Technology transfer is an important way to reduce R&D cost and create new technology. Basing on the patent transfer data from incoPat patent database from 1985 to 2018, this study explores the network structure and mechanism of technology transfer network in the Yangtze river economic belt through the methods of spatial network analysis, module mining and exponential random graph model analysis. The netwook structure shows that the downstream area of the Yangtze river economic belt takes the lead in the technology transfer network, while the upstream region rises like nail and the middle reaches develop independently. The Yangtze river delta cooperate intensely with a multi-center pattern and is closely connected with the others, meanwhile, Chengdu and Chongqing rise rapidly to catch up with these cities. Module ananalysis finds that top cities pay more attention to the maintenance of existing cooperative relationship, and occupying the structural hole position is crucial for latecomer to catch up. Research on influential mechanism shows that the higher the technology quality, innovation quantity and economic level of cities, the higher is the probability of technology transfer activity to take place, the Matthew effect will strengthen the network hierarchy. Technical identification is more effective than industrial similarity in promoting the establishment of transfer relations. Provincial administrative barriers still exist and geographical proximity effect is weak. Therefore, focusing on the research and development of high quality technology and expanding the relationship of technology transfer helps to improve the status of city in the network, looking for partners with similar knowledge structure or administrative areas are more likely to succeed.

Under the background of new urbanization, it is of great significance to study the low-carbon development for the high-quality development of China’s tourism industry. This study measures the tourism carbon emission with the method of “bottom-up”, and uses the panel threshold model in which new urbanization level is used as the threshold dependent variable to explore the stage characteristics and its heterogeneous characteristics of the impact of the new urbanization on tourism carbon emissions in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. The results show that :(1) There is a significant “N-shaped” curve relationship between the new urbanization and tourism carbon emission. (2) Under the guidance of new urbanization, per capita tourism consumption, tourism industrial structure and fixed capital stock of tourism enterprises have a significant restraining effect on tourism carbon emission. However，the level of regional economic development and technological development has become an important factor to promote the carbon emission of tourism industry. And environmental regulation is beneficial to regional tourism carbon emission reduction. (3) There is a significant interval effect between new urbanization and tourism carbon emissions. The tourism carbon emissions presents upward trend with the improvement of the new urbanization level when the new urbanization is lower than 0.319, while the improvement of the new urbanization level has a great inhibitory effect on the carbon emission of tourism industry when the new urbanization level is between 0.319 and 0.568, then the carbon emission of tourism will continue to increase with the improvement of the new urbanization level when the new urbanization level exceeds 0.568. Therefore, regional governments should formulate new urbanization development plans according to local conditions, and promote the tourism carbon emission reduction effect in the process of new urbanization from various aspects such as per capita tourism consumption level and tourism industry structure optimization.

The relationship between population growth and urban expansion affects the high-quality development of cities and even urban agglomerations. Trend surface and city rank-size rule was used to analysis the characteristics of evolution and allometric growth of population growth and urban area expansion from 2000 to 2018 in Yangtze River Delta. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) A high density of population and urban distribution is observed in the eastern side and the central regions, whereas the west, north and south is characterized by a low density. The pattern of population distribution has changed from equilibrium to centralization, and the pattern of land distribution has always been equilibrium. (2) The urban population-to-area allometric growth is a weak stage of population expansion with negative allometric growth. More than 70% of the cities are dominated by positive allometric growth before 2008, while more than 80% of the cities are dominated by negative allometric growth after 2008. (3)Cities in positive allometric growth is high in downward fluctuation rate, while cities in negative allometric growth is high in stability rete. It shows that the urbanization power of most cities in Yangtze River Delta is gradually transformed from land expansion to population growth.Results the research on the law of urban population area allometric growth can provide a theoretical basis for the flow of urbanization elements and the high-quality development of urban agglomerations in the Yangtze River Delta region, and provide a practical basis for the promotion of regional integration.

Rural settlements around metropolis are undergoing different degrees of reconstruction and transformation due to the radiation of central cities. Therefore, Analyzing the spatial pattern and production and life style of rural settlements in special region is conducive to guiding the rural development of special region, and can provide beneficial enlightenment for the practice of Rural Revitalization of special region. Taking 1868 administrative villages in Wuhan’s new urban area as the research area, we use exploratory spatial data analysis and geostatistical analysis methods to explore the spatial pattern characteristics of rural settlements in metropolitan areas from the three aspects of settlements’ spatial distribution, scale structure and morphological differentiation. The result indicate that: (1) In spatial distribution, the rural settlements in Wuhan are characterized by significant concentration with evident spatial variability, but the spatial differentiation is obvious, which shows an inverted U-shaped structure from the suburbs to remote rural areas. (2) In the scale, the rural settlements in Wuhan is generally small, which is manifested as a contiguous distribution situation of large suburbs and small periphery, and there is a positive correlation with the density distribution locally. (3) In terms of morphological, it shows obvious spatial differentiation, mainly in the form of bands, clumps, clusters and scattered points. (4) Finally, the production and life styles of rural settlements are identified through field investigation: suburban areas mainly develop urban agriculture and part-time business in the central urban areas, most of which are amphibious life patterns in urban and rural areas, while suburban areas mainly develop traditional agriculture and labor export.

The economic strength of the city is calculated based on factor analysis. Using accessibility coefficient models to analyze the impact of high-speed railways and expressways on urban accessibility. Using gravity models to measure the impact of high-speed railways and highways on urban economic connections. And use ESDA to measure the impact of accessibility on economic space. The results show that the rapid traffic has greatly improved the overall accessibility of Hunan cities, and produced a significant “space-time compression” effect. Rapid transportation reduces the difference in accessibility between peripheral cities and central cities. The accessibility of cities along the high-speed rail is significantly better than that of non-high-speed rail cities. Highway expand the accessibility of high-speed railways. Rapid transportation has strengthened the economic ties between cities in Hunan Province, strengthened Changsha’s position as an economic center, and weakened the economic gap between the east and the west. The intensity of inter-provincial economic ties is affected by the convenience of access to the province. The total economic linkages of each city are generally hierarchical and uneven in evolution.

Analyzing the spatio-temporal evolution process and mechanism of traditional villages can provide reference for village protection in the new era. Based on the genesis, focusing on the attribute of village “affairs”, combining with GIS technology, this paper analyzes the spatio-temporal evolution of 168 national and municipal traditional villages in Chongqing based on practice. The research reveals the following: (1) the practic is the root of village evolution, and has significant genetic effect on it. The historical fluctuation of practice drives the fluctuating development of villages: villages developed spontaneously in the pre-Qin period, fluctuated from the Qin and Han dynasties to the Song and Yuan dynasties, increased significantly in the Ming Dynasty, and laid a foundation for the pattern of contemporary villages from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. (2) Agricultural, economic and political practices are the main practices that stimulate the evolution of villages. They promote the generation of agricultural, commercial and military villages respectively and have undergone transformation. Among them, the number of agricultural villages is the largest, and the transformation from agricultural to commercial villages is the most prominent. (3) Affected by the spatial evolution of practice, the villages are promoted from the main stream of the Yangtze River to the southeastern mountainous areas, and develop from scattered distribution to the whole region. Finally, a pattern of agricultural villages is formed in the eastern part of Chongqing, commercial ones in the west, and military ones in the main traffic routes is formed. (4) Guided by the practical purpose, it analyzes the genetic mechanism of the temporal and spatial evolution of villages, and then abstracts and constructs the logical structure of “practice environment -meta-practice”, and concludes that the evolution of villages is carried out in the unity of opposites between active and active. The results suggest that the protection of traditional villages requires a suitable practical environment and the maintenance of population and material production. We suggest to keep original practice, integrate creative practice, and promote ethical practice, so as to keep the vitality and reasonable development of the village in the continuation of the local.

The Han River Basin is an important water-supporting area and ecological barrier region for the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project. It is of great significance to study the spatial and temporal variation of its water production service and the influencing factors to achieve high-quality water transfer and ecological environment protection in the Han River Basin. Based on multi-source heterogeneous data derived from Google Earth Engine cloud platform, meteorological and soil information, this study applied the water production module of the InVEST model and scenario analysis method to estimate and elucidate spatial and temporal characteristics of water yield in the Han River Basin from 2001 to 2019. The influence of precipitation change and land use change on water yield in the Han River Basin was explored as well. Firstly, water yield in the Han River Basin first increased and then decreased from 2001 to 2019, and the spatial differentiation characteristic of water yield was basically the same in different periods, showing a spatial divergence of low in the north-central part and high in the southwest and southeast. Water yield mainly increased in the whole basin, with the increase concentrated in the watershed above Danjiangkou and the decrease primarily in the Tangbai River watershed. Secondly, at the sub-basin scale, the watershed above Danjiangkou makes the highest contribution to water yield in the entire basin and is the main water-producing area in the Han River Basin, while the Tangbai River watershed makes the lowest contribution. Thirdly, built-up lands, barren lands and herbaceous vegetation have the highest average water yield; open forests, croplands and dense forests are the major types of land contributing to water production in the Han River Basin, with all three providing 90% of the total water yield. Besides, plains have the highest average water yield, and lower-middle mountainous areas have the lowest. Furthermore, contribution rates of precipitation change and land use change to water yield change from 2001 to 2019 were 94% and 6%, respectively, indicating that precipitation change had a more significant impact on water yield and land use change had a smaller influence. Research results can provide scientific reference for the promotion of conversion of farmland to forest (grass) project and the sustainable development of the ecological environment of water source areas in the Han River Basin.

Carrying out urban expansion simulation research plays an important role in optimizing the national spatial planning and practicing the concept of green development. Based on ecological sensitivity, with the support of RS and GIS technology, this paper selects Wuhan City for soil and water loss, habitat, geological disasters and water resources for sensitivity analysis, and conducts a comprehensive ecological sensitivity study in the study area, based on CA-Markov model and Wuhan phase theree land use data are used to simulate and predict the urban land use in 2025. Research results: Among the ecological comprehensive sensitivities in Wuhan, highly sensitive and extremely sensitive areas account for 32.52% of the study area. Based on the CA-Markov model, it is predicted that the urban land area of Wuhan will reach 1 845.00  km² in 2025; on the premise of respecting nature, by superimposing it with ecologically sensitive areas, the construction land area of Wuhan will be adjusted to 1 784.16  km². From the perspective of green development, this article guides the rational and orderly expansion of cities and guarantees the harmonious and stable development of social economy and ecological civilization.

Based on the daily flow series of the confluence area between the Yangtze River and the Dongting Lake during the period from 1990 to 2019, the variation characteristics of the flow in this area were analyzed by using Indicators of Alteration and Range of Variability Approach to evaluate the hydrologic regime alteration degree and ecological effect of the Three Gorges Reservoir in the confluence area.The results showed that: (1)The degree of overall changes in the confluence area was 36.79%, presented the moderate degree of changes. The annual average of 1, 3, 7, 30, 90 day minimum discharge, water rise and fall rate of hydrological indexes changed significantly, showing moderate or high changes; (2)The natural ecological hydrological process in the confluence area was changed by the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir.The change of the hydrological index which is sensitive to the growth and reproduction of four major Chinese carps caused the delay of the spawning period, and the quantity and quality of spawning and reproduction decreased significantly.This study reveals the impact of the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir on the eco hydrological regime of the confluence area, and provides a theoretical basis for the ecological protection of the area.

To evaluate the impact of human activities of the Heishui River, which could be a potential alternative habitat for the lower reaches of the Jinsha River. Based on data of fish resource yearly surveyed in 2016-2018, The population structure and biodiversity of fish resources in the lower reaches of Heishui River were analyzed. Index of biological integrity (IBI) based on fish to assess the river health was established in this study. Results showed that there were 9 dominant fish specie in the Heishui River, including Paracobitis varigatus(IRI=6 370), Schistura fasciolata (IRI=2 418), Schizothorax wangchiachii (IRI=1 285), Triplophysa anterodorsalis (IRI=788), Trilophysa bleekeri (IRI=715) and so on. High numbers of endemic species distincted in this area, and the fish fauna was dominated by West China and South China biota. Four major metric parameters (i.e. number of species, presence of cyprinid species, proportion of omnivores individuals and proportion of herbivores individuals) were assessed by applying the fish biotic integrity index (F-IBI).The results of stream condition assessment showed that the river’s health was mainly at the status of “poor”, the middle-lower reaches and estuary section were fairly good. The assessment was consistent with the actual situation of human disturbance including the sand extraction, small hydropower development and overfishing in this river drainage. Aiming at the protection of fish biodiversity and improvement of river healthy, several situ conservation ways had applied including artificial enhancement and releasing of endemic fish, control reasonable discharge flow, closed fishing, remove the Laomuhe Dam and ecological restoration of fish habitat in this river. Long-time monitoring and evaluation can verify the adaptive effect of restoration project.

In order to study the characteristics of phenological change and its influencing factors in Guizhou province, based on MCD12Q2 data and climatic data from 2002 to 2017, mathematical statistics were used to discuss the vegetation change and its response to climate change in Guizhou Province. The results showed that: (1) The initial period of vegetation growth (SOS) in Guizhou province presented a meridional spatial distribution characteristic of gradually delayed from east to west; Among all geomorphologic regions, SOS in region Ⅰ relatively early, while Ⅵ relatively late. The early stage of growth (EOS) was relatively concentrated in the west of region Ⅱ, Ⅴ and Ⅵ, while the late stage was concentrated in the east and north of region Ⅴ and the southwest of region IV. The areas with relatively short growing season length (LOS) were concentrated in the west of region Ⅲ and Ⅴ,as well as Ⅵ region, while the longer LOS area was concentrated in the western and eastern parts of region Ⅰ, Ⅳ and V. (2) The multi-year average SOS in Guizhou province was the 86th day, while zone Ⅵ was the latest and zone Ⅰ was the earliest. The multi-year average EOS was the 333th days, with zone Ⅴ being the latest and zone Ⅱ the earliest. The 16-year average was 247 days in LOS, the longest in zone Ⅳ and the shortest in zone Ⅵ. (3) SOS was not significantly advanced at an average rate of 4.2 d·(10a)^-1; Ⅵ zone had the maximum early speed; Area Ⅳ had the lowest early rate. EOS was not significantly delayed at a rate of 3.9 d·(10a)^-1, with the maximum delay rate in region Ⅴ and the minimum delay rate in region Ⅱ. LOS extended at a rate of 2.8 d·(10a)^-1; The elongation rate was the highest in region Ⅵ and the lowest in region I. (4) The phenological period of Guizhou province was affected by altitude. Every 1 000 m rised in altitude lead to a delay of 15 days for SOS, 4 days for EOS, and about 20 days for LOS. (5) There was a very significant negative correlation between SOS and temperature in June, and a significant positive correlation between EOS and precipitation in September. The results showed that the change characteristics, trend and rate of vegetation phenology in Guizhou province were closely related to altitude, temperature in June and precipitation in September.

Jinyun mountain is located in the acid rain area of southwest China. In recent years, the acidity and frequency of acid rain are getting higher and higher,  and there is also a trend of transformation from sulfuric acid rain to sulfuric acid-nitric acid mixed rain and nitric acid rain.The effects of acid rain type change on photosynthetic and physiological characteristics of vegetation in jinyun mountain were studied to provide basic data for vegetation construction and cultivation of acid-resistant tree species in disasterareas. Two years of Pinus massoniana seedling in jinyun mountain were treated with three acid rain types (sulfuric acid, nitric acid and mixed), and three acid concentration (pH2.5, pH3.5, pH4.5) processing by pot experiment for four months, supplemented by the pH value of 5.7 distilled water as control group, the net photosynthetic rate, intercellular  carbon dioxide concentration, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, antioxidant enzyme activity, chlorophyll content and malondialdehyde content were determined. The results showed that :(1) The three kinds of acid rain had effects on the photosynthetic physiological characteristics of Pinus massoniana. The higher the concentration of acid rain, the more obvious the inhibition effect on the photosynthetic rate.The pH value of 3.5 was the acid value that affected the sharp changes of all indexes of Pinus massoniana. SAR and NAR acid rain with pH value of 3.5 had serious inhibition on the growth of Pinus massoniana plant height, and the inhibition rates were as high as 53.49% and 54.99%.(2) Different types of acid rain stress inhibited the formation of chlorophyll in Pinus massoniana leaves, and the main expression was SAR>NAR>MAR. The chlorophyll content decreased with the increase of acid rain concentration.Acid rain can promote the increase of malondialdehyde content, and the lower the pH value, the higher the content of malondialdehyde.(3) Acid rain could stimulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes in plant leaves. Different acid rain had different effects on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in leaves, which showed NAR>SAR>MAR.The three types of acid rain all had effects on the photosynthetic physiological characteristics of Pinus massoniana seedlings, and the effects of different types of acid rain were different under different gradiens. By comprehensive comparison, it was found that MAR acid rain had less inhibitory effect than the other two single acid rain, and NAR acid rain had the largest effect on Pinus massoniana seedlings.

The pressure on the natural resources and environment by human socio-economic activities, is a crucial factor in threatening regional ecological security.Thus, in order to achieve ecological security, it is important to construct ecological security pattern by considering the constraint of ecological pressure.Taking the Yangtze River Delta of China as the study area, this paper first identified ecological sources based on the Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) and the landscape probable connectance index method.Then the hot spot regions with ecological pressure were identified by the energy ecological footprint model based on the DMSP/ OLS night-time light data.Finally, both the corridors of ecological sources and that of demand for ecological pressure were extracted by the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model.The results showed that: (1) the area of ecological sources was 25 581.47 km², accounting for 24.20% of the total area of the study case, which were primarily distributed in the Taihu lake basin, and the western and eastern Zhejiang.The hot spot regions with ecological pressure were mainly located in highly urbanization, such as Shanghai and Suzhou.There was no spatial overlap between ecological sources and hot spot regions with ecological pressure, thus there was a spatial decoupling to a certain extent between ecological supply and demand.（2) The ecological corridor network consisted of ecological sources corridor and ecological pressure-demand corridor.The total length of ecological sources corridor was 2 459.13 km, presenting a spatial pattern of “two vertical and one horizontal”, and its suitable width was 1 200 m.The total length of the ecological pressure-demand corridor was 1 186.71 km, presenting a spatial cluster with ecological sources as the core.Meanwhile, the suitable width of the ecological pressure-demand corridor with moderate pressure, high pressure and higher pressure was 750, 550 and 100-200 m respectively.（3) The ecological conservation zone, ecological control zone, ecological transition zone, production and living zone, and corridor restoration zone were identified, and their area respectively took up 40.25%, 15.40%, 11.02%, 33.20% and 0.13%.In summary, this study can provide decision support to achieve ecological security and sustainable development in the Yangtze River Delta.

In the plain area of Lake Taihu Basin, the river network is dense and the fishery is developed, among which pond culture is the main mode of fishery, and the sewage discharge of the aquaculture pond is one of the important reasons for eutrophication and cyanobacteria bloom in the surrounding rivers and lakes. Therefore, the precise estimation of the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load of the aquaculture pond in Lake Taihu Basin is of great significance for the accurate analysis of the source of regional nitrogen and phosphorus pollution and scientific prevention and control. Taking aquaculture ponds in The Lake Taihu Basin as the research object, the spatial information of aquaculture ponds was obtained by interpreting highresolution remote sensing images in 2019, and a method for distinguishing the types of aquaculture ponds based on normalized difference vegetation index was explored and developed to verify and analyze the area and distribution of two types of aquaculture ponds (fish ponds and shrimp crab ponds)Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load coefficient method was used to estimate the nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load of aquaculture ponds and analyze the spatial difference.The results show that: the total area of aquaculture ponds in Lake Taihu Basin in 2019 is 1 308.6 km², including fish ponds of 872.6 km², shrimp and crab ponds of 436 km². The emission of nitrogen pollution and phosphorus pollution in Lake Taihu Basin are 11 013.5 and 1 626.8 t respectively. The results showed that the spatial distribution of pollution load of pond culture was consistent with that of pond culture scale. Huzhou, Wujiang and Deqing in the south of Lake Taihu were the most severe polluted areas of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Lake Taihu Basin. The nitrogen pollution load was 1 214.8, 1 004.4 and 792.2 t, respectively, and the phosphorus pollution load was 179.7, 146.3 and 117.7 t, respectively. The main reason is that the local pond aquaculture industry is developed, too much feed input, and the proportion of fish ponds with higher nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load coefficient than shrimp and crab ponds is higher.

The influence of fire on wetland ecosystem is a hot topic in the study of the fire ecology and wetland ecosystem at home and abroad. However, the effect of fire on soil carbon components and microbial carbon sequenstration potential in Poyang Lake under water level fluctuation is still not clear. This paper chose the burned (January 15) and unburned area with plant Triarrhena lutarioriparia as the experiment plots, located in the Wetland Natural Preservation Zone at Changhu chi of the Poyang Lake, and 0-10 cm depth soils was sampled at January 18, April 12, and Novermber 10, 2015, to analyze the soil carbon components, soil enzymes and soil bacterial and carbon-fixing microbe activities. Results showed that fire interference had important effects on soil carbon and nitrogen content, soil enzyme activity and different carbon components. For the first sampling time (January 18, 2015), the burned soil easy oxidation active organic carbon content (4.12 ± 0.30 mg/g) was significantly lower than that of unburned soils (16.14±0.17 mg/g) (p < 0.05), and the burned soil microbial biomass carbon (2 359±535 mg/kg) and cbbL gene copies（1.68±0.17×105 copies/g）is significantly higher than those (1 095±110 mg/kg and 4.61±3.12×104 copies/g) (n=3, p < 0.05) of unburned soil, but there was no significant difference in the content of soil soluble organic carbon, soil respiration and soil RubisCO activity (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the content of different carbon components, cbbL gene copies, and RubisCO enzyme activity for burned and unburned soils at the next two sample times (April 12 and November 10, 2015). While, the soil microbial biomass C and soluble organic carbon were significantly different during water level fluctuation with a trend from dry, flood to normal water level. Correlation analysis showed that the soil temperature, 16srRNA and cbbL gene copies were negatively significant related to the soil carbon components. The soil easy oxidation active organic carbon and soluble organic carbon were positively related to soil respiration and RubisCO enzyme activity. So the increase of soil temperature was not conducive to the accumulation of soil organic carbon. In addition, the increase of soil carboxylase activity is conducive to the assimilation of CO₂ by microorganisms, thus increasing the content of soil organic carbon components.

In order to explore the soil quality and influencing factors of cultivated land in the north of Hubei province, Zaoyang City, Hubei Province was selected as the research area, 240 samples were selected, soil organic matter (SOM) was the research object, and classical statistics and geostatistics were used. Analyzing the spatial pattern of cultivated land SOM, introducing the geodetector Geodetector model combined with the Pearson correlation coefficient method to calculate the significant factors affecting the spatial pattern of SOM content in Zaoyang City. The results showed that: (1)The spatial distribution of SOM content in cultivated land in Zaoyang City showed weak variability, and the spatial variability model was fitted by a spherical model; (2)The distribution pattern presented a spatial pattern of high surroundings and low center to northeast; (3)The five factors that have the strongest impact on SOM single factor are precipitation, soil type, NDVI, surface undulation, and highway distance. The explanatory power of each factor interaction is greater than the explanatory power of the single factor action, showing a nonlinear synergy. This study combines geographic information science with remote sensing, statistics, and geographic detectors, and other multidisciplinary technologies, to provide methods to explore the spatial pattern and factors of soil nutrients in the hilly land of northern Hubei, and try to provide agriculture for rice planting areas and basin areas. Management, fertilization control, and spatial prediction of soil nutrients provide the basis for research work.

Using the long-term series of Changsha and Changde Doppler weather radar products from March to August of 2011-2019, and the manual recording of thunderstorms at Yueyang Observation Station, the spatial distribution characteristics and seasonal, monthly, and daily changes of thunderstorms in East Dongting Lake and adjacent urban areas have been analyzed. Results indicate that: (1) Higher frequency of thunderstorm activity in east but lower in west, and higher in urban but lower on the lake surface in East Dongting Lake and adjacent urban areas, the junction of the lake and the land city center is the high incidence area of thunderstorm activity compared to the rest of the lake. (2) The highest frequency of thunderstorms appears in June, the frequency of thunderstorm activities at the junction of the lake and the land city center is significantly higher than that of other places on the lake in May, June and August. (3) The development of thunderstorms shows significant daily changes, thunderstorms during the night are more frequent than that during the day, showing obvious bimodal characteristics. There are differences in the conversion time of thunderstorm fluctuations between the lake and the urban land, nearly 1 to 2 hours in advance on the lake. (4) Under good temperature and humidity conditions, vertical wind shear is an important factor affecting local thunderstorm activities. Urban thunderstorms respond faster to vertical wind shear than the lake, the junction of the lake and the city center is more prone to thunderstorms than other locations on the lake.

The carbon sequestration service can mitigate climate change by capturing and absorbing atmospheric CO₂. The carbon emission and the pressure to reduce emission is increasing with the development of regional economy and society. It has an important theoretical and practical significance for formulating or optimizing emission reduction targets and guiding regional sustainable development to study the temporal-spatial dynamics of the relationship between supply and demand of carbon sequestration service. This paper took the Yangtze River Delta region as an example, which clarified the connotation and measurement method of supply and demand of carbon sequestration. This paper quantified the demand under different carbon emission reduction targets and estimated the supply, and further estimated the supply-demand relationship between the Yangtze River Delta as a whole and between provinces. The results showed that, the relationship between supply and demand tended to be tight during the 15-year period, especially in the central and eastern regions, where the supply-demand ratio has dropped from 50.86% to 16.36% under not considering the target of carbon emission reduction; The carbon supply-demand ratio in 2015 was 40.17% under the target of 30% emission reduction and it was 31.59% under the target of 30% emission reduction in YRD, where the deficit area was mainly distributed in urban centers. The reason for tension between supply and demand was the increase of carbon emission, especially the carbon emissions in industrial. Therefore, the YDR should increase the space for carbon sinks and speed up the industrial transformation in the deficit area to ease the contradiction between the supply and demand. At the same time, it must establish regional compensation mechanisms and policies on carbon sequestration services at the provincial and inter-provincial levels to promote the integrated development.

We clarify the evolution characteristics of atmospheric environmental capacity of urban agglomerations in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and provide technical support for scientific formulation of mitigation policies.Based on the regular observation data of meteorological stations from 1961 to 2016, the national standard method was used to calculate the atmospheric stability, mixed layer thickness and atmospheric environmental capacity coefficient of the midstream urban agglomeration in the past 56 years. The results show that in the past 56 years, the middle-stream urban agglomerations have basically been mostly neutral, followed by stable ones, and unstable ones the least. The frequency of the neutral class in the Wuhan city circle has a significant downward trend at -3.4％/10a, while the unstable and stable classes show a significant upward trend at 1.9％/10a and 1.5％/10a. The frequency of the unstable class in the city circle around Changsha-Zhutan and Poyang Lake have no obvious change; but the upward trend of the frequency of the neutral class is significant at 0.3％/10a and 1.2％/10a, and the stable frequency shows a significant downward trend at 0.3％/10a and 1.1％/10a. The thickness of the mixed layer of Wuhan urban circle in spring and summer is higher than that in autumn and winter; summer, of which during autumn and winter all show a downward trend at 0.1 m/10a, 6.0 m/10a and 43.9 m/10a, and that in spring shows an upward trend at 9.3 m/10a. The thickness of the mixed layer of the four seasons in the city circle around Changsha-Zhutan and Poyang Lake both declined. The atmospheric environmental capacity coefficient was in an inverted U-shaped distribution, with the peak value occurring in summer, and autumn and winter were periods of low values. In the 56 years, the atmospheric environmental capacity coefficient of each city circle has gradually declined at 1.6 ×10⁴,0.9×10⁴ and 1.8×10⁴（km²/a）/10a,corresponding to increased atmospheric stability, decreased thickness of the mixed layer, and decreased wind speed of the mid-stream urban agglomeration.

Studying the influence mechanism of urban expansion on fertilizer input is of great significance for standardizing fertilizer application and management, and rationally regulating the process of urbanization. This research uses the five-phase of socio-economic development data and land use panel data of the core region of the Yangtze River Delta, combining fixed effect model and path analysis to explore the direct and indirect effects of urban expansion on fertilizer input. It is found that: (1) urban expansion does not has a significant direct effect on fertilizer input, but it will  indirect increase the intensity of fertilizer application; (2) Urban expansion will lead to the instability of farmland property rights, the reduction of agricultural labor input, and the increase of farmers' income levels, thereby increasing the intensity of fertilizer application；but at the same time reducing the fragmentation of farmland to inhibit the intensity of fertilizer application; (3) The effect of property rights instability and labor play the most important role, while the effect of income level and fragmentation of cultivated land is relatively weak. Thus, taking into account the effects of instability of farmland property rights, the decrease in agricultural labor input and the increase in farmers' incomes on fertilizer input, this paper aims to put forward policy recommendations to strengthen construction land management and control, stabilize farmland property rights, popularize environmentally friendly agricultural technologies and promote comprehensive land consolidation.

They are basis master rural production-living-ecological function level and reveal the complex relationship among them for rural planning and development in China. In this paper, we established an index system for rural production-living-ecological function with the production-living-ecological space theory, multifunctional land theory, based on the coupling coordination model was built. Therefore, we calculated the level of production, living, and ecological functions, coupling degree and coupling coordinate degree(2005,2018), conducted spatial comparison and temporal analysis of 45 counties in Jiangsu, the results are shown: (1) The level of production, living, and ecological functions were improved in rural from 2005 to 2018; (2) The production-living-ecological, production-living, production-ecological, and living-ecological function coupling degree’s types were all coordination coupling; (3)There were three types of coupling coordination degree, grudgingly coordination, elementary coordination and moderate coordination appeared in rural production-living-ecological. In the time dimension, it was evolved from grudgingly incongruous type to higher level coupling, coordination type, as an inverted “U” form, in space, it exhibited significant difference among 45counties. There were obvious differences of coupling coordination status among production-living, production-ecological, and living-ecological functions and a clear North-South gap. It is going to focus on rural green-production and improving living environment, as well as overall planning and narrowing the gap of between the north and south in the future.

Since the implementation of forest ecological benefit compensation policy for 20 years, it has played an important role in sustainable forest management, but its implementation effect on farmers in ecological protection red line area is worth further study. Based on the survey data of farmers in ecological protection red line area in four counties (districts) of Jiangxi Province and Hubei Province, OLS regression and quantile regression were used to analyze the impact of forest ecological benefit compensation on farmers’ income level, and ordered probit model was used to analyze the influencing factors of farmers’ policy satisfaction. The results show that: (1)Forest ecological benefit compensation has a significant positive impact on the low-income farmers in the ecological protection red line area; (2)Farmers’ satisfaction with the compensation policy of ecological public welfare forest is high, reaching 65.81%, but there is still room for policy improvement; (3)Forest ecological benefit compensation, income status and policy perception have a significant positive impact on farmers’ policy satisfaction in ecological protection red line area. Therefore, we should increase the intensity of forest ecological benefit compensation in the ecological protection red line area, especially pay attention to the "hematopoietic" industrial poverty alleviation work of low-income farmers; at the same time, strengthen the publicity of policies and the implementation of funds, so as to improve farmers’ satisfaction.

Based on the micro-survey data of 992 farmer households in Hubei Province obtained by the research team in 2017, taking the use of bio-natural gas as a clean energy as an example, this study explores the impact of livelihood capital on farmers’ willingness to consume clean energy, and the intermediary mechanism of diversified non-agricultural livelihood strategies in the impact of livelihood capital on farmers’ willingness to consume clean energy. In order to find out the internal livelihood driving factors that affect farmers' willingness to consume clean energy, and provide some policy implications for the transformation of rural energy consumption. The main results show that:(1) the material capital, financial capital and natural capital in livelihood capital are the main factors to promote farmers' willingness to consume clean energy.(2) Diversified non-agricultural livelihood strategies can play a partial intermediary role in the impact of livelihood capital on farmers' willingness to consume. Specifically, farmers with low natural capital but high financial capital choose diversified non-agricultural livelihood strategies to enhance their willingness to consume clean energy. The intermediary mechanism is established in the sample of local farmers, but has no significant impact on the sample of migrant farmers. Based on this, study puts forward relevant policy suggestions from the perspective of rural clean energy promotion and farmers' livelihood development to strengthen the docking of clean energy policy and farmers' livelihood improvement.