The development of circular economy has become one of the most important strategies in the development of social economy in China at present.Yet the measurement of the development degree of circular economy is still a problem needing to be solved.This paper attempts to construct a set of ecoefficiency indicators to measure circular economy development in China according to the country's actual conditions,and referring to the ecoefficiency indicators in German environmental economic account.The set of ecoefficiency indicators are composed of 7 ones including construction land productivity,energy productivity,water productivity,raw material productivity,productivity of sulfur dioxide emission,productivity of waste water emission and productivity of domestic processed output (DPO),which are originated from economic indicators of gross domestic product (GDP)—4 indicators of resource demands including construction land,energy consumption,water consumption and raw material consumption,and 3 indicators of emissions involving volume of sulfur dioxide emission,volume of waste water emission and DPO.Then,the set of ecoefficiency indicators were applied to analyze the variation trend of ecoefficiency in China from 1990 to 2005.It is found that the ecoefficiency of every natural input factor shows a growing trend,while the growth rates simply lead to the weak separation of natural input factors from GDP to different degrees.Among all the growth rates of the ecoefficiency indicators,the growth rate of water productivity is the highest,while that of energy productivity is the lowest; on the other hand,growth rates of productivities of water consumption,DPO and construction land are higher than labor productivity in terms of employment,while the growth rates of productivities of sulfur dioxide emission,waste water discharge,raw material consumption and energy consumption are lower than labor productivity in terms of employment.

In order to evaluate the level of resourcesaving society construction,following common principles for establishment of indicator system,and using experts consultation method,an indicator system consisting of 7 criterion layers and 47 indicators was established based on the connotation of resourcesaving society.The 7 criterion layers included such saving types as productioncost saving,suitable consumption saving,efficiency enhancement,circular utilization,environmental protection,resources reserve,and civilization system.Then the indicator system was applied to compare the saving level of Chinese provinces and cities horizontally.Saving scores of each criterion layer and general saving scores of all provinces were calculated by adopting the method of factor analysis.According to the calculation results,all provinces were divided into three types—highlevel saving type,midlevel saving type and lowlevel saving type.The results indicated that,provinces in eastern China are comparatively more economical,with economic growth type transforming toward intensive economic growth direction,the structure of production improving toward highgrade,and people having strong consciousness of saving.But the central and western China are not economical—the mode of economic growth is still extensive,and the production structure is still at lowlevel.Several suggestions were put forward at last.

The evolution of urban agglomerations is a process of competition and symbiotic interaction.The concept "competition" refers to that cities in urban agglomeration are competing with each other to obtain favorable development status and conditions,and "symbiosis" refers to that cities are interdependent,mutualsupport and under unified planning of the agglomeration development.The connotation and fundamental characteristics of city symbiotic relationship include that the space locations of cities in the agglomeration are approachable,the cooperation time is longterm,individuals are interdependent on each other,and the function relations are mutualsupport and coordinated.Based on the principles of system theory,it was proposed that the relationship of competition and symbiotic interaction can be divided into four stages: weak symbiotic interaction and weak competition stage,strong competition and weak symbiotic interaction stage,strong symbiotic interaction and strong competition stage,weak competition and strong symbiotic interaction stage.The evolution of the relationship between competition and symbiotic interaction exhibited periodic characteristics,which are demonstrated by the actual evolution process of cities and regions.Moreover,competition and symbiosis in urban agglomeration can be divided into four space dimensions: competition and symbiosis inside the urban agglomeration,competition and symbiosis outside the agglomeration,competition outside the agglomeration and symbiosis inside agglomeration,and competition inside the agglomeration and symbiosis outside agglomeration.At last,the paper initially summarized the development model of competition and symbiosis of urban agglomerations.

Irrational exploitation leads to a number of environmental problems,therefore，the feasible development regionalization of land use is important for setting up a rational spatial order of development and protection.This study takes the area along the Yangtze River in Haimen as a case.The comprehensive carrying capacity of comparatively exploitation intensity of every grid units in the region is evaluated by analyzing the elements of regional nature，resources，ecology and economy based on the GIS platform.The region is divided into four parts through the assessment which includes hortative development region，feasible development region，moderate conservation region and preferential conservation region.The results of the evaluation can offer scientific reference value for the arrangement of development sequence and the lead of the spatial distribution.It is indicated that most parts of the hortative development areas are located in the city zone and harbor area，large parts of the feasible development areas in the major centertown and the township of ecumenical towns，the main parts of moderate conservation areas include the high ecological sensitivity zone or common development condition zones,and the areas with a role of ecosystem service belong to the preferential conservation area.At last，the authors propose the suggestion of exploitation intensity and sequence based on the rationalization，which may be used in the town and industry spatial distribution of areas along the Yangtze River.

The disparity of regional economic development is a kind of impersonal phenomenon existing in economy and society.Appropriate disparity can promote the development of macroeconomy; however,great disparity is harmful for the development of regional economy,and even can affect the stability and sustainable development of the society.Since the 1990s，Hunan Province，one of the main agricultural provinces in China，has developed very rapid with the increase of economic aggregate and the strengthening of regional competitiveness.Whereas，the disparity of regional economic development has also become more and more obvious，needing to be paid great attention.Based on statistical economic data of Hunan Province in recent years,and through calculation of statistical parameters and variation coefficients,the general characteristics of temporal changes of regional economic development in the Province were analyzed.And by adopting factor analysis method and based on the establishment of integrated evaluation index system,the spatial pattern and its variation process of Hunan Province were also discussed.Based on the above analysis，it was indicated that the causes of disparities mostly consisted in differences of physical environments and locations,social culture，science and technology and education,historical and economic bases，policies and investment directions，and so on.Finally，the authors put forward some countermeasures to control the regional economic disparities and promote the harmonious development of different regions.

The carbon content and storage were studied in 19yearold Pinus elliottii plantation by sampling plots.The results showed that carbon content in different organs of P.elliottii ranged between (5092±046)% and (5438±026)%，and decreased in the order of leaf>branch>wood>root >bark.The carbon content in branch and leaf increased with the aging of organs.The leaf carbon content of midlayer was slightly higher than that of the mid and up layers.And the branch carbon content of the downlayer was much higher than that of the other two layers.The carbon content in shrub，herb and litter floor were（4516±04）%，(4228±041)%，and (4088±031)%，respectively.The average carbon content in the soil was (043±004)% and declined with the increase of soil depthThe total carbon storage in P.elliottii plantation ecosystem amounted to 12194 t〖DK〗·hm-2，of which the overstorey stored 8618 t〖DK〗·hm-2 accounting for 7067% of the total storage.The carbon storage in understorey，litter floor and soil within the depth from 0 to 60 cm were 06 t〖DK〗·hm-2，886 t〖DK〗·hm-2 and 263 t〖DK〗·hm-2，accounting for 049%，727% and 2157%，respectively.The annual net carbon storage of P.elliottii forest was 454 t〖DK〗·hm-2 and the annual net O2 production was 1212 t〖DK〗·hm-2.The annual net benefits from CO2 fixation and O2 production of P.elliottii plantation was estimated to be 9 034 yuan〖DK〗·hm-2 by reforestation cost method.The data would provide scientific guideline for the protection of ecosystem and reasonable utilization of present resource.

Land use change may influence a variety of natural and ecological processes,including soil nutrient,soil moisture,soil erosion,land productivity and biodiversity.The major problem faced by the sustainable development of the former Xishan region in the Yangtze River Delta was the harmonious development of economy and environment.In recent years,the ecoenvironment of the region has become vulnerable due to the high intensity of human activities and increase of population.In this paper,taking Xishan region as the study area,a new database of total nitrogen and available nitrogen in soils of the region was established by laboratory analysis on soil samples collected in 2005 and by comparison with relative data of 1982.The spatialtemporal variation of N element in former Xishan City between 1982 and 2005 was analyzed through application of geostatistics combined with GIS.Independent geostatistics showed that all nitrogen decreased 0.16 g/kg,and available nitrogen decreased 7.63 mg/kg; semivariogram model indicated that the model for all nitrogen and available nitrogen in former Xishan City remain unchanged,whereas the ratio of Nugget/Sill and the correlation threshold changed significantly.The results of Kriging interpolation indicated that,the spatial distribution patterns of total nitrogen in 1982 and available nitrogen in 1982 and 2005 were simple,and the pattern of total nitrogen was rather complex in 2005; total nitrogen content decreased during these years,and its spatial variation changed significantly; the change of available nitrogen content was little with a significant change of spatial variation.

Land use and cover change (LUCC) and its driving force is an important research subject of global environment and sustainable development.Based on the sample units of 76 counties (cities) and the statistical data from 1996 to 2004 of Hubei Province,9 types of land use structure changes were analyzed.It was found that cultivated land area decreased considerably during the period,and the area of unused land and grass land also decreased; forest land area increased quickly,and residential and industrial land,garden land,other farmland,transportation land and water conservancy land also increased to some extent.Then,driving forces of land use in Hubei Province were analyzed statistically using canonical correlation analysis (CCA) method and taking the 76 counties as study units.The results showed that the relationship between land use structure and social economy in Hubei Province could be exhibited by four couples of canonical variables.(1) The first canonical variable showed that cultivated land and residential and industrial land were more remarkable among all land use types,and their canonical loading data were 095 and 097 respectively; the corresponding explanatory variables included rural population,GDP and total output of grain with canonical loading data 084,082 and 096 respectively.(2) The second showed that forest land was remarkable with its canonical loading being 0.88; the corresponding explanatory variable was population density with its canonical loading -083.(3) The third showed that transportation land was remarkable with its canonical loading being 043; the corresponding explanatory variables included urbanization level,per income of citizen and the gross industrial output value of industrial enterprises above designated size,and their canonical loading data were 037,049 and 034 respectively.(4) The fourth showed that water conservancy land was remarkable with its canonical loading being 058; the corresponding explanatory variable was per income of villager,and its canonical loading was 040.

Land use/cover change as part of the global environment change has been the focus of considerable attention for a long time,and landscape ecological analysis is one of the most important research methods.In this paper,based on fractal theory,GIS and remote sensing imagines,the changes of landscape pattern of Chongqing City was analyzed in detail by using related indexes of landscape ecology.Taking landscape pattern fractal model and Landsat TM/ETM images in 1995 and 2000 as the basic data,the spatialtemporal database of land use in Chongqing City was established; and using fractal model of landscape pattern,fractal dimension and stability index of landscape pattern,landscape diversity index,landscape apartness index,landscape fragmentation index,landscape evenness index and landscape dominance index were obtained.The results showed that during the research period,the fractal dimensions of paddy fields,dry land and wet areas increased obviously,whereas for forest land,shrubbery land and grass land,the fractal dimensions decreased.For all types of land,the values of landscape diversity index and landscape apartness index have increased but landscape dominance index value has rather decreased.Meanwhile it was found that the relation between fractal dimension and landscape fragmentation index showed significant positive correlation.Finally,some advices for the sustainable development of landscape pattern in Chongqing City were put forward.

Jinshajiang River Basin of Yunnan Province is characterized by complex topography and physiognomy. In accordance with the differences on physiognomy and climate system, the forest vegetation types of this region could be divided into three zones, namely mountaingorge region in the western part, semimountain gorge and central Yunnan plateau in central part, and semimountain gorge in the eastern part respectively. There are different forest vegetation types in different zones; on the contrary, any kind of typical forest vegetation type is an indicator for a specific zone. On the basis of investigation and analysis, the types and characteristics of forest vegetation in mountaingorge region in the western part, semimountain gorge and central Yunnan plateau in central part, and semimountain gorge in the eastern part of Jinshajiang River Basin in Yunnan Province were elaborated, which was very important for the practice of revegetation in this area.Scientific division of vegetation types is an especially important measure to ensure the effect of revegetation, and is also a key factor to make sure that the revegetation is implemented conforming to the natural law. Besides, the paper also illustrated the different forest vegetation types and the differences of them in vertical distribution of the studied three zones in Jinshajiang River Basin, and illuminated the climax communities and subclimax communities of different zones in the watershed. This study provided foundation for revegetation practices, which were in compliance with the theory of closetonature forestry in Jinshajiang River Basin of Yunnan Province.

In this article,taking Maoxian County in Sichuan Province as a case study area,the ETM image and the national geographical database of China (including contour line,river and road) at the scale of 1〖DK1〗∶250 000 as the major data sources,by judging from the image and investigation on the spot to obtain the spatial information of rural settlements,a quantitative analysis on the spatial centralization of rural settlements in the upper Minjiang River Basin was made based on the spatial analysis technique of GIS.It is found that 586% rural settlements in the study area relatively centralized in certain space while the others decentralized spatially.Most settlements (782%) located in the mountain area of 1 500~2 700 m altitude,and about 552% in the dry valley area of 1 200~2 200 m altitude.About 80% settlements had their slopes over 15°Most settlements had favorable status of water resource and traffic,and gathered approximately along to the traffic network in the near space while to the river system in the far as to the separated buffer space of river and road network.It is concluded that few rural settlements in the study area were inadvisable for wellbalanced human living and environment protection,against which reasonable countermeasures should be established by further study.

There are some environmental problems such as drought,soil erosion,and ecoenvironmental degradation caused by the special geological conditions in the karst region of Luota,west of Hunan.13 demonstration projects of karst water resources exploitation were performed on the basis of analysis and investigation on natural environment,water and soil resources and ecoenvironment in Luota.Then,techniques and methods to successfully construct synthesized utilization modes of karst water were summarized systematically taking the subterranean river system as a unit.They are as follows: ①the mode of blocking up caves and leaving water from subterranean stream,namely,leaving water and generating electricity by damming in subterranean river； ②the mode of leaving water from large spring or the outlet of subterranean river; ③the mode of leaving water from subterranean river by digging tunnels,namely,damming subterranean river and raising water table in order to irrigate and generate electricity by digging tunnels; ④the mode of building surfaceground reservoir in karst depression and valley; ⑤the mode of exploiting epikarst spring by constructing water tank.The surface and underground karst developed considerably in the areas of peakcluste depression,which have closely hydraulic affiliation because of mutual linkage into a karst spatial system.By thorough investigation on karst system,it was proposed that the sufficient utilization on the spatial coalition of the karst depression at surface and underground cavities into reservoir is one of the principal ways to take advantage of karst ground water.The results showed that the flood can be effectively intercepted and restored in the karst area of southwast China by the couplingmanagement of the underground karst reservoir and the surface reservoir,which can cause the increase of the exploitation of ground water and improve the environmental quality of ground water and surface water.All these provided feasible techniques and references for implement of sustainable development strategy of water,land and ecology,the development of ecological economy,and the benign circulation between social economy and ecoenvironment,and was of important realistic significance for sustainable development of social economy in west Hunan.

Water resources carrying capacity is an important part of all kinds of natural resources of a country or region,and has an important impact on the comprehensive development and development scale of a country or region.Because the water resources carrying capacity is a complex giant system,which is related to population,resources and environment,and socioeconomic development,the authors used state space method to describe the realistic carrying situation of the studying area from comprehensive and macroperspective angle,and represented and analyzed it quantitatively.Taking Guizhou Province as an example,and according to the specific circumstances,9 assessment indexes were selected to constitute the evaluation index system.The weights of the indexes were determined through using the entropy method of reflecting the objective.And then the perfect and realistic states of water resources carrying capacity in Guizhou Province were calculated using state space method.The results showed that the water resources carrying capacity of Guizhou Province is at overloading state at present,and the capacity of water resources carrying demonstrates a certain kind of geographical space feature.According to the comparison of the perfect and realistic state of water resources carrying capacity in Guizhou Province,the province was divided into three types: serious overloading region,fullload region and nonfull load region.The calculated results complied with the actual situation of Guizhou Province,and had practical guiding significance for the sustainable use of water resources of Guizhou Province.

The possible climate change for three emission scenarios (SRESA2,A1B,B1) has been predicted by ECHAM5/ MPIOM.Based on the projected data,temperature and precipitation,changes during 2000~2050 over Poyang Lake basin are analyzed.It is found that temperature will increase significantly in the future 50 years for the three emission scenarios,of which magnitude and velocity are much higher than in the 1990s.For A1B,the temperature will rise 1.62°C which is the most significant parameter in the three scenarios.Precipitation changes are much more complicated.The downward trend of precipitation will dominate in the future 30 years.For A2,precipitation will decrease 6.7% (anomalies compared with the average of 1961~1990) during 2021~2030.While in the following 20 years,the upward trend is observed.For B1,it will increase 10.8%.As for the seasonal change,precipitation will have positive trend from January to June,but have negative trend from September to December.If the condition occurs,there may be droughts intermittently in summer,autumn and winter like those occurred in the period of 2003~2005,but the drought may be severe for the period of 2011~2030.The geographical distributions of precipitation indicates that changes in the eastern and southern parts are more significant than in the western and the northern parts.There is a significant 20a periodicity for the emission scenarios A2 or A1B,while 30a periodicity for B1.The increase of anthropogenic emission may weaken the magnitude of oscillation and change the length of periodicity.

Based on meteorological data of 9 observation stations along the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,river surface wind,water temperature,and visibility of the Yangtze River waterway have been analyzed.The intensity of visibility and the spatialtemporal distribution characteristics of low visibility were analyzed statistically,and furthermore the correspondent weather conditions of low visibility were also studied.The results showed that (1) the direction and velocity of wind and the water temperature in this region cannot exert obvious influence on sailing safety; (2) visibility is a fundamental factor influencing sailing safety in this region; (3) the weather inducing low visibility exhibits obvious characteristics of spatialtemporal distribution: low visibility is more probable to appear in winter than in summer,and compared with the section from Wanzhou to Wushan,low visibility is more possible to emerge in the section from Chongqing to Zhongxian; (4) except for Chongqing City and Zhongxian County,there is a decreasing trend of annual low visibility phenomenon in the Yangtze River waterway generally,with the lasting time of low visibility phenomenon less than two hours each time,most probable to appear in winter,then in autumn and spring,and least probable in summer；(5) in addition to the city environment,the weather condition contributes to the low visibility phenomenon in the waterway,and the main weather cause is that the basin is controlled by surface cold highpressure,which induces cloudy or rainy weather.The fog or rain fog of cloudy or rainy day resulting in low visibility phenomenon.

Based on R/S analysis,the average temperature,average minimum temperature,average maximum temperature in winter (January),spring (April),summer (July),autumn (October) and the whole year,the extreme minimum temperature in winter (January) and the whole year,the extreme maximum temperature in summer (July) and the whole year,the precipitation summer semiyear (the summation of monthly statistic of April to September),winter semiyear (the summation of monthly statistic January to March and October to December) and their annual values from 1951~2002 in Chengdu were calculated.It was shown that the Hurst index of all parameters were beyond 0.5,indicating that they all had evident Hurst phenomena.The climate changes in Chengdu City had a persistence trend component.Firstly,the tendency and the relative longterm feature expressed by five climatic factors,the annual average temperature in Chengdu city,average minimum temperature and so on,all indicated that the climate would be warmer in Chengdu city.According to climate tendency,the annual average temperature in Chengdu City would increase 025°C every ten years,the average minimum temperature would increase 014°C every ten years,the average maximum temperature 004°C every ten years,the average minimum temperature 054°C every ten years,and the average maximum temperature 013°C every ten years.The rise of annual average temperature,annual average minimum temperature and annual average maximum temperature showed an obvious pattern of rising.But the annual amount of precipitation in Chengdu city would decrease continuously.The annual amount of precipitation would decrease 4520 mm and in semiyear would decrease 4124 mm every ten years.The decrease of the amount of precipitation was a consistent pattern.

The contradiction between the unlimited need of mankind and the scarce resources requests mankind to allocate resources effectively.The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of largescale cotton production in China and analyze its temporal and spatial characteristics.Nonparametric productivity approach was employed in the present study,and the software FRONTIERS VER20 was used to analyze the efficiency.It was found that the temporal and spatial differences in the efficiency are obvious.The efficiency in the Yangtze River Basin is better than that in the Yellow River Basin in the reported period,and the variation of efficiency in the two river basins shows high relationship with policy arrangements of Chinese market.It was concluded that with the new characteristics of the cotton production and new problem appearing in the market turns,the Chinese central government should carry on a systematic arrangement in order to further encourage cotton production,and thus to raise production scale efficiency on a great degree

Intensive land use has not only become one of the important components of circular economy and economical society，but also the significant content in country land resource management. In order to improve cultivated land use level and establish scientific land planning, the indicator system for evaluation on the level of intensive cultivated land use was established based on the cultivated land use characteristics and land use data of twenty small towns in Cixi City. By using the general evaluation method and artificial neural network method and four evaluating grades, the conditions of intensive cultivated land use of small towns were evaluated. The results showed that (1) The indicator system for evaluation on the level of intensive cultivated land use included investment intensity, land use degree, land use efficiency and persistency of cultivated land. (2) As for the weights of evaluation indicators, fund was the most important indicator because it was an important token of intensive cultivated land use; on the other hand, grain yield stability index is of least importance in southward where climate conditions were rather well. (3) It can be concluded that there were clear regional differences in intensive land use of small towns in Cixi, and the level of intensive land use of most small towns were at the state of “better” or “general” intensive. (4) Both artificial neural network method and the general evaluation method can reflect the level of intensive land use well. However, artificial neural network do not need to define the evaluation weights of indictors by person, so it is a more effective approach than the general evaluation method comparatively

It is important to evaluate the external benefits by preserving agricultural land,because this can provide a scientific basis for ruralurban land conversion decisionmaking,and also decrease the risk of high quality agricultural land loss.In this paper,the authors use the contingent valuation method (CVM) to evaluate the external benefits of agricultural land preservation in Jianghan Plain based on 789 valid questionnaires.Several conclusions can be drawn from the study.Firstly,the residents (both farmers and urban citizens) recognize the external benefits of preserving agricultural land,based on an increased awareness of agricultural land protection.According to the survey,8550% of the respondents have a positive willingness to pay (WTP) to protect agricultural lands.Secondly,according to the residents’ WTP to protect local agricultural lands,the external benefits of preserving agricultural land may be quantified as at a total of 2805×108 RMB Yuan,being almost 48 658 Yuan per hectare.Nowadays,the external benefits of agricultural land preservation in Jianghan plain reach a total of 2 45623 hundred millions Yuan,which is about 9fold of the whole gross domestic product of Xiantao City in Hubei Province.

To assess heavy metal contamination induced by traffic at the vicinity of roads，a study of heavy metal levels in the soils and road dusts was carried out alongside two roads of different traffic intensity.273 roadside soil and road dust samples were collected along the Chenhai road and Beiyan road of Chongming Island and the concentrations of heavy metals (Pb，Cd，Cu，Zn and Cr) were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.The results showed that the average value of total soil Pb，Cd，Cu，Zn and Cr concentrations were 277，0279，258，918 and 776 mg/kg，respectively.Roadside soils were seriously polluted by Cd.The average value of total dust Pb，Cd，Cu，Zn and Cr concentrations were 512，049，489，209 and 970 mg/kg，respectively.Heavy metal concentrations of road dust were 2~4 times higher than the background values of Shanghai soils.It is indicated that road dust was a potential source of heavy metal contamination in the roadside environment.And protection forest of the roads played an important role in heavy metal distribution in the cross section.All measured heavy metal concentrations in roadside soils of Beiyan road，which had sparse protection forest，decreased exponentially with the increase of distance from the road; the maximum heavy metal value appeared within the distance of 15 m from Beiyan road.However，heavy metal concentrations of roadside soils within the distance of 15 m from Chenhai road，which had dense protection forest，were rather low in the cross section.Heavy polluted roadside soils alongside Chenhai road appeared in the distance between 20 m and 50 m from the road.

The ecological risk of heavy metal pollution in surface sediments in Huangpu River was studied with potential ecological risk index.The results showed that potential ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediments from Huangpu River was a bit low，with middle ecological risk at Yangpu Bridge section and Nanshi Water Work section，and low ecological risk at other sections.Potential ecological risk of heavy metals decreased as：Cd>Hg>Cu>As>Pb>Cr>Zn.Cd was the most hazardous element with the mean ecological risk index of 3096，which belonged to middle ecological risk，and other elements belonged to low ecological risk.The pollution level of heavy metals increasing from upper to downstream of Huangpu River implicated that discharging of industrial effluents was the most important source for heavy metals in Huangpu River，and inflow of Suzhou River offered lots of heavy metals to downstream of Huangpu River.Correlation analysis showed that most of heavy metals came from similar sources，and organic matter content influenced the distribution of heavy metals in sediment strongly.

Selenium (Se) deficiency or excess in agricultural environment can induce some endemic disease or health risk through food chains.In this paper，the spatial variability and the driving factors of Se in soil environment were studied with the help of GIS and Geostatistics based on 203 soil samples in Rugao County，Jiangsu Province.Meanwhile，the correlations between the spatial distribution of longevity ratio and water soluble Se in topsoil were discussed.The results indicated that the study area is in the low Se soil environment，the average of total Se and water soluble Se in topsoil is 013 and 242 μg/kg respectively.Water soluble Se in the environment might be an advantageous contributor to the bioavailability，flux in food chains and human health.It is more sensitive to soil physicochemical properties especially available P，soil organic matter and total K，so the spatial distribution of water soluble Se is higher in the east and north parts of the county.A very significant (〖WTBX〗P〖WTBZ〗<001) correlation between water soluble Se in topsoil and the longevity ratio suggests that water soluble Se in soil environment has significant effect on the longevity of human beings.However，the essential mechanism of the longevity in human beings is expecting for further study.

With the urban planning in Suzhou as an example，this paper discussed the application of ecological footprint in environmental impact assessment for integrated urban planning，performing a useful exploration for an early involvement of the environmental assessment for urban planning in the process of compiling urban planning.At the beginning of urban planning in Suzhou，the ecological bottom line was set as that agricultural land，nonagricultural construction land and water area should not be less than 3 728，2 019 and 1 016 km2 respectively.In the process of urban planning in Suzhou，according to the results of current assessment，cropland is proposed to be a limiting factor while water resources a dominant factor for the urban development of Suzhou.Then the changes in the ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity of Suzhou before and after the implementation of urban plan were estimated.The results showed that after the implementation of the urban plan in Suzhou，the ecological deficit per capita will increase.Cropland will be the main contributor to ecological deficit，pasture and energy lands will remain unchanged in their ecological remainder and deficit，and ecological deficit in forests will decrease.On the other hand，construction land and water area will increase in ecological remainder.At last，countermeasures based on the results were put forward to mitigate the ecological deficit and adjust the urban planning in Suzhou: (1) urban development space should be optimized and the capacity of central cities should be improved so as to increase ecological sites area and reduce the ecological deficit of cropland； (2) rail and river transportation with great capacity should be developed in order to reduce traffic energy consumption and vehicle exhaust emissions and decrease the ecological deficit in energy land.

Traditional evaluation of regional competitiveness is usually focused on economic indexes and hardly on ecological factors.However，the ecoenvironment has been converted into a basic condition in rapidly developing regions，ensuring their regional development and playing an increasingly restrictive role in the regional sustainable development.The author put forward the concept of “ecoenvironmental competitiveness” in this case of study on the area along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province.Counties (urban areas) were used as the basic units of evaluation，and an evaluating index system of ecoenvironmental competitivenesss composed of 4 factors—ecoenvironmental pressure，ecoenvironmental status，economic development demand and active coordination ability was built up.The study area was divided into five levels.The regions with high ecoenvironmental competitiveness are mainly located in the mountain areas in the south and west of the area and in Hefei urban area.The regions with low ecoenvironmental competitiveness are mainly in He CountyWuwei Plain，which is a region of traditional agriculture，and in Ma′anshanTongling region of heavy industry.The ecoenvironmental competitiveness not only concerns the quality of the natural ecological system but also is related to the level of technology and economy，the level of investment in and the ability of administration of ecological construction.The ecological problems in different regions and the possible ways for optimization were also discussed.

In order to prevent and control the air pollution of the Yangtze River Delta region and understand the variation rule of the air environmental quality in the region，it is necessary to analyze the composition and physical and chemical characteristics of particles in the air，and thus to find out the formation mechanism of the particles.Samples were sampled by Partisalplus 2025 continuous air sampling machine in Jiaxing Shuangqiao Farm which was located at the center of the Yangtze River Delta，and the chemical composition and the distribution characteristics of quality concentration of PM10 and PM25 were analyzed.The proportion of the total quality concentration of 19 kinds of inorganic elements in PM10 and PM25 were 23% and 25% with Al，Si，and Ca being the main contributing elements; the quality concentration summation of 8 kinds of watersoluble irons occupied 51% and 43% of that of PM10 and PM25 respectively，and NO-3 and SO2-4 were the main contributors in those soluble ions.The quality concentration of organic carbon occupied about 1612% and 1743% of that of PM10 and PM25，and element carbon occupied 1697% and 1584%.Therefore，it can be concluded that the region was seriously polluted by organic carbon and element carbon.The results provided basic research data to reveal the forming mechanism of atmospheric particles and to prevent and control this kind of pollution.

The paper dealt with the ecological vulnerability of typical wetland.In terms of purpose，integrity，dominance，dynamic and relevant principles，a completely assessment index system of ecological vulnerability on typical wetland of Poyang Lake was established.These indices could be divided into three kinds of subcategory：wetland ecological feature，wetland overall function and wetland social environment.By consulting expert advices，evaluation criteria were determined，the target weight was identified，and weight vector was established；then a multilevel integrated fuzzy assessing model was established by constructing affiliation matrix of qualitative evaluation indicators.Finally，the ecological environment vulnerability of typical wetland in Poyang Lake was assessed.The results indicates that vulnerability value of typical wetland ecological environment is 0768，in a light fragile state.In the subcategory，the vulnerability value of ecological environment of wetland is 0732，in a light fragile state.The vulnerability value of wetland overall function is 0868，in a little fragile state.And the vulnerability value of wetland social environment is 0668，also in a light fragile state.The pressure mainly came from the socioeconomic environment，including inning and withdrawing farmland to lake，undesirable prevention measures of schistosomiasis，poverty，management system.

Based on the systematic determination of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in Poyang Lake water，the main river water，Yangtze River water，and some agricultural drainage，groundwater and urban sewage at August 2005(high water period)，the concentration variations of nitrogen and phosphorus and their sources were investigated.The results showed that NO-3N dominated in the forms of nitrogen in Poyang Lake，most of those came from Ganjiang River.The mean concentration of NO-3N was 090 mg/L and the mean content of total nitrogen (TN) was 104 mg/L in Poyang Lake.Among the main five river，the highest concentration of NO-3N was found in Ganjiang River，the highest concentrations of NH+4N and TN were found in Raohe River and the concentrations of TP is highest in Xinjiang River.The nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of agricultural drainage，groundwater and urban sewage were very high，which were the main sources of Poyang Lake catchments.The mean concentration of TN and total phosphorus (TP) was 1347 and 2863 mg/L respectively in agricultural drainage.The mean content of NO-3N was 735 mg/L in groundwater and the mean concentration of NH+4N was 548 mg/L in urban sewage.The loads of nitrogen were very high in Poyang Lake water，and the ratio of N/P more than 7.The content of nitrogen was increasing along the water flow direction in the main riverway of Poyang Lake，which is due to the recharge from the stagnant area and the inflow of Ganjiang River and Xiushui River.The highest nitrogen concentration was in the downflow water，followed by in the stagnant area，and the lowest was in the main upstream riverway.But the content of phosphorus showed an adverse trend，the lowest was in the downflow water.The concentrations of NO-3N，NH+4N，TN and TP were higher in surface water than in bottom water due to the degradation of sedimentary organic matters and disturbance.

The effect of sample pretreatment on determination of permanganate index in the Yangtze River water of Three Gorges Reservior Section was studied.It is found that the content of suspended solids (〖WTBX〗SS〖WTBZ〗) was the major factor leading to the difference in determination of permanganate index in various pretreated water samples.The empirical relationship of the differences was obtained using nonlinear regression method and verified with the determined data.Results showed that the values calculated from empirical equations coincided well with the determined values.The distribution of organic substances corresponding to permanganate index—OS(CODMn) as a whole between water phase and solid phase，as well as between coarse particles and fine particles in overlying water can be calculated using the empirical equations.The proportions of dissolved OS(CODMn)，particulate OS(CODMn)，and OS(CODMn) existing in the coarse or fine particles changed significantly with the content of 〖WTBX〗SS〖WTBZ〗.When 〖WTBX〗SS〖WTBZ〗 exceeded 1 000 mg/L，over 80% of OS(CODMn) existed in suspended solids，and over 60% of OS(CODMn) can be removed during 30min settlement.

In this paper，the basic concept of ecological footprint，ecological capacity and the corrected model of ecological capacity were introduced.In order to estimate the impacts of water projects on ecological capacity，the method by which resource output was regarded as the supply of ecological capacity was adopted based on analyzing the disadvantage of this model.The land use change of ecosystem production after the Liaofang Water Project being completed was analyzed，mainly on the ecological productivity of the irrigation district and the downstream protection areas.At last，the ecological capacity of the Liaofang Water Project was calculated by using the theory and technique of ecological footprint in 2001，ending with a prediction of the ecological carrying capability of Liaofang Water Project district in 2007.The results showed that the ecological capacity will increase greatly after the operation of Liaofang Water Project，the total ecological carrying capability will increase by 79 521 hm2，including 16 735 hm2 reduced by reservoir submergence，the ecological carrying capability of cultivable land will increases by 74 604 hm2.