The economic process is a period during which various kinds of elements flows assembled, diffused and transfered. Hence their movement is inevitably affected by the resistance in this process. Based on the statement above, this paper puts forward a resistance surface model of space-economic process, so as to show the spatial distribution of the resistance and the trend of movement in economic process of an area. This model is a great revelation to the research on the movement of element flows and strategic programms in regional development. Exemplified by the case study of Zhe-Min-Gan bounding area, this paper testified the model's function in order to explain why the economy is held up in border areas among provinces, and reveals its practical significance in the revelation of regional developing programmes.

Spatial Development Function Regionalization divides the region into different function sections, allocates more economic activity into the sections with low environment sensitivity, low resource utilization cost and high economic potential. The paper probes into the principle and indices system to make the functional region division in province scale puts forward the methods to evaluate the economic development potential, resource utilization cost and the environment protection value. Then it provides a way to find the rules in the regional distribution with respect to these factors. Furthermore, it defines six types of the spatial development function according to the various combination of the economic development value, resource utilization cost and the ecological conservation value, and introduces a three dimension magic cube method to make these integrative region divisions. Finally, using these methods, the paper makes out the functional division in Jiangsu Province based on the cell of the country or country level city, which will be the base for the spatial goverment.

Jiangsu Province is the leading area of economic development in the Yangtze Basin. In present circumstances its social economy develops fast, with the improvement in the living standard of the people and the limit of the electric power supply. Climate change has aggravated the tense situation of the electric demand. Based on the 50year data of electric power consumption (EPC) in the province and the summer mean temperature anomalies since 1985, changes of residential EPC and urban system EPC caused by abnormal climate, especially the summer high temperature fluctuation have been analyzed. It is found that EPC increases with the development of social economy. Meanwhile, it is sensitive to the abnormal summer high temperature. Climate warming in the near future may cause a more severe situation for the development of Jiangsu electric power. This result has scientific meaning and reference value to sustainable development of power industry and economy in the Yangtze Basin at the present stage.

The result of colligation score reveals that the development level of the circular economy in Nanjing is comparatively high over the whole national average, and there are about nine years difference in development. There are a lot of favorable conditions for circular economy development in Nanjing City. The citizens have comparatively high level of capabitity and civilization, there are a lot of big\|sized and middlesized enterprises, and the research capacity in science and technology and education are of high standard. Overall,the level of economy is high in Nanjing city. However, mineral resources are short, and may influence the development of circular economy. Petrochemistry, electronic information, automobile, iron and steel and electronic industry are important for developing circular economy in Nanjing city, and elongating industry chain.The direction to develop green food and drinks and logistics should be concerned.It is important for circular society to establish the system of green social consumption, carry out collecting and disposing garbages in sort,and to reinforce the management of callback deposed foreign capital.It is also important to reduce the application of fertilizer and pesticide for circular agricultural development.

Hierarchical structure is one of the three structures in urban system, reflecting the variation of cities in scale, concentration or dispersion of the urban population, and it is of help for understanding the phase of urban system. This paper analyses the characteristics of urban system in Anhui Province. It is found that this region exhibits a city-size distribution following the rank-size rule. The urban primacy index is low, the scale effect is inevident, the urban scale is small in whole, the development of metropolis and big cites is not enough, medium-sized cities is prominent and the spatial distribution of cities is not equal. The urban system is in kinesis variation, scale structure is stable comparatively and is concentrating continuously, with primacy city developing potentially. And cities in different levels have different trends and characteristics of changes. The paper put forward several measures such as to escalate the construction of the Wanjiang urban area, speed the development of urban group in north Anhui, and to enhance the level of medium-sized cities and central towns in south Anhui.

Fish resources in Nanjishan natural reserve were investigated from 2003 to 2004. A total of 58 species belonging to 6 orders, 14 families and 43 genus were found . Within the fishes, there are 37 cyprinoid fish, accounting for 63.79% of the total, and 21 species of other families 36.21% of total. The community structure and the fish individuals become smaller in the natural reserve. The average weight, growth index K and biomass of the main fishes were measured and the reasons for the smaller size and the measures for protection and propagation were analyzed. The purpose of the investigation is to understand the present status of the fish resources in Poyang lake watershed.

Based on the Landsat TM and ETM data acquired at the end of 1980's and 1990's respectively, the authors analyzed the characteristics of land use/cover changes in the Dongting Lake area through GIS analytical method. Runoff in 1989 and 1999 was calculated using rainfall pattern in July of 1996. The results show that the characteristics of land use change in Dongting lake area are reflected in the decrease of the cultivated land and the increase of construction land and the water area . The main conversion of land use include four types: paddy field converted to builtup areas and water, the area of forest transformed to builtup areas and dry land area converted to construction land. Compared to 1989,runoff increased by 206×105 m3 in 1999 if 1996 precipitation was used. The increase of the construction land is the main reason that runoff increases in this period. Land use change influenced the runoff and confluence process in flood season. To strengthen the land management in flood area and the rational control and adjustment of land use status will lighten the threat of flood disaster.

The role and problem of macrophytes in artificial wetlands for wastewater treatment are very important. Macrophytes are essential for the function of artificial wetland, so it is necessary to study macrophytes in artificial wetland. Using methods in community ecology, plant communities in natural wetland (NW) and in two types of artificial wetland, one being free water surface artificial wetland (FWSAW) and the other subsurface flow artificial wetland (SFAW) were investigated in the present study. The results showed that the landscape of FWSAW was more than that of SFAW in terms of aesthetics. The species diversity of plant community in FWSAW was more than that in SFAW, while natural wetland was between FWSAW and SFAW. The number of community layer in FWSAW was close to that in SFAW. Species diversity and Shannon-Wiener index of plant community in SFAW were more than those in FWSAW. This study supports the basic concept for macrophytes research and plant succession of artificial wetland for wastewater treatment. It is suggested that Sagittaria sagittifoliashould be selected to plant in artificial wetland. Sagittaria sagittifoliaand Oenanthe stoloniferashould be selected to plant in FWSAW.

Eutrophication is a problem which become widely recognized by scientific community over last a few decades. This has resulted in increased research effort and expenditure on management. Most studies have demonstrated that there is a relative importance of nonpoint source pollution ( NPSP ) in catchments for eutrophication. There are a lot of NPSP models simulating nutrient transport and transformation processes. This paper accounted for watershed interaction processes in general and structure of typical NPSP models, reviewed the research status of the nonpoint source pollution models on watershed scale, analyzed some representative models such as LTHIA, AGNPS, ANSWERS, SWAT, BASINS. Their structures, basic components, functions, and integrated means with GIS were compared. The future development trend of nonpoint source pollution watershed models was analyzed.

As an interface between the dynamic, interactive and transformative ruralurban spectrum, the periurban zone can be divided into several types based on its forming mechanisms. The high complexity of spatial and landuse/cover structure and the temporal variability of landuse forms, however, are displayed in all of the kinds of periurban types. During the rapid urbanization process, increasing pressure is posing on periurban soil resources. First of all, fast transformation of farming lands into nonagricultural uses leads to sharp decrease in agricultural soil area, threatening directly the local agricultural production and food security. Besides, disposal and accumulation of hazard wastes originating from urban, industrial and agricultural sources in periurban areas result in soil degradation and serious pollution, leading to negative influences not only on quality of agricultural products, but local ecosystems. The studies focusing on landuse/cover changes and soil resource dynamics in the periurban areas are now imminently in demand.

Market failure of natural resources is more serious than general products because its generation's problems which bring by its public and external economic character are more serious than general products. In the usage of natural resources between generations, the contemporary person always tends to use natural resources as more as possible, and this kind of behavior makes the problem of “public land tragedy” more serious than general goods. Although the conflicts in using renewable resource between generations are slighter than the depletable resource, the problem of market failure that brings by the generations' behavior still exists. Therefore, in order to use the renewable resource between generations in a sustainable way, government needs to enter the renewable resource market to regulate it according to its economic character, and to establish a reasonable usage institution system. Taking the fishery resources used in a sustainable way as an example, the paper first uses the cost-value economics method to analyze the using cost and value of renewable resource in its usage between generations on the basis of Schaefer's model. Then, the paper put forward the optimum institution pathway in which the renewable resource can be used effectively between generations, including the regulation by original cost, definite division of property rights, the exchangeable regulation contributing tickets and the regulation of public compensation.

Discharge trends and abruption in the Yangtze Basin have been analyzed based on the monthly discharge data, and the MannKendall statistical method was used to test the trend in change of the discharge. The results indicate that slight increase in trend has been detected in annual discharge since 1990s, but the trend is not significant and the distribution is uneven with the decrease in middle and upper reaches, and increase in lower reaches of the Yangtze Basin. According to the seasonal and monthly data, there is significant increase in trend in summer and winter, especially in July and January. The flood season discharge shows slight increase in trend, which may be one of the reasons leading to frequent flood occurence in 1990s. The analysis of the abruption reveals an abrupted change in 1926 on annual scale with the MannKendall rank statistical test in Yichang and Hankou stations, which is somewhat coincident with the change of temperature and precipitation.

Taihu Basin in Jiangsu province is an area with concentrated towns within the Yangtze River Delta, with the rapid development of urbanization in the country driven by industrialization. The proportion of population out of agriculture is quite high there and latent townsfolk becames more and more. Main environmental problems there are: plantation has reduced, bearing power of the environment has fallen; water pollution became serious and environmental capacity has decreased; contamination from industry in towns is in high consistence; and ecological risk after urbanization has increased. Urbanization in South Jiangsu is under a fastigium now, the programming of new towns with ecological rule and economic rule should be made based on the characteristics of environment change during the process of urbanization. Land management and environment management should be intensified; the course of urbanization should be sped up, and the increasing mode of industrial economy in the villages and towns should be changed.

Based on the remote sensing images of 1987, 1993 and 2000, the wetland spatial database in Zhangdu watershed was built up and the images were interpreted as supported by GIS. After an analysis on the change of the wetland in Zhangdu Watershed, the authors explained the reason for wetland change from the point of human activities. Three essential conclusions are drawn as follows: Firstly, wetland is the main land use form in Zhangdu Watershed; Secondly, natural wetland and artificial wetland decreased from 1987 to 2000, and the water land area decreased most; Thirdly, the factor that affects the change of wetland in Zhangdu Watershed is adjustment of industry and urbanization.

Primary water environmental problems in the Yangtze River Three Gorges' Reservoir were discussed. Some important results from recent research projects were reviewed in detail and some important scientific problems which need to be further studied more carefully in the near future were suggested. They are the water environmental modelling of the Yangtze River Three Gorges' Reservoir, the systematic engineering of pollution resources control, the eutrophication of the reservoir water, and the sediment of soil and sand in the reservoir, the pollution of heavy metals in the reservoir. Based on the River Water Quality Model (RWQM) suggested by the International Water Association (IWA), some points of view and methods for further research on the water environmental modelling in the Yangtze River Three Gorges' Reservoir were put forward. Based on a new lake eutrophication model，after forecasting the content of phosphorus，through the nonlinearity among the water eutrophication and its effecting factors, such as the nutrients, water depth, water flow rate, climate temperature, etc, the artificial neural network model was made, and the potential of the eutrophication of the reservoir water was primarily studied. Some primary results were presented and discussed. The process of soil and sand sediment and interaction of the sediment of soil and sand with heavy metals in the reservoir was discussed, some important water environmental problems in the Yangtze River Three Gorges′ Reservoir needed to be focussed in near future.

This paper summarized the real pollutant loads into the Three Gorges Reservoir before impoundment, in which the pollutant loads from Reservoir Area consist of those caused by the household sewage, industrial sewage, agriculture pollution and shipflowing pollution. The background pollutant loads by the upstream Yangtze River, two major tributaries Jialing River and Wujiang River were analyzed and divided into two parts of the upstream natural background pollutant load (UNBPL) and the contribution pollutant load (CPL) of upstream manmade pollution. All above provided the basis for the water pollution control of the Three Gorges Reservoir. The results had shown that: (1) the total load of pollutants (including CODCr, BOD5, NH3N and TP) into the Three Gorges Reservoir in 1998 were respectively annually 4.489 9×106,9.795×105,1.005×105 and 8.27×104 tons, in which those from the Three Gorges Reservoir Area were respectively 3.941×105,1.887×105,1.3×104,and 1.56×104 tons;(2) the main contribution pollutant loads were the upstream background load from the upstream Yangtze River, two major tributaries Jialing River and Wujiang River, containing UNBPL and CPL. The CODCr load of UNBPL was slightly smaller than that of CPL.The BOD5 and NH3N loads of CPL were slightly larger than those of UNBPL. And the TP load of CPL was grealtly larger than that of UNBPL. So the pollution control of the upstream Yangtze River, two major tributaries Jialing River and Wujiang River should be the major issue for the Three Gorges Reservoir;(3) The major pollutants in the Reservoir Area were organic substances (pollutants) such as TP, BOD5,TN and CODCr.whose ratio of accumulative pollution load over 98%. The major pollution source was runoff formed by the agriculture, whose ratio of accumulative pollution load 77.85%.Next was household sewage, whose ratio of accumulative pollution load 19.45%. And the ratio of accumulative pollution load for the industrial sewage occupied 1.62%. Hence, the agriculture source will become the key issue for the Reservoir Area; (4) regarding the spacial distribution of pollution sources in the Reservoir Area, the upstream downtowns of Chongqing Municipality City was the major region discharging pollutants into the Three Gorges Reservoir. The discharge loads of CODCr and BOD5 were respectively annually 1.31×105, 5.6×104 tons, corresponding to 33.2% and 29.6% of total pollutant load in the Reservoir Area. Hence, the upstream downtowns of Chongqing Municipality City will be the major pollution control region.

According to the daily rainfall data of 10 weather stations around the dam area of the Three Gorges Reservoir from 1992 to 2002, the ratio method is used to extend the shortrange data, then the comparing and regressive methods are adopted to analyze the variation of rainfall, rain days, heavy rain and heavy rain days with time(within a year, yearly) and topography(height, slope) . It is revealed that it is obvious with dry winter, more rain in summer and autumn, and increasing rainfall in recent years around the dam area of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Compared with Wuhan, there is more rain days but fewer heavy rain days; rainfall, rain days, heavy rain and heavy rain days increased with height; because of the blocking and augmenting effect of mountain on air flow, there is more rain and rain days in the south part of the river (in correspondence to the north slope) than in the north part (in correspondence to the south slope); the water body can restrain raining progress near the reservoir, and it is more obvious at night than in daytime, in the strong rainfall process than in the weak rainfall process.It should be highly regarded that there is more rain at higher mountainous place than in lower maintain valley, and that will magnify with more water deposit in the reservoir, which will lead to more geological disasters around the dam area of the Three Gorges Reservoir.

Effects of forest filter means that forests can eliminate and/or buffer contamination. This is one of the important service functions of forest ecosystems. With the increase of pollution to water body and the air, more and more expectations have been paid to the self-cleaning function of forest ecosystem.Therefore, it is very necessary to study the process and mechanism of forest ecosystems to hold, absorb, and purify pollutants with their canopy, tree trunks, shrubs, herbs, litter and soil（microbe）. It is also an important step for assessing the hydrological service functions of forests. In this paper, effects of forest ecosystems to purify pollutants, specially acid deposition by tree layer, undergrowth, the litter and the soil were reviewed in order to find out the existing problems of current research and look for the possible approaches for further research. It was found that most research focused on the experimental observations and the phenomenon explanation and there was a lack of research on the allocation process and reasonable simulation models.In this paper, the authors took the whole forest as a filter system, and described the research progress in different subsystems, including plants, litter, soil and microorganism.

There has no country that can survive without access to water resources. River basins, as the key bodies of water resources, are the source of human civilizations. It is particularly true for China, which is one of the four ancient civilizations and the most populated country in the world today. The Yangtze Basin (YB) started to take over the Yellow River Basin as the center of China's agroeconomic activities after the Tang Density (640 A.D.) due to the climate change. Despite of unfavourable development policies in a certain period, YB has again played a key role in the national economic growth when the new republic sets its task to pursuit industrialization since the early 1950s because of its good location and high quality of human resources. It is expected that Yangtze Basin would have to be functioned more than expected, especially in the development of heavychemical industry. Undoubtedly, geographical condition will continually play as a key factor when the climate change is unfavourable to the north arid land. As the most crowded area in China, however, YB has already faced great challenges itself, such as soil erosion in its upper stream, air pollution in its urban areas, energy shortage for the whole region, the conflict of land use between rural area and the cities, etc. All these problems could be handled by sustainable regional development policies.

The flood disaster in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is the combined consequence of its geography and human activities. The structure of water system and the geographical characteristics decide its floodprone, and the climate variability and land use/land cover changes make the water circulation change greatly; whereas the construction of a number of reservoirs and dikes and the development of urbanization cause the flood process verified remarkably. Therefore, under the influence of these factors, the flood disaster in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River occurs frequently in recent years. This paper summed up the impact of climate variability on precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, discussed the relationship between water system properties and flood disasters, and analyzed the laws of influence of human activities on flood disasters. Based on these studies, the rainstormflood simulation under the variational condition has been developed. We took the Nantiaoxi of Dongtiaoxi Valley as a study area to verify dynamically the precipitationrunoff process. In one word, all of the works provide the support for flood proofing and disaster reduction in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

In this paper, we firstly introduced briefly the wetland in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and then analyzed the actualities of wetland evolvements affected by integrated physical and anthropic factors, including atrophy of wetland area, decline of wetland functions, immoderate and excessive exploitation and utilization of wetland resources, the decrease of biodiversity, increasingly serious pollution of the wetland environment and damage of the wetland whole value. And then we discussed the evolvement of several relationships in the evolving process of the wetland, including relationships between the Yangtze River and related lakes, flood storage and discharge, related mountains and lakes (rivers), lakes and polders. Finally, we highlighted prospects in wetland conservation by proposing some countermeasures on the basis of river basin integrative management(RBIM), including the unification of the river basin integrative management, the better programming of wetland conforming to the principles of RBIM and the organization of all relationships in relation to wetland systems, strengthening of ecological management pattern research and comprehensive treatment of the soil and water loss in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, as well as the construction and management of wetland nature reserve, and protect the wetland biodiversity.

Types of land uses were extracted from remote sensing images obtained in 1986, 1996 and 2002. The land use conversion matrixes in the study area over two time periods, i.e. 1986~1996 and 1996~2002, were obtained and analyzed based on GIS. The spatialtemporal changes of land uses in Jingjiang flood diversion district show that the settlement and builtup areas underwent changes from farmlands and forest lands and increased distinctly by 9.66% per year in the last 17 years. Forestland was reduced obviously in a large scale, and was converted to farm lands and settlement and builtup areas. In the study area, dry lands and paddy fields were converted from one to the other in different years, which was mainly based on the crop price in different years. Water surface and bottomlands decreased by 1.85% and 3.34% per year. The main driving force of land use changes is the policy shifts due to the demand of socialeconomic development and population growth. As an important position in the Yangtze River flood protection, Jingjiang flood diversion district should take special polices different from the protected areas, with the regulation of the landuse structure and the control of populations, and sustainable development.

Jingjiang flood diversion area is designed to diverte flood when the flood exceeds the safety flood discharge in Jingjiang part of the Changjiang river for insuring the satety of Jingjiang Great Embankment, Jianghan Plain and the city of Wuhan. It contributes continually to prevent or control flood, so we try to build an information system to manage and demonstrate that the area can supply effective information for decision\|making in preventing flood. This paper analyzed the deficiencies of requirement analysis and information organization during the period when we built the information system according to usual thought. After that we did lots of detailed preparing jobs, such as analysing users' requirement and preprocessing data. We then organized abundant data, designed and realized database. After designing the system by prototype method, we developed the information system for Jingjiang flood diversion area by Visual Basic 6.0 and Mapobject, which have many functions required by users. The system unified basic information of Jingjiang flood diversion area, which reflects the characteristic and significance of the area. We think small and effective system would be better, which satisfied the requirements of Engineering Management Bureau of Jingjiang Flood Diversion Area.

With the rapid development of urbanization all over the world, the problem of sustainable urban development is increasingly regarded. As an outsize compound city, Chongqing is the center of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, the pioneer of the great West Development. So it is very important to discuss its sustainable development and the whole west region. In this article, an index system to appraise the sustainable development of Chongqing municipality is formed and the sustainable development of Chongqing city is appraised by evaluation method of arrangement model. The present situation of Chongqing's sustainable development is analyzed. According to the appraisal result, it is found that the situation of sustainable development is better in Chongqing before 2001; after 2001 the economy develops fast, but there are deficiencies in environment and resource. At last, we put forward some measures for sustainable development in Chongqing in order to offer reference for municipal management and decisionmaking.

The stable isotopic ratios in precipitation have notable seasonal variations in the vapor transport path in Kunming in Southwest China, with a higher mean δ18O in precipitation in dry season (from November to April) than that in rain season (from May to October).The vapor for precipitation in Kunming is originated primarily from low\|latitude oceans. The slope and the constant item in the meteoric water line (MWL), compared to the global MWL, are both smaller in Kunming, and are related to the evaporation enrichment of heavy isotopes as raindrops fall in unsaturated atmosphere. There is a notable positive correlation between the stable isotopic ratios in precipitation and the dewpoint deficit in land ΔTd. In dry season with the dry air, light precipitation, great ΔTd in atmosphere, strong evaporation and thus strong enrichment of heavy isotopes, influenced by continental air-mass, the rainfall in Kunming is characterized with high stable isotopic ratio. In rain season with the moist air, heavy precipitation, small ΔTd in atmosphere, light evaporation and thus light enrichment, influenced by lowlatitude marine vapor, the rainfall is characterized with low stable isotopic ratio. Therefore, it can be deduced that the effect is the outcome of the impact of different vapor origins on stable isotopes in precipitation.

Globalization, market reforming and the gradual change of right decentralization system have constructed a highly competitive environment among Chinese local governments, and produced a unique “Competitive Regional Governance” (CMRG) pattern. By taking the Yangtze River delta as a case research area, this paper discusses CMRG′s operation mechanism, features and some patterns. Based on the summary of five patterns of CMRG that have appeared in the Yangtze River delta, the paper reveals that in the gradual reform, CMRG′s contents, types, means, and patterns are also in the process of continuous evlolution and updating. Meanwhile, it points out that the overall tendency of Chinese socioeconomic development will fundamentally affect CMRG′s form and evolution process. Finally, this paper makes a prospective for CMRG′s future development, which mainly focuses on such three trends as ① network of management, ② from direct control to multipattern influence, and ③ gradual establishment of partner relationship among multiunits.