To find a way in incorporating environmental protection into the development of economy, the authors discussed the nature of recycling economy with its relationship to the structural change of industries and analyzed the current situation of industry structure in Jiangsu Province of China. It was shown that resourceexhausting and environmentpolluting industries are still playing an important part in the province's economy. Following the theoretical principles of recycling economy, the industrial structure adjustment in Jiangsu is set mainly at two goals: one is to develop the third industry in priority, to optimize the second industry and to stablize the first industry, and the other is to promote the development of resource saving, environment friendly, and wastereusing industries in each sector. Specifically, industry sector is mainly expected to convert into ecological type by encouraging, controlling or limiting different industries, agricultural sector is mainly hoped to reduce inputs, explore the usages of wastes to lengthen and widen the agribusiness, and service sector is mainly encouraged to develop much more environmentfriendly industries to meet the harmonic development of economy, society and environment. Some strategies and measures to promote recycling economy are also discussed.

Technical and economical characteristics of recycling economy were analyzed in the Xinghuo Industrial District.The development of recycling economy in this district has been an advanced economy form through integrating recycling economy with industrial clustering. The waste produced by a factory was used as resource for the chained factories and was manufactured to commodities. An industrial network was being formed step by step, and the infrastructures, public services and information can be shared by all factories in the district. Finally, the material can be fully utilized in multiple hierarchies, with energy effectively converted, and economic benefit was achieved with the least level use of resources at the minimum level of environment pollution.

The theory of Social Accounting Matrix including Resources and Environment (SAMRE) was used in this article to calculate the net resource product (NRP), net environment product (NEP), and genuine saving (Sg) for the period of 1991~1999 for Hunan Province, and to evaluate quantitatively the cost of resources and environment during the economic development processes of this province. The total annual lost was ￥ 4.00×108 to￥ 99.01×108 for NRP and NEP, accounting for 0.48% to 3.18% of GDP with the average of 2.35%. Genuine saving was about ￥ 10.41×108 to￥ 109.60×108, accounting for 1.25% to 3.52% of GDP with the average of 2.84%. From the research, the resource and environment cost of the economic development for Hunan Province (from 1991 to 1999) was very heavy. Fortunately, the lost decreased in recent years, and the proportion of Sg in Hunans GDP began rising.

The coordination development of economy, society, environment and resources in a region reflects the ability of its sustainable development .As one of the experimental regions, Beibei's ability in sustainable development will have a demonstration role in the city of Chongqing even the whole western region of China. The index system was first set up, which reflected the economy, society, resources and environment conditions in the district. Then, factorization method was employed by using the software SPSS to obtain comprehensive index numbers. The linear regression method and fuzzy mathematics method were used to compute the coordination degree of economy, society, resources and environment. Finally,on the basis of the status of comprehensive evaluation indexes and coordination degree of the district,the main problems in the sustainable development of Beibei District were found out and some suggestions were also proposed. 

Since artificial neural network (ANN) is a powerful tool applied in the field of natural science and engineering technology, this paper explored, using ANN, the urban strength hierarchy in the Yangtze Basin to build up a bridge to link ANN to humanities. 20 indexes were selected including economic development level, radiation and attractive forces, the level of life convenience and cultural establishments, and the data in 2004 city statistical yearbook of China were analyzed with the software Matlab 6.5. The results indicated that to classify the hierarchy of urban comprehensive strength to six groups is accordant with the reality, showing the excellent clustering function of selforganizing artificial neural network; there is one or two metropolis with great significance to a greater region even to the whole country in different sections of the basin-namely, Chongqing and Chengdu in the upper reaches, Wuhan in the middle reaches, and Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou in the lower reaches-providing persuasive reasons for constructing reasonable urban agglomerations in the basin. Also, the nonequilibrium status of urban hierarchy in the Yangtze Basin was analyzed in the paper.

In this paper, spatial statistical method was used to study the spatial relationships in overall strength and capacity of sustainable development of different regions in China, including 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions. The spatial dependence of all the total assets, total debts and overall strength and capacity of sustainable development in China was obvious. The positive significant correlation was observed between the Z value of overall strength and capacity and total assets (R= 0.944), while the negative significant correlation between the Z value and total debts. The cluster of sustainable development capacity in China was firstly given based on the Z values of overall strength and capacity. Then, the spatial cluster results were adjusted according to the results of Kmeans cluster. Finally, 3 types of sustainable development capacity were compartmentalized in China, i.e., developed type of eastern and coastal regions, developing type of center regions and lower development type of western regions of China. The results obtained in the present study were in accordance with the traditional division of regions in China. All of the provinces and cities of Eastern China belong to developed type except for Guangxi and Hainan belonging to developing type, the provinces and cities in the central belong to developing type and all of western provinces and cities belong to lower development type.

By using the spatial series to replace temporal courses, the authors selected four typical sampling sites representing different successive stages in innerriver wetland in Zhenjiang City, and then investigated the laws of vegetation community, e.g., species composition, species diversity and lifeform in order to establish restoration approaches for degraded vegetation communities. The species diversity, species composition and lifeform along different successive stages differed from each other significantly. In general, there was an increasing trend in species richness and species diversity along different successive stages, with the highest richness and diversity observed in the midlast successive stages; the evenness degree increased continuously, while ecological dominance declined progressively along with succession. For lifeform composition, along with succession process, the importance value of perennial herbaceous plants declined firstly and then increased, while the species number of perennial herbaceous plants increased gradually and became relatively steady in later successive stages, and perennial herbaceous plants were dominant in all successive stages. As to annualbiennial herbaceous plants, the importance value and species number increased firstly and then declined. The total number of family and genera increased gradually as succession proceeded, and Gramineae were dominant species at all time.

 The importance for harmonious relationship between the people and land in China has now been fully recognized as China has a high percentage of hilly fields and a low percentage of cultivated lands. The Yangtze Basin is a major region with low mountains and hilly areas. By constructing models of population quantities and the land resource yield potentialities and selecting methods for environment capacity rank division and its coefficients calculation, the influence of land use types and their changes on the land loading capacity in hilly and mountainous regions in the upper reaches of the Yangtze Basin has been evaluated in this paper. The population quantities and the land resource yield potentialities in 2010, 2015 and 2020 were calculated respectively for Yibin City. The ability for loading population and land loading ability were further estimated according to nutrient structures required by three living types, i.e. tolerably well off type, moderately well off type and relatively well off type. It is indicated that land yield potentialities could bear population quantity of every living types in 2010, 2015 and 2020, and land resource population capacity ranks in Yibin City could attain “sufficiency” level with the ranking score being “3” and a tendency towards “abundance” level. Land loading ability in Yibin City which has a potential and an improving margin can be a positive driving factor for regional economical development, with the influence of human activities on land loading capacity being under the threshold value. The reliable scientific foundation was then established for the construction of ecological environment and for the development of vast hilly and mountainous regions in upper reaches of the Yangtze Basin.

Based on a general biodiversity survey in the Chishui River basin, the authors first summarized the main characteristics of its biodiversity, including diverse ecosystems and species as well as heterogeneous habitats, at the river basin scale, and then analyzed the situation, opportunity and main challenges to biodiversity conservation in this river basin. To promote riverbasinscale biodiversity conservation, it is important to take effective steps to protect key areas and construct ecological corridors, and to integrate biodiversity conservation into the sustainable development strategies of local socialeconomic development in the Chisui River basin.

In this paper, the land use was classified into eight types, namely forest land, bush land, sparsevegetation land, water land, construction land and unused land. Using the remote sensing images as the data source, types of land use were autoclassified and manually interpreted, with the detailed analysis on the process and driving forces of the changes in land use of Daning River Watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Then the ecosystem service value of each kind of land use was reevaluated based on the result of Costanza's evaluation,and the ecosystem service values of the Daning River Watershed over last 30 years were calculated. The results indicated that over the last 30 years, the trend of the change of land use in Daning River Watershed was that forestland, bush land, and grassland experienced process from destruction to restoration,the area of farmland increased from early 70s of last century and then decreased gradually,and the construction land expanded unceasingly. The ecosystem service has changed from a damaged process to a resuming process, with the value of ecosystem service decreased from 1973 to 1995 and increased from 1995 to 2002.

The revising approach is seldom adopted in agricultural land gradation in China. Although a few studies have been carried out by using the approach, relatively few have examined its rationality and feasibility. The present study may thus represent a pioneer research. Some key techniques for the revising approach were examined in this paper, such as the selection of revising base and factors, and the computation of revising coefficients and of the gradation indexes. One way for the technique was then established, with the inclusion of the natural quality classification index as the revising base, the standardization of all factors influencing values, and with the multiplication of the revising coefficients to obtain the gradation index in quality of agricultural land at last. A comparison between the factor approach and the revising approach in agricultural land gradation was presented. Gaoming, a district in Foshan city, was used as a case for the employment of the approach.

Land use system is a complicated and macro system with dissipative structure. To study the change of land use structure, we need to know the degree of area development and the behavior of humankind, and this kind of research is the major research area in studying structures of regional development. Shannon information entropy theory is one of the measurements to study the degree of regional land use system. This paper was then based on Shannon information entropy theory to study the land use structure during the period from 1992 to 2004 in east region of Tibet, China. The order degree of land use system was applied to indicate the information entropy values. It was revealed that the information entropy of research area in 2004 was higher than in 1992, though the change was very little. Compared with the information entropy of land use structure in the country and the west area of Tibet as a whole, the entropy was lower in east area of Tibet, with the order being rather higher. The factors influencing the information entropy variation were mostly related with the changes in land use structure and in regional policies; economical development and population growth also influenced the variation. The information entropy values are of guiding significance in the regulation of land use structure in a region as they can reflect the dynamics and transformation degree of land use types in a region in a certain period. Shannon information entropy theory will also be useful to analyze the characteristics of land use system in regional scale and to evaluate, adjust and optimize the regional land use mode.

The efficiency and fluctuation of food production are important research contents in terms of food security. It is indicated that the stability of the three major food components, i.e. grain, oil and meat, has increased in Jiangxi Province, China. The average total factor relative productivity (TFRP) of food production was 0.974 in Jiangxi Province from 1993 to 2003. Food production exhibited basically the alternate fluctuation phenomenon between the increase in scale efficiencies and constant scale efficiencies in the province. A good relationship was observed between the food production fluctuation and the fluctuation of food production factors, such as agricultural labour and irrigated area, with their importance having the following order: fluctuation of irrigated area > fluctuation of total plant area > fluctuation of agricultural labour > fluctuation of input agricultural capital > fluctuation of consumption of chemical fertilizer. It is shown that the food fluctuation trend coincided basically with the TFRP from 1978 to 2003 in Jiangxi Province. The TFRP was high when food fluctuation was low or food expression had great positive fluctuation,and when food expression experienced great negative fluctuation,the TFRP was low accordingly.

Although West China Development Strategy has generated remarkable social and economical success, the disparity is still expanding between the east and west in China. How to promote agricultural profits and the income of farmers is still a problem in the development of west China. Characteristic agriculture is a recent development method. This article briefly analyzes the reasons why characteristic agriculture in west China needs further development and the obstacles which have some negative impact on the development. By analyzing the regional planning, financial support, technical development, environment, and food security, some countermeasures and policies are proposed to solve the restrictive problems, and to develop characteristic agriculture in the west.

Regionalization of ecological function is a synthetical process which refers to various indices of different characters. In this paper, we studied the ecological function regionalization by applying “decomposing step method” which is a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. In the first step, in virtue of Arc GIS, we analyzed the natural structure of Kaihua county, making use of its maps of landform, vegetation, hydrology, so as to realize the primary plot of ecological function region. Secondly, we carried out the clustering analysis on the basis of town administrative cells, using data supported by “Kaihua Annual Statistics” and data from environment protection, agriculture,and forest departments etc. The repartition of ecological function region was then achieved with the combination of the target outlined in “2004~2020 Kaihua Strategic Planning”. The second step is namely the embodiment of economic and social factors. Based on this process, we proposed the particular objective and management measures for the ecological construction and environment protection in regions with different ecological functions.

On the basis of onedimensional river water pollution synergetic control model for single pollutant contamination, water pollution control was discussed in purpose of achieving the water quality standard III in reaches of Hanjiang River in Wuhan. Discharged quantity of each pollutant source was calculated according to measured concentration and quantity of CODCr, BOD5 and NH3-N. As for BOD5, 198 tons have to be reduced in Qipei discharge outlet each year, 617 tons in Hanzhengxiahe street discharge outlet, while all others reached the national water quality standard. For CODCr, all the discharge outlet reached water quality standard. For NH3-N, 57 tons have to be reduced in Guomiansanchang discharge outlet each year and 95 tons in Hanzhengxiahe street discharge outlet, and all others met the water quality standard. It is indicated that the water pollution synergetic control model is rational and justifiable for the enterprises of sewage discharge, and thus the proposed method has some realistic significance.

Through analyzing contents of typical pollutants, i.e. Pb, Cu, Cr，Cd and Zn in sediments from the Wanzhou section of the Yangtze River, the quality status of these sediments was evaluated with the index number techniques of single factor and Hakanson ecological risk. It is revealed that the main pollution factor is Cd. The sequence of ecological risk is Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr, and the potential ecological risk is Cd > Pb > Cu > Zn > Cr. The average of potential ecological risk is 152.35, and it is concluded that the Wanzhou section of the Yangtze River has middle potential ecological risk.

Although the dispersed water supply has solved the problem of domestic use water and drinking water for livestock to a certain extent in karst area of southwest China, the water pollution occurs widely. Through investigation, monitoring and synthetic analysis of water quality of three primary dispersed water supply, it is considered that the water pollution is composed of recharging water pollution and supplying water pollution, belonging to pollution over a plane and dot shaped pollution separately. There are three types of pollution: the main one is biopollution such as visible matter and invisible microorganims, the second is physical pollution such as high chromaticity and turbidity, and the last is chemical pollution such as high pH value (>8.5) and exceptional ion concentration resulted from refuse and excrement. There are three main contaminative approaches also-they are pollution during rainfall, pollution during runoff containing surface runoff, underground runoff and water transferring, and pollution during water storage and utilization. Finally, countermeasures for water treatment are suggested based on the status of water pollution in dispersed water supply.

The sensitiveness of ecosystems to global change is an important aspect in global change research. Global change is featured as warming and drying climate in the North China Plain in recent years, which aggravates water crisis in the region. Specific hydrological condition is a major driving factor shaping wetland and its evolvement. Wetland ecosystem is, therefore, particularly important in this region. Since 1960, the water level and volume has declined, water area has shrunk, and biodiversity has decreased in Baiyangdian wetland. Natural factors, particularly climatic change, have played a decisive role in the process of wetland degradation; among them precipitation has significantly influenced the wetland. Climatic change has caused the variation of hydrologic characters of the wetland, the decrease of water supply, and the increase of water consumption. As a result, the wetland degraded. Human factors have intensified this trend to a certain degree.

Runoff at source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers were derived mostly from precipitation and melt water of glaciers, snow and frozen earth. Changes of the temperature and its impact on the ablation of the glaciers and snow influenced directly the runoff. In this paper, the authors analyzed how the runoff changes responded to the fluctuation of temperature and precipitation by means of crossspectral analysis. By crossamplitude function (CAF) and the simpledensity spectrum, some new functions such as coherence function, gain function and phase spectrum function were calculated. It was indicated that the runoff fluctuation was influenced much more by precipitation, and being more obvious in the source region of the Yellow River than in the source of the Yangtze River. However, temperature influenced slightly the fluctuation of the runoff, not comparable with the major effect of precipitation at the source region of the Yellow River and also at the source of the Yangtze River. Runoff at source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers has decreased since late 1980's, which had some negative effects on water resource in lakes, swamp and frozen earth, and then the whole environment.

In combination with the concept of similarity nearness degree, fuzzy similarity nearness degree matterelement model was applied to evaluate the flood control evacuation resettlement area projects based on the fuzzy matterelement analysis. According to GIS in flood disaster evacuation system, the projects that satisfy some limited conditions were selected through the overlay algorithm of hierarchical maps in GIS, with the evaluation efficiency improved. AHP and entropy method were combined together as synthetical evaluation index, which overcame the problem of dependability produced by single method in practice. The model was applied to evaluate the flood disaster evacuation resettlement area in Changxingdao Island of Shanghai, and a good effect was observed. The evaluation model will then serve as a scientific base for decision making in flood control evacuation.

With the rapid economical development in 21st century, the relationship between human and water has become a major issue for the social and economical development in China. Problems including the scarcity of water resources, the deterioration of water and pollution of water environment have become severer. On the basis of summarizing the experiences and lessons, the new strategy for flood management was proposed by people. The utilization of floodwater is an important issue for flood management, and an important measure to solve the crisis of water resource scarcity. As a key parameter of multipurpose reservoir operation, flood limit water level plays a critical role in achieving the balance between flood control and economic benefit such as hydropower generation and navigation improvement etc. Taking the floodwater utilization of Three Gorges Reservoir as an example, the criteria system was proposed based on multialternatives combined with the flood limit water level of Three Gorges Reservoir which satisfied the safety restriction. By computing the weights of all indexes based on Analytic Hierarchy Process method, the integrated weight of which all indexes corresponded to the total goal was presented, and the best equilibrium solution of the operation alternatives of floodwater utilization multiobjective decision making was obtained according to the equilibrium programming, which can give reference for the multiobjective decision making operation in floodwater utilization of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

Accurate information of population distribution is the important foundation for preventing flood disaster and the rescue when flood occurs. In combination of population statistics with RS data, this paper analyzed the spatial distribution in population statistics and a pattern of population distribution was obtained by using GIS. Two major problems were analyzed in this paper, as how to obtain information of residential type, area and position, and what is the relation between residential type, area and position and amount of population. On the basis of geographical sense and mathematical sense, this paper used the model of allometric growth of urban populationarea, and a model of rural and urban populationarea was generated. Then, by studying Fuyu County as a case, using 1:50 000relief map as assistant data, building up classification system of residential points, and using ETM images to distill information of residential area, the inversion model of population distribution was set up, and the vector data of population distribution were obtained on the basis of residential points.