Abstract: As an essential component of Chinese-style modernization, the process of modernizing agriculture and rural areas directly relates to the progress and quality of Chinese-style modernization goals. Taking the 50 county-level administrative regions in Zhejiang province as the research objects, this paper established a comprehensive evaluation index system for Chinese-style agricultural and rural modernization. The index system consisted of six dimensions: grassroots governance, population size, common prosperity, material civilization, spiritual civilization, and the relationship between humans and nature. Calculations were conducted to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics, regional development differences, and major obstacles from 2012 to 2021. It was indicated that: (1) The overall level of Chinese-style agricultural and rural modernization in Zhejiang province's counties showed a rising trend. The development speed was relatively fast, but there existed significant differences among the dimensions. (2) There were evident spatial clustering and correlation features in the development level, highlighting the prominent issue of regional development imbalance. (3) The proportion of rural population, intensity of chemical fertilizer application, and the level of agricultural mechanical cultivation had consistently been the main obstacles in the process of Chinese-style agricultural and rural modernization. Therefore, it was necessary to further promote the orderly transfer of agricultural population to cities, implement the “Two Mountains” theory, strengthen “mountain-sea collaboration,” promote “mechanized agriculture,” and achieve comprehensive and balanced development of Chinese-style agricultural and rural modernization in the counties of Zhejiang province.