Chengdu City, which is located in the west of Sichuan Plain, is surrounded with hilly and mountainous areas. In analysis of the spatial structure of the urban system in Chengdu Plain, the authors draw a new conclusion that the urban system is made up of a series of pentagons. Based on geometry theories, the pentagon, as a basic unit, has a fractal and golden section character. Then, the authors explained why Chengdu City should expand to its eastern or southern directions, and hypothesized that the urban pentagonal spatial structure is an imbalanced state and hexagonal is balanced. With the development of urban economy and the growth of population, urban spatial structure will change from balance to imbalance, then imbalance to balance, being an infinite cycle. The urban planning and industry structure adjustment must obey this law. Finally, using the hypothesis, this paper presents a future urban spatial pattern for Chengdu City.

The authors considered that the growth of urban system structure in Jiangjin City is at polarizing stage, according to the urban system ranksize structure, and that the inner city would be the growth pole in future. Secondly, the distance between towns by using Arcgis 8.3 was measured out, and this paper suggested that the city would congregate in the two main traffic lines, which would form the development axis of the city in the future. Thirdly, the urban function structure was qualitatively analyzed. Finally, according to the present situation and future development of the urban system, some ideals in optimizing urban system structure and development routes were put forward, and then some referenced bases for the development of the city in the future were pointed out.

Using agglomeration and cluster theory, the authors analyze the content of tourism industry agglomeration and industry cluster, the differences and links between agglomeration and cluster, the impact factors on the agglomeration and clustering development of the tourism industry, and the influences of tourism industry agglomeration and clustering development on reginal economy. Based on the data about business enterprises and income of star hotels, travel agencies and other tourism practitioners, the article selects three indexes-industry concentration, the Gini coefficient and the Herfindahl coefficient, and analyzes the issue of space agglomeration of Chinese tourism industry. At last, with combining cases, the existing problems of Chinese tourism industry cluster are pointed out, and some countermeasures are also put forward.

 The circular economy is a kind of new economical development models, aiming to ease the resources and environment pressure brought by continuing economy growth. The circular economy is characteristic of highly effective and circular use of resources. Low consumption, low discharges and high efficiency are basic characteristics. The water resource circular economy is a kind of new water resource system, trying hard to make the mankind follow the natural law of water circulation to the development and utilization activity of water resource, follow the social economic law, and realize harmony of water circulation in the economy. The water resource circular economy follows the principle of reduction, reuse, recycling. Currently, our country has a serious water resource problem, and circular economy may guarantee our country's water resource security and generate a new pattern of economical development. The development of water resource circular economy needs to be established with an effective mechanism and an innovation system.

Initial allocation of water rights is the key point for water management. The optimization of water resource allocation will promote sustainable development of national economy and society. In consideration of efficiency, impartiality and sustainability, affective factors for the initial allocation of water rights were discussed in this paper, including economic development, efficiency of water usage, average water distribution, current water consumption, water resource field preference, ecological environment and social development. In this paper, an index system was founded, and semistructural and multiobjective fuzzy optimal selection model was adopted; the objective weight and relative membership degree of qualitative objectives were calculated depending on practical quantified knowledge. Expert consultation was used to compare the importance of two objectives to ensure the practicability of the model. The relative membership degree of quantitative objectives was calculated by computing formula according to practical situation. By applying the model into Hanjiang river basin, the initial allocation of water rights was performed.

Taking Hengyang basin, a typical hillock area in the subtropical region as a case, the reasons and forms of vulnerability in surface water resource were analyzed in this paper. It is found that the major factors influencing the vulnerability of surface water resource include the climate, topography, soil and vegetation, human activities and economic development. In order to quantitatively evaluate the vulnerability, an assessment indicator system, including 9 indicators, was sep up for the first time in the present study. Then, by using mathematical method to calculate the scores of vulnerability in each assessment unit, countermeasures for water resource management in Hengyang basin were proposed.

 Based on surveys with tide nets in the bare and marsh flat in Chongxi wetland in Changjiang estuary in winter of 2006, the species composition, biodiversity and related environmental factors of the intertidal fishes were analyzed. The intertidal fishes are almost composed of the fresh water and smallsized fishes, consisting of 23 species, 7 families, 20 genera. The most dominant specie is Hemiculter bleeleri both in the two nets. Although the fish abundance in the tide net in bare flat is higher than that in marsh flat, the species composition of the fishes in two nets has some similarity. In a tide cycle, the D,Ｈ′ and J 's indexes have a larger range and the values in low tides are lower than that of the other tides. The species and number of fish at daytime tide are slightly higher than that of night tide, but there is no significant correlation between day and night tides. Temperature and tide size influenced greatly the intertidal fish's abundance. In addition, the status of weather is also an important factor for intertidal fishes. It is concluded that the species composition of intertidal fish is comprehensively influenced by environmental factors.

The colonial genetic variation in Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus was analyzed with RAPD technique. Eight primers were screened out from 40 random primers on the genomic DNA in Cyprinus carpio. A total of 60 bands were generated, of which polymorphic bands were 42, with the percentage of polymorphism being 70.00%. Using the 8 primers for genomic DNA of Carassius auratus, 61 bands were generated, of which 40 were polymorphic, with the percentage of polymorphism being 65.57%. As analyzed by software POPGENE, the colonial genetic diversity was both high in Cyprinus carpio (He=0.230 1, H0=0.391 0) and Carassius auratus (He=0.218 6, H0=0.375 8). However, in the population of Cyprinus carpio and Carassius auratus, the colonial genetic diversity was very similar in females and males.

A brief introduction to Geographic Information System (GIS) and Spatial Data Mining (SDM) was given in this paper, and an integration of the two techniques applied in the information system for land grading was proposed. Then an expert system was developed for land grading on the basis of GIS and SDM by using Visual C++ 6.0 and MapObject 2.0.Decision tree was adopted for the base arithmetic of the spatial data mining of the system, and land grading adopted for training and learning and the integration of the two for practical realization. The decision tree can acquire knowledge and at the same time, it can express knowledge, and the system uses it to acquire knowledge and express knowledge automatically. Also, an application example for commercial land grading in Wuhan City was presented in this paper to show that the system is a transplantable and practical as well as an extensible system. The work of land grading has become a simple job to use this system, and the results become more reliable. Moreover, this method has some particular advantages in addressing problems in land grading such as lack of land information and difficulties in quantitative analysis of factors.

Fertilizers were applied in areas with a 3year plantation of Azadirachta indica in Yuanmou dry hot valley (in Yunnan Province). In this experiment, nine experiments with different combinations of fertilizers and a control were set up in order to study the effect of fertilization on the growth and soil fertility of Azadirachta indica plantation. We analyzed the annual growth of height and DBH, soil nutrient and soil bioindicator. The responses of height and DBH variation to fertilizers were different, and the variance analysis and multiple comparison showed that the growth in heights in single application of nitrogenous fertilizers (treatments 1, 2 and 3) and in mixed application of organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers (treatments 7, 8 and 9) was remarkably different from that of the control within a 3year plantation. But there was no difference observed in height growth among all treatments within a 1year plantation. It is concluded that scientifically fertilization not only improves soil pH and soil microenvironment, strengthens soil enzyme activities and increases the quantity of soil microorganisms, but also increases the soil fertility, and prevents the degradation of soil fertility. The value of integrated soil fertility index of forest was affected by different treatments of fertilizer application, with the mixed application of nitrogenous fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer being the best for improving the integrated soil fertility index of forest.

Surveys during March, May, July, October 2004 and May 2005 at 29 stations along the Yangtze River were processed. In March 2004 (dry season) bloom occurred in Zigui, just before the ThreeGorge Dam (TGD); algal abundance reached 2.73×106 cells/L, and the dominant species was Peridiniopsis sp. (9.16×105 cells/L). During August 2004 ( rainy season) and April 2005 ( dry season) blooms also happened in the downstream of the Xiangxi River and the river mouth, and the algal abundance reached 1.87×107 cells/L and 1.67×107 cells/L respectively. The dominant species were Chroomonas acuta（1.84×107 cells/L）and Asterionella formosa (1.34×107cells/L). Correlation analysis indicated that algal density in the mainstream has significant negative correlation with the main current discharge (Spearman, r=-0.900, p<0.05), but not with the main resolvable nutrients（NO3N, PO4P, SiO3Si）(Spearman, r=-0.031; r=-0.116; r＝0.262; n=14). However, in the downstream of the Xiangxi River and the river mouth, significant negative correlations were observed between phytoplankton abundance and nitrate (Spearman, p<0.01, n=21), phosphate (Spearman, p<0.05, n=21) and silicate (Spearman, p<0.01, n=21) in the rainy season. In the dry season, the similar correlations were also observed with nitrate (Spearman, p<0.05, n=28) and silicate (Spearman, p<0.01, n=28), but not with phosphate. In the mainstream of the Three Gorges Reservoir (T〖JP2〗GR), there were no significant correlations between phytoplankton abundance and the main nutrients (Spearman, │r│<0.2, n=20).Whereas the concentrations of the main resolvable nutrients in the mainstream of the Yangtze River are higher than those in the Xiangxi River and its river mouth, and the occurrence of the blooms within TGR could be attributed to the variations of the hydrological condition after damming rather by the nutrient concentrations. With the completion of the Threegorge Project (TGP), the residence time of the water body will be prolonged, and the eutrophication within TGR will be aggravated.

In order to remove different concentrations of suspended sediment (SS), a serial connected system of emerging plants, floatingleaved plants and submerged plants based on spatial distribution of natural water body was constructed by aquatic marcrophytes, such as Cyperus alternifolius, Acorus tatarinowii, Trapa japonica, Ceratophyllum demersum, Hydrilla verticillata and Vallisneria spiralis. Sandy water then flew through emerging plants, floatingleaved plants and submerged plants. The input SS concentrations were 21.76, 37.04, 45.09 and 71.18 mg/L, and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each concentration were 12, 16, 24 and 24 h. The removal rates of SS were 68.1%, 71.7%, 77.5% and 74.0%. The aquatic marcrophytes not only removed the SS, but also greatly improved the transparency of water. The HRT obviously influenced the removal effect. While the HRT was long, no matter how high was the input SS concentration, the removal rate and the net removal per unit time could achieve an ideal level. Placing emerging plants in the region with higher input SS concentration could reduce the SS concentration, and palliate the environmental press of deep water area on submerged plants. Therefore, submerged plants were necessary for the stabilization of the whole ecosystem, which further removed the SS that might not be cleaned by emerging plants, and the resuspension of SS was restrained.

The influence of tidal cycle on the physical and chemical characters of overlying water is important for the variation of physical and chemical environmental parameters at the estuary. Based on the analysis of samples and environmental parameters taken from Chongming East Intertidal Flat and Donghai Beach, it is found that, in the intertidal flat, there were good relationships among these parameters. Except turbidity, other parameters represented the process with a “U” shaped variation; in Donghai Beach, the relationships among these parameters were weak. At the beginning of a flood in the intertidal flat, inorganic nitrogen was released rapidly; but in Donghai Beach, at the beginning, the NH4+N fell down quickly and NO3-N decreased slowly. In Chongming East Intertidal Flat or in Donghai Beach, significant negative relationship was observed between TIN and S (salinity).

Based on the monitoring data of surface sediments from the Sea Region of Yangshan in the Yangtze Estuary, the degree in spatial fluctuation and accumulation of heavy metals was analyzed by using the method of variation coefficients and accumulation coefficients. The method of potential ecological risk indices presented by Lar Hakanson was used to assess the potential ecological risk of heavy metals. The degree of Hg spatial fluctuation appears to be the highest and other heavy metals being rather lower in surface sediments, with the order of fluctuation degree ranging as the following: Pb > Cd > Hg > Cu > Cr > As > Zn. The degree of Cu accumulation appears to be the highest among all heavy metals analyzed in surface sediments, with Pb being the second, and others lower. The order of the accumulation degree of these heavy metals is as: Cu > Pb > Zn > As > Cr > Cd > Hg. The assessment of potential ecological risk revealed that the potential ecological risk of these heavy metals to the ocean ecology system is very light, which belongs to light potential ecological risk level , with the order of light potential ecological risk level of all these heavy metals ranging as: Cu＞As＞Hg＞Pb＞Cd＞Cr＞Zn.

In order to evaluate the effects of wave dissipation engineerings on reducing sediments resuspension and internal nutrient release in Lake Taihu, sediment traps were settled on July 15 to 17, 2005 in the wave dissipation engineering area to measure resuspension flux of sediments. Water of different layers was sampled so as to know the vertical distribution of nutrient concentration. The maximum value of the upper resuspension flux was 7.22 g /d·m2 and the maximum value of the lower resuspension flux was 41.8 g /d·m2 on July 16 when the wind speed was 3 m/s; The minimum value of the upper resuspension flux was 24.7 g/ d·m2 and the minimum value of the lower resuspension flux 48.4 g/ d·m2 on July 17 when the wind speed was 5 m/s. Sediments resuspension flux has a close relation to windwave disturbance. When comparing the resuspension fluxes in and out of the engineering area, it was obvious that wave dissipation engineering has weakened the windwave disturbance to sediments, with an effect to prevent sediment resuspension, and therefore a lower nutrient resuspension flux was observed. Organic matter in suspended solid also reduced with the increase of suspended solid materials. Accordingly, phosphorus in suspended solid per unit will decrease too. Dissolved phosphorus did not increase in the observation,though sustained windwave disturbance may bring much dissolved phosphorus from sediments into overlying water. Suspended solids can absorb dissolved phosphorus in the water. As a result, dissolved phosphorus will not increase dramatically with drastic sediments resuspension.

Planted with Phragmites australis and unplanted wetlands were constructed to compare organic matter removal from domestic wastewater based on water budget. Planted wetland had a removal rate of organic matter 2.2% lower than unplanted wetland in winter with plant harvested. In other seasons, the removal rate of CODCr in planted wetland was 3.2%～4.2% higher than that in unplanted wetland, while BOD\-5 was 1.8%～4.8% lower than that in unplanted wetland. Consequently, planted wetland showed a little well overall performance than unplanted, but the improvement was not obvious. Comparisons of paired systems commonly showed a little higher oxidation reduced potential (ORP) than unplanted wetland; however, the increase mainly concentrated on the range of top 15 cm water. From the overall bed, ORP is mostly similar for both wetlands with anaerobic condition. Bacteria, actinomice and fungi in wetlands substrate were monitored, and there was little difference between planted and unplanted wetlands. However, rhizosphere effect of reed was strong. Organic matter loading rate and removal rate showed obviously strong linear relationships (R2>0.96).

By Summarizing the study on changes of the urban wetland landscape pattern and on ecological planning of urban wetland landscape, this paper draws a conclusion that urban wetland plays an important role in urban sustainable development and must be designed for the futureoriented landscape. Analyzing the relationships between landscape processes and patterns and combining the localization actualities of the urban wetland landscape ecological planning, this paper puts forward an urban wetland landscape ecological planning approach based on changes of landscape patterns. In order to make the ecological planning of the urban wetland landscape futureoriented, urban sustainable development and urban wetland landscape ecological planning can be much more important.

In this paper, the features of patch characteristics, heterogeneity, diversity & evenness, and spatial relationship were analyzed in the Jialing River basin by using landscape indexes with remote sensing images. It was shown that “One year one ripe grain fields and coldtolerant economic crop fields deciduous orchards” is the background for its bigger area in the basin, and other components are surrounded. “Broadleaf evergreen and deciduous mixed forests in subtropical zone” has the lowest heterogeneity degree for its smallest area and less disintegration. On the contrary, “Bare ground / City” has the highest heterogeneity degree because of its long patch distance, more disintegration and better comparability. Although “Broadleaf deciduous forests in temperate zone” has good aggregation ability and comparability, as well as short patch distance, its natural cohesion ability is poor. It is obvious that in Jialing River basin, many landscape components with good patch cohesion are distributed, forming a pattern of landscape fragmentation. On the other hand, the high landscape diversity and evenness indexes owning to rich and wellproportional components are distinct features in the basin.

Wushan and Fengjie counties are typical fluorosis areas in the three Gorges Reservoir District. In this article, the authors adopted the means of multiobject geochemistry surveying to analyze the Fluoride content in soils of each county along the Yangtze River in Three Gorges Reservoir District, and to analyze their characteristics and distinction of Fluoride in different depths of soils through comparing the fluorosis areas with normal areas. It can be concluded that the value of Fluoride content in soils of Wushan county is the highest among all the counties investigated, Fengjie county is the second, Fulin county the third, and other counties the fourth, such as Fengdu, Wanzhou, Kaixian, Yuyan, Zhongxiang and Changshou, which are similar in either top soils or deep soils. Fluoride content in soils of Wushan county is 2.598 times higher than the average of Fluoride content in the whole country of China, while the value of Fengjie county is 1.883 times higher; the others have a similar value in comparison with the national average level. The topsoil in every place has the geochemistry characteristics of fluorine observed in deep soil. Fluoride in top soil of Wushan county enriches mostly in hypergenesis, where fluorine disease is most serious. Fluoride in Changshou county is lost, where fluorine disease is unfrequent. The value of Fluoride content from different deep soils in fluorosis areas is higher than in nonfluorosis areas. The incidence of fluorosis is correlative with the content of Fluoride, which comes from motherrock and is related to petrogenic element in soil.

The urban thermal environment is dependent strongly on human activities, atmospheric condition and heat transmission etc, which make the urban thermal surface rather complex. As the heat distribution and transmission differ in various land covers, the traditional method such as providing model for forecasting or setting spots to observe variations is not enough to describe the structural and potential factors of thermal environment. It is also found out that the radiation geometry and the properties of the surfaces contribute more to thermal phenomenon. With the development of the spatial geosciences, remote sensing technique is used well to study urban environment. In order to reveal the thermal properties of the surfaces and the urban heat island (UHI) in Shanghai, China, land surface temperature was derived from Landsat ETM+ thermal infrared image dated on 14th June 2000. Considering the spatial distribution of land surface temperature as “thermal surface”, the fractal dimension was computed through profile line fractal method in eight directions. It is revealed that there is an evident fractal character for urban thermal surface profiles. The fractal dimensions in eight directions are between 1.530 0 and 1.780 6, which reveal the complexity of different thermal profiles. By analyzing the factors to UHI, thermal fractal characters are mainly due to the scope and shape of builtup area and land surface properties.

Pollution of heavy metals in soil is important for sustainable development, especially in the developed areas, because the soil not only influences the health of people, but also the environment through air and water. To obtain an overview of land use effects on the accumulation of Cd in the soil, 98 samples were collected from Kunshan. The average content of Cd in highyield, midyield, lowyield paddy field, vegetable land, garden land soil samples was higher than the background concentration of soil in Kunshan (0.110 mg/kg). The order of the average Cd content was as the followings: lowyield paddy field ＞ midyield paddy field＞garden land ＞ vegetable land ＞ highyield paddy field ＞ uncultivated land. Compared with standard (0.20 mg/kg), 20%, 18.75%, 11.11% and 9.09% in midyield paddy field, lowyield paddy field, garden land and vegetable land soil samples, exceeded the standard limit. According to this investigation, industrial activities and irrigation of sewage were the causes in the accumulation of soil sample Cd.

The heavy metal pollution was investigated in different heavy metal mines of south China. The results showed that heavy metal pollution was serious in the heavy metal mines of Fujian Province. The highest contents of Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd in different mining areas were 92 546, 27 454, 23 792, 248 mg/kg respectively, which were all higher than those of their soil background. The Zn, Pb, Cd pollution in different heavy metal mines of Fujian Province was clarified to serious degree when compared with the Soil Environmental Quality Standard by the single factor and comprehensive factor pollution evaluation. The heavy metal pollution degree in different heavy metal mines of Fujian Province was in the sequence of Pb and Zn Mine in Youxi > Pb and Zn Mine in Liancheng > Mn Mine in Liancheng.