Abstract: In the plain area of Lake Taihu Basin, the river network is dense and the fishery is developed, among which pond culture is the main mode of fishery, and the sewage discharge of the aquaculture pond is one of the important reasons for eutrophication and cyanobacteria bloom in the surrounding rivers and lakes. Therefore, the precise estimation of the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load of the aquaculture pond in Lake Taihu Basin is of great significance for the accurate analysis of the source of regional nitrogen and phosphorus pollution and scientific prevention and control. Taking aquaculture ponds in The Lake Taihu Basin as the research object, the spatial information of aquaculture ponds was obtained by interpreting highresolution remote sensing images in 2019, and a method for distinguishing the types of aquaculture ponds based on normalized difference vegetation index was explored and developed to verify and analyze the area and distribution of two types of aquaculture ponds (fish ponds and shrimp crab ponds)Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load coefficient method was used to estimate the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load of aquaculture ponds and analyze the spatial difference.The results show that: the total area of aquaculture ponds in Lake Taihu Basin in 2019 is 1 308.6 km², including fish ponds of 872.6 km², shrimp and crab ponds of 436 km². The emission of nitrogen pollution and phosphorus pollution in Lake Taihu Basin are 11 013.5 and 1 626.8 t respectively. The results showed that the spatial distribution of pollution load of pond culture was consistent with that of pond culture scale. Huzhou, Wujiang and Deqing in the south of Lake Taihu were the most severe polluted areas of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Lake Taihu Basin. The nitrogen pollution load was 1 214.8, 1 004.4 and 792.2 t, respectively, and the phosphorus pollution load was 179.7, 146.3 and 117.7 t, respectively. The main reason is that the local pond aquaculture industry is developed, too much feed input, and the proportion of fish ponds with higher nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load coefficient than shrimp and crab ponds is higher.