The urban function was studied in this paper,with urban standing as a territorial division of production.Twentyfive municipalities in regions of Jinagsu and Zhejiang Provinces and the city of Shanghai were included in the present study,with the application of multifactor analysis and statistical analysis.The territorial division of production was performed among these municipalities.The urban function system was then defined upon their functions.Shanghai is of the first level with a comprehensive ultraurban.The city of Nanjing,and city of Hangzhou are of the second level,with extraordinarily large urban.Cities including Ningbo,Wenzhou,Shaoxing,Suzhou,Wuxi are at the third level,with comprehensive or professional large urban.Other cities such as Nantong,Yancheng,Xuzhou,Jinhua are the forth level,with comprehensive or professional medium size urban.All others are of the fifth level,with small urban.

Watertowns in the southern Yangtze River area are located in the economic circles of HuNingHang area.Rapid urbanization has influenced the watertowns，in respects of changes of traditional landscape，manmade environment，socialeconomic environment and the towns' functions.The changes displayed characters as:artoriented water landscape，fashionable water net functions，urban square and parking of open space，modern and diverse people's behavior，modern business street models and behavior commercialization and the conflicts between modern living styles and traditional physical space.In order to conserve the authenticity of watertowns，the following measures should be taken:to conserve the characteristics of agricultural society settlements，to emphasize the dissimilation of spatialtemporal process，to obtain the complete and harmonious experiences of total human ecosystem，to adjust capacity and reduce the density，to control the service facilities and economic scales and reemerge the traditional living circumstances.

The development of marginalized districts is an important and difficult question in regional development researches；it is always connected with less developed districts.With the case study in Nanyang region of HenanHubei border region，the paper analysed the ragionalization between the core and the border region.By analyzing the evolvement of the region from the Han dynasty to the present，the paper gets the main causes which had made the study region to be marginalized.On the basis of analysis and field surveyes on the development status and prospect of Nanyang region，certain development models the “Regional Identity Strategy” model.The first model is through “Culture Cultivation and Identity Conformation in Design”；the second is the industrialization of Characteristic agriculture mode, the third is the ecoindustrial park model in industry and the last is the “breakthrough two key points，driving overall situation” model，taking tourism industry and logistics industry in firstpriority in the territory industry.

At present,the development of park economy has been entering the period of socalled Ecoindustrial parks (EIPs),which are now booming in China.But actually there are not real EIPs in China.After a general introduction to latest development of the EIPs and probing into their real characters,in this article the SWOT analysis method was used to discuss the construction and development of EIP in China,including its economical,environmental chance of China,and social advantages, its latent uneconomical disadvantage,the sustainable development chance of China after entering WTO,and barriers on economy,system,organization in our country.Based on the above discussion,several strategies and suggestions were put forward.On the basis of learning the latest experiences and lessons about EIPs from other countries and regions.the planning and construction of ecological industrial park should adopt PDCA circulation mode,accord to the implementation principle of interdynamic circulation and developed in harmony,the comprehensive function of government,market,enterprise,public organization and individual in the development of EIPs should be worked out in full.

The STREAM is a cell based distributed hydrology model,which can be used to give insight in the complex impacts of climate change and hydrological characteristics change of land surface on hydrological cycle using easily accessible geographic information.Xitiaoxi watershed in Taihu Basin was selected as the study area,precipitation data of 26 rain stations from 1979 to 1999 and land use data of different years were collected.Data of watershed grids map in 300 m cellsize for STREAM model were constructed by watershed analysis and spatial interpolation methods of GIS.Using BLAISE scripts language,the STREAM model was established and integrated with Idrisi GIS software.The model is calibrated well and valid using monthly runoff data from 1979~1999.Results showed that the modeled monthly and annual runoffs match well with the observed ones.In the calibration period of 1980~1988,the efficiency value is 0.78 for monthly runoff and 0.86 for annual runoff.The relative mean error of annual runoff is about 6%.In the validation period of 1989~1999,the efficiency value is 0.75 for monthly runoff and 0.82 for annual runoff.The relative mean error of annual runoff is about 9.5%.The case study proved that the model works well for runoff prediction and has better application prospect in the watershed management.

In view of the adaptability of finite analytic method for irregular unit，a fivepoint element scheme of finite analytic method was established in the present study to solve unsteady groundwater flow equation.The three typical questions of groundwater were calculated with the method proposed.In comparison with the analytic solution and predecessor's computed result，the result of the 5point element scheme of finite analytic method tallies well with analytic solution and has higher precision than the solution of finite element and boundary element.Moreover，it is shown that it has a simple computational process，good stability and quick convergence rate，and it can adapt well in complex geometry region.It is proposed that the computational form reported in this paper may also be applied in other irregular region.

Taking the case of the belt along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province，selecting weighted mean travel times as indicator，the impact of regional expressway network construction on the accessibility pattern of internal and exterior region was analyzed.The evolution pattern in the integrated accessibility was elaborated in this paper.The variation extent of integrated accessibility and its relative accessibility pattern was also discussed.Based on the above,some conclusions were drawn as the followings:the construction of expressway network will greatly improve the regional accessibility，and contribute to the equilibrium of accessibility distribution as well;the internal，exterior and integrated accessibility pattern are different from each other，so are the impacts caused by the expressway network construction;the east and the north is lower than the southwest in the extent of accessibility variation;according to the variation extent and direction in accessibility coefficients after the construction，the nodes are divided into three categories—nodes with declined，little changed and improved relative accessibility,respectively.

With the support of RS and GIS,the TM(ETM）images of East Dongting Lake in 1989 and 2001 have been interpreted.The patches,area,morphologic feature of different wetland types have been analyzed.The diversity,superiority,uniformity,fragmentation and patch dimension have been calculated on the basis of landscape ecology theory and method.The dynamics of wetland landscape of east Dongting Lake from 1989 to 2001 have been analyzed and quantitative study was carried out.Results showed that wetland area of east Dongting Lake shrunk day by day,the diversity and uniformity of wetland landscape descended and the superiority fragmentation increased because of sediment deposition.It was suggested that a heterogeneous landscape pattern with small patches in part of east Dongting Lake wetland had transformed gradually into a homogeneous landscape with large patches.

The stream of Xiangxi River system was divided into six orders based on 1〖DK1〗∶50 000 relief maps.A total of fiftythree sampling sites were sampled.The macroinvertebrate communities were divided into five main functional feeding groups,including predators (PR),shredders (SH),scrapers (SC),collectorgatherers (GC) and collectorfilterers (FC).The collectorgatherers and scrapers,which feed on benthic algae,riparian detritus and fine particulate organic matter from the stream bottom,were the main groups in Xiangxi River system.The density and biomass of different functional feeding groups changed in the different stream orders.The GC and FC increased with the rising of stream order,while the SH and SC decreased.The PR density was higher in the downstream and biomass was higher in the upstream.The trend showed that the autochthonous energy dominated in the upstream and the input of allochthonous energy dominated in the downstream.The relationship between density of functional feeding groups and environmental factors was analyzed.Results showed that FC was significantly correlated with the width of river and Ca2+.The GC and SiO2 were highly correlated.The relationship between the SC and the elation and ammonia was significant.And the relationship between the SH and the PO4P and conductivity was also important.

Natural population distribution status,population characteristics and population distribution pattern of natural 〖WTBX〗Zelkova schneideriana〖WTBZ〗 in Hubei province were investigated in the present study.The results showed that 〖WTBX〗Zelkova schneideriana〖WTBZ〗 resources in Hubei province mainly distributed in the altitude condition of 500~1 000 m,being divided or being surrounded in the bottom of valley and mountainside,and their geographical distribution showed a shrinking group pattern,with relatively small populations.Variance method and mean value method were employed to analyze the geographical distribution pattern of 〖WTBX〗Zelkova schneideriana〖WTBZ〗,and the results indicated that its value was equal to 1.66 and larger than 1,which demonstrated that its geographical distribution appeared to be a grouping distribution.The scattered geographical distribution pattern of 〖WTBX〗Zelkova schneideriana〖WTBZ〗 resulted in spatial interval distribution,which was a barrier for the gene crossing,while smaller populations increased the chances for genetic drift,leading to an increase in the heredity instability,and affecting the population viability.All these were the major reasons resulting in the species endangerment.The causes responsible for the distribution status of Hubei 〖WTBX〗Zelkova schneideriana〖WTBZ〗 were,on the one hand,biological characteristics of species themself and its specific requirements for habitat,on the other hand,overexploitation of 〖WTBX〗Zelkova schneideriana〖WTBZ〗 resources by human beings and the habitat fragmentation resulted from human economic activities.Based on the evidences provided in the present study,the authors suggested that ecological environment should be improved,and populations enlarged so as to promote the gene intercourse among different population and thus to protect the species.

Regional land use change is an important part of global change.The research on land use change in the reservoir area of Three Gorges has attracted a lot of attention.The reservoir area has become one of the important research areas.Based on the Landsat TM datum in 1995,2000 and 2005,the land use change in the reservoir area of Three Gorges was monitored with the support of RS and GIS.Using the present land use map in 2005,the land use pattern was analyzed in 2005.It is indicated that most cultivated land is distributed in the upper reach area and the forestry land is aggregated in the belly area and lower reach area.Based on the land use change matrixes in 1995~2000 and 2000~2005,most cultivated land changed into construction land,with a decrease by 1 369.61 hm2 and 7061.05 hm2 respectively.In addition, river areas increased by 8 421.06 hm2 because of the rising of the water level.The dynamic degree of single land use change was used in order to describe certain land use change rate and the distribution of dynamic degree of single land use change using GIS.The theory of landscape ecology was adopted to illuminate the traits of land use change.Cultivated land decreased rapidly with the trend of fragmentation, and landscape diversity increased with the decrease of the land dominance.The canonical correlation analysis was used to understand the relationship between the land use change and social economic factors,and to identify primary social economic factors from the quantitative analysis.The increase of construction land is relative with the capital investment and the development of the first industry.It is considered that the present study is helpful for the land use forecasting and successive land use.

Based on the analysis of connotation,characters and factors influencing ecological security of cultivated land resources,the paper sets up indexes for assessing the security.Through the analysis of changes in ecological security of cultivated land resources,it is found that the level of security arose initially and then declined since the introduction of reforming policy,with the composition value increased from 0.891 8 in 1981 to 0.941 0 in 1990,and then decreased to 0.639 0 in 2004.From the view of security level in different provinces in 2004,the difference between provinces is very obvious,and the security level of developed provinces is higher than that of developing provinces.The factors influencing the security are farmer per captia net income and fund of agricultural support etc at the beginning of the reforming policy introduction.Some other factors may have direct and/or indirect influence,such as pesticides and ratio of nitrogenous fertilizer.The application of pesticides,ratio of nitrogenous fertilizer,farmer per captia net income and consciousness of ecological security are main factors of obstacles in different provinces.The factors in developed provinces are those with direct and/or indirect influence,and the factors in developing provinces with social and economic influence.It is proposed that the constitution of protective laws and regional policies may improve the ecological security of cultivated land resources.

Land use zoning can be described as a system engineering that observes and works over terrain syntheses from the point of view of region and probes into the history,characteristic,transformation and trend of land use.The major purpose of land use zoning is to understand the potential of land product ability and to improve the structure of land ecosystem,and to find reasonable directions and quantities of land use in domestic economic sections.In this paper,the division of land utilization was reviewed.The necessity and significance of divisions and principles for the division,were given in this paper,together with the method and technique and influencial factors.The paper is of reference value for the investigation into land utilization status,scientific and rational division,macroscopic decision on land development and utilization.We also gave a brief review on the development of land use zoning research in China and abroad.The existing problems in methodology and practice of land use zoning system were summarized,and the future research directions were pointed out in this paper.The tendency of land use zoning research can be generalized as the followings:1) further study will divert from natural elements to naturalhumanistic elements;2) from largescale to various spatial scales;3) from traditional zoning methodology to new technology and compositive methodology;4) from static zoning to dynamic zoning which includes multielement and multiprocess.New concepts and trend of land use zoning for further study was then introduced.

As the important raw material of metallurgical and chemical industry，electrolytic manganese makes great contributions to the rapid development of national industry.But many issues occur in the process of exploitation and processing of the manganese resource，for example，low utilization efficiency，low production intensity and poor management of resource，these not only destroyed the resource condition but also gave stern impact on the environment.Our electrolytic manganese industry is facing many challenges，such as resources shortage and environment protection.Based on the systematic analysis of the pressure of resources shortage，environment and safety，strategic measures for sustainable development of electrolytic manganese industry in China were reviewed and discussed.It is strongly emphasized that states should focus on implementing limited production，appropriate development，intensifying prospecting work，and making full use of both domestic and foreign resources；accelerating the adjustment of industrial structure of electrolytic manganese to develop and strengthen a number of largescale production enterprises with advanced technology and high utilization rate of resources through mergers and restructuring and other measures；determining and optimizing the pattern of economic growth based on resources and environment，developing and refining industry development policy of electrolytic manganese，encouraging enterprises to promote cleaner production.

In this paper，the authors chose the ecosystem service value，ecological green equivalent，ecological footprint deficit per capita and comprehensive index of environmental quality as the index system to describe the regional ecological environmental quality，in order to evaluate the efficiency of the input of labour，capital，technology and ecological land use in the process of regional ecological environment protection by using the data envelopment analysis model.It is revealed that the efficiency of ecological environment protection of Suzhou City was in a suitable situation for the last ten years as a whole，30% of the years were effective，20% were effective weakly and 50% useless.The index system of efficiency in useless years was more than 0.97.The reason for the DEA inefficiency of the ecological environment protection in the last five years was due to the lack of ecological land use，and the ecological land became rigid，and thus influenced the regional ecological environment protection.By adjusting the input proportion of factors，all indexes of ecological environment will improve and the regional ecological environment quality will become better.The decline of the efficiency of regional ecological environmental protection is also affected by the population growth，and by the increase of ecological occupancy per capita and the accumulative effect of ecological environment.Finally，in order to promote the coordinated ecological environment protection and socialeconomic development，some suggestions were proposed in this paper.

Systematical constitution of coastal earlywarning system in tidal area was discussed in this paper.Primary research on choosing index of earlywarning and establishing power of weight and the interference parameter of subsystem was carried.With Jiangsu marine development and the implementation of the strategy for the eastern Jiangsu，Yancheng has become an emerging industrial development zones，and industrial change intensified.Meanwhile，the impact on the environment has become more striking.By using of principal component analysis，second curve forecasting method，expert fuzzy prediction method and other methods quantitative study of Yancheng Coastal Zone environmental indicators and subsystem level weights were done from 2006 to 2015，at the same time early warning and forecast of the impact on the environment of Yancheng Coastal Zone were established.It suggests that Yancheng social environment indexes increase gradually，and it has entered Light District in 2003.The per capita income index had risen from 011 in 1995 to 0789 in 2005，at that time the tertiary industry index has made significant progress.It is not optimistic that environmental pollution index dropping down from 09% in 1995 to 05% in 2005，and has reentered the heavy warning area.A warning mode on trial of coastal newly development area was established and an experiment was carried in Yancheng coast.Result revealed that even no heavy warning occurred，but Yancheng was always in medium warning level，except for occasionally slight warning.The environmental pressure on Yancheng is still rigorous.So Yancheng City should take reasonable development mode and control total development strength to attain harmonious and sustainable development of environment and economy.

On the basis of investigation and statistics analysis of Chaohu Basin in 2002，this paper calculated the economic losses caused by air pollution，applying the principles and methods of environment economic analysis such as human capital，market value，opportunity cost and assets value，etc.Five aspects of economic losses were caused by air pollution，including human health，crop yield，forest，home cleaning expenses and construction materials erosion.The results showed that construction materials erosion cost 0185 billion Yuan，that was the highest of economic losses caused by air pollution in Chaohu Basin in 2002.The second was the losses of human health，which cost 0151 billion Yuan.These two kinds of losses amounted to 7814% of the total.The rest were home cleaning expenses，the losses of crop yield and the losses of forest in turn，which were 0073 billion，0012 billion and 0009 billion Yuan respectively.The total of the investment of environmental protection were 046 billion Yuan in 2002，but the economic losses caused by air pollution were about 0.43 billion Yuan in 2002，which occupied 084％ GDP of Chaohu Basin in the same year.It was clear that the investment of environmental protection could not match the losses of environment pollution.

City is a compound system of economysocietynature，and the urban environment is a supporting system for the sustainable development of city.Based on dissipative structure theory and Shannon entropy principle，with the calculation of ecoeconomy entropy，ecofunction entropy and urban ecosystem entropy，this paper analyzed the rule of dynamic evolvement in urban ecosystem.A quantitative model of urban ecological evaluation has been set up by the indexes of integrated development degree and harmony development degree.Taking Wuhan′s urban ecosystem from 1988 to 2004 as an example，it is found that the ecoeconomy entropy，ecofunction entropy and urban ecological entropy of Wuhan decreased with the losing of time，and the increase of urban health level；and that after a stagnant development of Wuhan′s urban ecosystem from 1988 to 1991，the degree of ecological integrated development rose annually，and the harmony development level improved continuously.A basic harmony development level has been kept for about ten years of time.

With several rivers and lakes central area embracing six provinces （Sanxi，Henan，Hunan，Hubei，Jiangxi and Anhui） is an abundance area of water resources.However，lots of waterenvironment problems occurred in this area now，such as water eutrophication and groundwater pollution，both are getting worse，and water ecology balance has been broken，because governments and factories in this area excessively chase after economic value，but disregarded the protection of environment.At same time，the wastewater treatment capability is low，the technology level is also underdeveloped in this area，following the development of society and economy these make discharging volume of the wastewater increasing abruptly in this area.The safeguard for waterenvironment in central area also haven′t been executed effectively，these reasons bring negative effect on the economic development in central area.The article predicts the trend of wastewater discharging in near future from the present situation of water environment and the developmentdirection in central area，and also analyses the key factors causing water pollution.Then，in order to pave the way for economy development in centre area of China some useful advices about how to control and prevent the pollution of waterenvironment are given.

With an artificial imitation，five dominant hydrophytes，〖WTBX〗Ceratophyllum demersum，Elodea canadensis，Potamogeton crispus，Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria spiralis，〖were used to investigate removal efficiency of phosphorus in hypertrophic Lake Donghu water at different weather conditions.The results showed that all the submerged macrophytes grew well and the growth rate of Ceratophyllum demersum ，with 12888％，5833％ in the Spring and Summer experiment respectively，was the highest.And all the submerged macrophytes absorbed total phosphorous in water effectively and the removal rate of Ceratophyllum demersum with 9175％，9244％ in the Spring and Summer experiment respectively，was the best.At the same time，these submerged macrophytes can maintain the concentrations of various phosphorus forms in low levels，mainly by uptaking the phosphorus from overlying water and inactivating the release of phosphorus in the sediment.In conclusion，Ceratophyllum demersum could remove the phosphorus from hypertrophic water effectually and grow well.Also，with high tolerance of contamination it may be used as one of the pioneer species for macrophyte recovery in hypertrophic shallow lakes.

The ThreeGorge Project，one of the extremely huge hydroworks in the world，has comprehensive benefits of floodprevention，electricitygeneration and waterbornetransportation，however，due to descending of selfpurifying capacity of water，its water environment safety has become the hot spot of concerns in China and around the world.The water environment safety of the ThreeGorgeReservoirArea concerns not only on waterusing safety in the reservoirarea and middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River，actualizing successfully of the SouthtoNorth Water Diversion Project，but also on the ecological safety in the Yangtze River streams and success or lost of the ThreeGorge Project.Furthermore it counts for much the sustainable development of the whole country.With the sustainable development theory and systems engineering theory as direction，this paper analyzes the status quo of the water environment safety of the ThreeGorgeReservoirArea and the main factors affecting its water environment safety，then it puts forward some important strategic countermeasures，such as specifying the ThreeGorgeReservoirArea and its upstream waters as a special preservation water area，reforming the drainage basin management system，enforcing compensation mechanism of water environment preservation，perfecting the laws and regulations of water environment preservation and strengthening the construction of emergency mechanisms so as to ensure the water environment safety of the ThreeGorgeReservoirArea.

A lake is one of the most important resource for fresh water，which plays a significant role in the society and economy.Nowadays，conservation and improvement of lake environment had attracted close attention throughout the world.The lake water quality model is a measure describing the inherent laws of lake pollution process and the relationship between these laws and physics，chemistry，biochemistry，biology by means of mathematic language.As a tool for purification of pollution water and for decision of management，it can provide scientific foundation for general regulation and scientific management，and play an important role in environmental protection.In this paper，advances of studies on lake water quality model，style，general software (i.e.WASP，EFDC，CEQUALW2，CEQUALR1，CEQUALICM，MIKE，SMS) and the application examples at home and abroad were introduced.Also a comprehensive view on the research history and application prospect，and analysis of development trend of the lake water quality model were made.

The instructional meaning of estimating the annual load of nonpoint source pollution is higher than forecasting the load of some time or some section.Different from the mechanism model that is difficult to be built because of the scarcity of data，the statistic model needs less data.The partial least square regress method integrating the multiregression，the principal component analysis and canonical correlation analysis，were experimentally employed for estimating the annual load of nonpoint source pollution.At the same time，hydrological method was also used.Illustrated with Huaihe River in Huainan，the two methods were compared with their strongpoints and weaknesses.The hydrological method is applicable to the estimation longer than one year.It shows that the partial least square regress method can solve the problem of multirelativity and can be used without enough data.It can improve the precision of relativity analysis and has better interpretative ability.

Based on the model of regional milieu′s ecological footprint and traveling footprint，the paper calculates the ecological footprint of Lushan in Jiangxi Province in 2004.Five characteristics have been summarized：(1) The total ecological footprint of Lushan is 0.354 603 hm2 per capita in 2004；regional milieu′s ecological footprint is 0343 510 hm2 per capita；traveling footprint is 0011 093 hm2 per capita. (2) The ecological capacity is 0219 805 hm2 per capita，the ecological deficit of Lushan is 0123 543 hm2 per capita in 2004，313% of the ecological deficit is a result of traveling ecological footprint. (3) 9831% of the energy lands in the ecological footprint overrun the ecological capacity，and aggravate the ecological environment of Lushan. (4) The average traveling output of 1 hm2 ecological footprint is US$33，the efficiency of visiting，accommodating and shopping is higher than transportation and food，the traveling output have more room to spread. (5) The government and society should advance more systematic impediment tourism，change the high energy economic road，then we can reduce the ecological footprint and the sustainable development of Lushan will come true.

In order to quantitatively analyze the change of ecosystem services caused by land use change，the economic value of ecosystem services in upper reaches of Minjiang River during different time period was estimated with the table of equivalent weight factor of economic value of ecosystem services of China，and the economic value of food production was supplied with the cropland ecosystem of 2001.The database of Chinese resource and environment spatialtemporal land use during 1986，1995 and 2000 was used for analyzing threeperiod TM data.Over the 15 years，changes in ecosystem services value was calculated，with their causes analyzed.It is shown that the land use change is evident： the area of farmland increased by 60 801 hm2 from 1986 to 1995，and the area of forest decreased by 89 01217 hm2.The value of ecosystem services had decreased by 1199×108 yuan from 1986 to 2000，mainly because of the change of forest into farmland or meadow.To compare the data in 1995 and 2000，it is found that the area of forest in 2000 was 4 16528 hm2 less than in 1995，and the ecosystem service value had about 79×108 yuan difference since the introduction of forest protection policy.It is shown that the forest protection policy has some effect on the change of other land types to forest type.

Taking the Longhe ecological restoration demonstration area in Pingguo County，Guangxi Autonomous Region as an example，on the basis of result examination and expert′s consultation，an index system was constructed，and each index’s weight value was analyzed by AHP.Using an index model the assessment of the rocky desertification mountain compound ecosystem was made. AHP analysis results showed that the weight values of vegetation coverage，human activity intensity，species diversity，material life index，rocky desertification degree，water and soil erosion degree were larger than other indexes，indicating that all these factors play an important role in the compound ecosystem.The index model assessment results suggested that the comprehensive quality of the rocky desertification mountain compound ecosystem was rather bad before constructing the ecological restoration demonstration area.The vegetation coverage，the agricultural production conditions and the living standard of human in the system were promoted after the ecological restoration demonstration area was constructed，the comprehensive quality of the compound ecosystem was improved，and the social subsystem，the economic subsystem and the environmental subsystem ran more efficiently.