In this article the author put forward the following new tendency of regional economic cooperation in the Yangtze River Delta. First, a tendeney was observed from administration division economy to metropolitan circle economy. There are a series of remarkable differences, in running environment, mechanism, objectives, patterns and adjustment means and so on between the administrative division economy and the metropolitan circle economy, and the metropolitan circle economy is more adapted to the need of regional economic integration. This transformation manifests mainly two aspects, i. e. from internal urban unity to interurban joint development, and from enterprise alliance to metropolitan alliance. Second, the unilateral development across the river has become the bilateral corrdinated development spanning the river. For example, the development strategy spanning the river is implemented in Shanghai, South Jiangsu and Hangzhou. Third, the foreign capitaloriented economy has changed to the open economy. The combination of economic globalization and nongovernmentalization, foreign capital and native capital are important features of regional economic development. Lasd, the government has been more responsible, e. g. the formation of service government in Shanghai, the rational governing of Jiangsu, and by doing nothing against the nature of Zhejing.

The along river region of Jiangsu includes 6 cities governed by the province and 15 cities governed by counties holding Yangtze River bank. The ground area and people along river region account for 25.9 %and 30.2 % for the two categories of the areas, but their GDP in total 48 per cent of the whole province. The development level in society and economy along river region is rather high, but the difference in the south and north of the river is obvious, other 7 indexes in the north is lower than in the south in 8 indexes concerning society, economy and city development except for city density. To construct three city development axes of Ningtong, Ningsu and Sutong and three city development groups of Ningyi,Three rivers and Taiyang along river city strap, two development axes of Ningtong and Ningsu along river are central axes of the city strap. There are development patterns in harbor areas of single and allround functions for the cities away from harbors. The cities away from farbor should take development model of allround functions, but small cities select city development model of single function.

The evolution of Nantong's spatial layout has advantages of favorable geographical location, sound economic basis and developmental history. But there are also disadvantages: the comparatively sluggish urbanization level compared with that of the industrialization, the spatial development misbalance, imperfect hierarchical scale structure,the disproportionally small central urban area which can hardly spur on the whole area's development. Besides, the cities’ and towns’ functions are basically in the comparatively \{unitary\} phrase and the spatial layout is primarily shaped by main traffic arteries. The present article suggests that the deficiency of comprehensive economic strength is the basic reason for the stagnant development of the towns, therefore, the strategies for improving the spatial pattern of Municipal Nantong should take the road of polarized townization, accelerate municipal construction, priorize infrastructure ,and gradually form a municipal system of reasonable administrative level and scientific layout.

Environmental Kuznets Curve is at present popular in the field of environmental economics. From the time when Grossman and Krueger used this conception, many regional data were analyzed with the method of regression analyses backed it up, but there are only a few theoretical data to testify the curve so far, so that it is hard to estimate when the turning point of environment quality will come. This paper established twoproducts model from the point of making the maximum social welfare. By using the index of consumption preference, the optimum environmental investment was then found and then the essential conditions for Environmental Kuznets Curve. At last conclusions were drawn in this paper. First, there are two turning points: one corresponding to the worst environmental quality,and the other with no pollutant damage beyond. Second, environmental quality is controlled by regional economic development, not only by economic growth, because all the parameters of nonenvironmental production function, pollutionemission function and pollutioncontrolling function are controlled not by economic growth, but by economic development. Therefore, in order to maximize social welfare, and to achieve earlier turning points, it is to important to adjust industry structure, to improve the policy of national income distribution, and to advocate rational consumption.

Because human consume the products and services of nature, every one of us has an impact on the earth. Whether or not the human load stay within global carrying capacity? The ecological footprint concept which was put forward in recent years by ecologicaleconomist E. R. William and M.Wackernage1 has been designed to answer this question and estimate the impact on nature. It is a useful indicator for measuring the pressure imposed by human on nature capital and also a powerful indicator for regional sustainability. The ecological footprint of any defined population is the total area of ecologically productive land and water occupied exclusively to produce all the resources consumed and to assimilate all the wastes generated by the population. The ecological footprint and its calculation method is introduced in the paper. This article analyses the ecological footprint of Hunan Province in 2000. The ecological footprint ledger is composed with three main parts:①biotic resources;②energy consumption; and ③trade balance. With natural capital production at the regional level using existing data. Based on the ecological footprint method, in the case of Hunan Province, the result shows that the per capita deficit of ecological footprint was 0.532 4 per capita in 2000, and the development at present is disadvantageous for achieving sustainable development. At last, a brief comment about the theory of ecological footprint is put forward.

After explaining relationships between land carrying capacity and sustainable development, this paper took land carrying capacity as an index to evaluate the security of land resources. The logistic model of [SX(]DN[]dt[SX)]=r·N·[JB(（][SX(]\{K-N\}[]K[SX)][JB)）]can describe the increase of population. From the model and using the theory of entropy, this paper derived the final solution of [SX(]K[]2[SX)]≤N<[JB（(]1+[SX(]1[][KF(]3[KF)][SX)][JB))]·[SX(]K[]2[SX)], which can be taken as the population security interval for regional land resources. Taking Jiangsu Province as a case study, and after evaluating the land carrying capacity, this paper advanced the assessment standards of land resource security at three levels of living standards, namely simply having enough food and clothing, leading to a relatively comfortable life, and being welloff. The result indicated that the current land resources in Jiangsu Province at all the three levels are in safe situation, however, the population at the level of being welloff has reached the up limit of the security. Therefore, the control of population and protection of land resources are necessary. Lastly, the paper raised problems needing attention in the further research of land resource security.

The assessment on suitability of land resources is the base for land exploitation and arrangement. Unused land that is the primary object of land exploitation and arrangement has special natural and economic characters. The assessment on suitability of unused land resources is the key work in land exploitation and arrangement. Firstly, the unused land assessment method based on Geographic Information System is designed in the paper.Further,expounding the course of assessment from four aspects:(1)the method of choosing assessment cells and creating technique in computer; (2)selecting assessment factors and assessment index system; (3)ensuring proportions of assessment factors by the means of Delphi and mathematics model ; (4)the course of land assessment. Lastly, the application for the landsystem is made through the unused land assessment of Liucheng County, the assessment result can be quickly displayed on the map, providing some feasible advice for land using.

Based on the statistics and onthespot investigation, this paper analyses the basic characteristics and the temporal and spatial dynamic laws of entrying tourist flows（ETFs） to and in Sichuan Province. The ETFs to and in Sichuan are composed of travelers from foreign countries and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, the two parts account for nearly the same proportion of the total. The main foreign tourist markets are the shortdistance markets (Northeast Asian and Southeast Asian), which keep relatively concentrated and stable, Japan, U S A, Singapore, and Thailand are the key entry tourism countries of Sichuan Province. The main target of entry tourists to Sichuan is sightseeing/vacation. As the foreign tourists stay in Sichuan for a short time and spend a little money, the output of tourism market of Sichuan is very low. The development of ETFs to and in Sichuan Province can be divided into three stages, namely preliminary development and rapidly rising stage, widerange fluctuating and gradual development stage and secondary development stage. The ETFs focus on Chengdu(the provincial capital) and spread up to the high quality and most famous tourism spots, so the tourism net can not be formed.

It is an important key and foundation to set up a database of spatial water cycle based on GIS technology for developing water cycle information system. In order to match the observation data, the structure of database will be organized according to drainages. So automated extraction of the flow network and drainages is a premise of all other works. This paper puts forward a method that automatically extracts drainages in China from DEM data. This method used DEM data of 1∶250,000 scale, and firstly divided the DEM of whole country into 14 parts based on the drainages extracted from 1 km DEM data; secondly filled sinks and removed peaks in each part; thirdly identified the flow direction of each cell using flowdirection () function; fourthly calculated the flow accumulation of each cell according to flow direction and identified the flow network by setting the threshold value; finally used the watershed() function to find out all the subdrainages based on the flow networks and the watershed outlet. On the other hand, this article listed the AML code for automated extraction drainages from DEM data. Finally the authors checked the result of automated extraction using some surveyed data in Haihe drainage area. Through analysis on the comparison between the flow networks and drainage area that extracted using this method and surveyed data, it is concluded that this method is effective and efficient.

Agricultural industrialization is an inevitable trend of the agricultural development in the modern economy of China. In the region along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, management forms of agricultural industrialization and different regional models have been developed since 1990’s which had great effect on agricultural results, farmers, income and development of rural economy, such as the leading types of manufacturing enterprise and circulatory enterprise, the radiation types of special market, the new patterns of cooperative economy organizations, the impetus types of dominant products and outoriented agricultures, etc. Some practical countermeasures for the future development of agricultural industrialization in this region are given as following: to build innovation systems of agriculture including to consummate organization of rural market and agricultural industrialization, to build new investment system and new shifting system of agricultural land using right, to change the service function of administrative unit and scientific research organization, to adjust the structure of rural economy, agriculture and agricultural products to build specialized agricultural areas, to innovate farming techniques and set up agricultural S & T exemplary zone to improve the S & T’s contribution in agriculture, to produce new ideologies of agricultural management in the modern market competition for the development of modern agriculture.

Aiming at the present utilization state of agricultural resources in redsoil hilly area of south China, this paper analyzed the characteristics of the agriculture resource and the state of agricultural structure in Taojiang county, Hunan province. According to the statistics of Taojiang county, the authors quantitatively analyzed the influence on agricultural gross output value caused by the output value change of farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery by applying gray incidence analysis. The array of gray incidence degree from 1950 to 2000 was: Farming (0.887 5) > Animal husbandry (0.760 2) >Fishery \{(0.675 6)\} >Forestry (0.543 3). The result indicted Farming and Animal husbandry were main factors to cause the change of agriculture gross output value. By gray method (1,1), the gross and individual output values of agriculture from 2001 to 2005 were predicted. Based on the result, this paper worked out gray incidence degree: Farming (0.611 3) >Fishery（0.358 7）>Forestry (0.347 6) > Animal husbandry0.334 7. By comparing the two arrays, the potential industry could be clearly concluded.In combination with agricultural resources and the developing trend of agricultural industry, the authors brought forward the optimizing direction of agricultural structure in Taojiang county.

The countryside in China stands weakly at all aspects especially in the central and west rural regions. We must realize the importance as how to develope the competitiveness in the region after being a member of WTO. This paper attempts to build a theory system of country competitiveness through probing into its basic theory and properties. And then we conceive its index system. Ultimatly, we analyse the practice meaning of countryside with some cases. Hunan Province is examined for its central section in the third stage of the evolvement of district interspace fabric. In other words, the development of Hunan is from pooling to dispersing. The country is an object for citifying. And Hunan is in the key status of joining with the social and economic development of the east and west. So all the reasons must be considered with the view of the central country competitiveness. By testing hypothesis, we analyse the practicality and significance of the competitiveness evaluation system, using a great deal of data to stand the country competitiveness of Hunan Province and China in the lines. The gap of the different rural areas in Hunan and the disparity of the provinces were observed. A new path of consideration on development stratagem of China country area, from the point of view of competitiveness is proposed. We also discuss the development stratagy of China country area in the range of the competitiveness in the world.

With the increase of population and development of economy in Shanghai, the demand of land increases rapidly, and the contradiction between human and land becomes more and more badly. The population of Shanghai will be 17.5 million, and the demand of land will be 2 267 km\+2 by 2010.The ultimate way is to accelerate reclaiming of tidal flat and landmaking,because Shanghai faces three side waters. How to choose reasonably the borderline of accelerating reclaming tideal flat and making land is an important problem of coastal and estuarine engineers. The depositionerosion change of East Nanhui tidal flat of the Yangtze estuary is rationally simulated by DEM(Digital Elevation Model)and GIS(Geography Information System)technology from 1996 to 1999.By Comparing this method with the traditional method of landform analysis, the synthesis method of DEM and GIS is quickly calculated,with less workload and supernal precision.The research results are as following:the 0.5~1 m elevation zone is the balance zone of erosiondepostition in Nanhi tidal flat,up that zone,the tidal flat is depositional, down that zone,the tidal flat area is eroded. According to the practical instances deepwater river dredge about the Yangtze estuary, and on the basis of the hydrology and suspend sedimentation data of the Yangtze estuary and the land making practice about lower tidal flat,we think that the 0.5~1 m elevation zone is the rational area as borderline about accelerating reclaiming and making land. The research results will provide the theory for the sustaining development of tidal flat resources in Shanghai.

This text analyses the reasons and danger of soil erosion in the district of low mountains and hills, and points out that the comprehensive administration of soil erosion of low mountains and hills district should rely mainly on small basin comprehensive administration. The regularity of small basin soil erosion and the mode for comprehensive administration are explained according to small basin three ground form unit type, that is, woodgrass is prevented on the mountain top; economic forest belt is renovated on the hillside; technological measure that slope is changed to ladder manages on the hillfoot.The paper describes the ecological environment effect of comprehensive administration. When the soil is corroded, it carries the nutrient, with the losing amount of the cultivated land being the biggest and the losing amount of all N and P of the same high planting the least. The losing amount of organic matter, effective nitrogen and quickacting potassium of changeing slope to the ladder is better. It is proved that to protect fertile result of changing the slope to the ladder is better than the same high planting. The woodgrass vegetation improves the environment and raises the biodiversity function of ecosystem. This text will resume and establish the foundation for ecological environment recovery and sustainable agricultural development in the district of low mountains and hills.

Jiangnan river web located in Cangnan County，Zhejiang Provice is well developed in industrial and agricultural production, and is densely populated, The river pollution is more and more severe, The water environment safety of the river has been the chief question for industrial development and the people. Based on environmental monitoring data in 13 control sections from 1996 to 2001 on the surface water quality of the river in Cangnan County, the status quo and diversification trend of river pollution was analyzed and assessed.The major point sources and nonpoint sources were identified. Water quality of the major monitoring sections in Heyang branch is between ordersⅡand Ⅲ order, which can basically provide drinking water. Water quality in Jiangnan river web,Xiaojiangtang River and Gansongxi River were all order V, while Jiangnan river web pollution was deteriorated year by year. Water environment protection measures and pollution control planning was proposed based on water environment features and the existing issues.

This paper was mainly delt with the assessment on ecologyical vulnerability in the upper reaches of Mingjiang River. The upper reaches of the Mingjiang River is one of the typical vulnerable ecotones in our country. Its vulnerability is quite evident on account of the variable geography remarkably differentin height and dry climate, added up by the effect of human actions. In the light of the analysis which involves the factors and mechanisms of the ecological vulnerability,14 indexes including productivity of land, dryness index, soil errosion rate and grassland degeneration rate, etc, were chosen in order to set up an assessment index system. The system consists of three grades:1st ,2nd and 3rd grades. According to the analysis and calculations by the fuzzy mathematics method, we have drawn a conclusion that the ecological vulnerability of the upper reaches of the Mingjing River belongs to the 3rd grade of the system, namely the most vulnerable grade among the three grades. The conclusion conformed to the present condition of this regional ecological environment. At the same time, it is important to guide the river basin's economical development and ecological environment construction.

With the techniques of remote sensing (RS) applied in the observation of the water pollution from the surface of the earth to space, the research method of normal water quality has got a new point of view beyond routinization, and it indicates that the modern technique should have the importance of the precision improved and enhanced while the process is outspreading. On the other hand, RS can improve the limited conditions of the normal scale span and time efficiency while techniques of RS are applied in observation of the water quality, it also exists a large potential technical space to be improved for the water pollution information collected from RS and image translation at the present stage, not only for hardware techniques but also for software techniques, and RS can not fill entirely in status of the normal surface water pollution monitoring because of the error based on grade analysis of the practicality operation. Many studies about the RS process and image translation indicate that the results from remote sensing should be validated and reinforced by surface complementarities, even for the extrusive water pollution items which appeared in the image strongly, the conditions of the water quality will be investigated fully and accurately. Therefore the authors described the RS presentation and discussed the techniques of RS process. It is important and useful to analyze items applied in water pollution research with impersonal cognition and detail scale range in the application practically.

With the effective control of source pollution, nonpoint source pollution becomes more outstanding. Indeterminacy of time, way and quantity brought much difficulty to the management of agricultural environment and crippled availability of control measures. The carriedout research was most focused on calculating pollutant load and selecting controlling measures. But the influence factors were devoid of thorough understanding. According to the process of engendering pollution and pollution characteristic, all kinds of factors affecting nonpoint source pollution are analyzed in this paper. These factors include the pollutant gross at present and its changing direction, environmental purification competency, farm activity, climate and hydrological condition, and especially socioeconomy function. Dominants influence factors changing space with and time and the discrepancy among different terrains are pointed out. And the necessity of basic pollution investigation and database is emphasized, which will contribute to further study in the ThreeGorge Area.

The waste drainage of industry is affected by its scale,structure,composition, technology and equipments, as well as the environmental management and policy. This article selected some key indexes in water pollution and analyzed the relationship between the scale, structure, technology of industry,as well as the investment of environmental management. It is showed by this study that the enlargement of industrial scale has not caused the increase of waste industrial drainage, with the adjustment of industrial structure, the improvement of technology and implementation of standard drainage policy in the Yangtze River Delta. As to the industrial structure, some industrial drainage are sensitive to adjustment of their structure,but others are not. The improvement of industrial technology and investment of pollution control have negative relationship with industrial waste drainage, which means that the improvement of industrial technology and pollution control play an important role in the decrease of industrial water pollution.

Wulong County is located in the Three Gorges Reservoir area and the Wujiang River drainage basin. Its main landform type is mountain, so it is a typical mountainous county and has so many landslide hazards. It is also a national poverty county. In recent years, because of immigrations in the Threegorges area, the construction of the Yuhuai(from Chongqing to Huaihua)railroad and regional economy development, human activities have increased vastly. According to field surveys and data analyses, we concluded:(1)There are 233 landslides sites, with their volume being 1.36×10\+8m\+3,so Wulong county is the heavy catastrophic region in Chongqing and Three Gorges Reservoir area. (2)The classification features of those landslides have several aspects. The dominant types are superficial landslide and surface layer landslide in thickness classification. The main type of substance composition is earth landslide. The primary types are mediummodel landslide and littlemodel landslide in landslide volume classification.(3)In Wulong County there are 46 towns in total and the 233 landslides are distributed in 41 towns. The landslides distribution is not equal in the whole Wulong County. Yajiang and Changba towns have relatively more landslides, with 27 landslides and 25 landslides respectively.(4)The main bedrock stratums are shale and mud rock. The great mass of landslides developed on the slope with the gradient varying from 10 degree to 30 degree.(5)The causes and mechanism of those landslides embody 3 aspects. They are abroadly distributed easyslide stratums, instability of slope structure, influence of landform an geometry and geomorphology, abduction of rainstorm and human activities.