scientific reference for the control of regional air pollution.