After thousands of year's development, an original large-scale urban agglomeration form was shaped in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River. The central city of urban agglomeration is Wuhan, and the economic relationship among the cities inside the agglomeration is very close. On the basis of the analysis of the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River and the comparison with urban agglomerations in Yangtze River Delta and Zhujiang River Delta, we found that the cause of the laggard economy and the large gap between the cities inside the urban agglomeration is the stitutional barrier. Then we discussed a series of suggestions aimed to the coordination of the region sustainable development, such as the transition of government function, the establishment of the interregional coordinating system, the reforming of the urban landuse system，and the development of the small towns. On the basis of these suggestions, a strategy that aims to establish an urban agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, which is surrounding Wuhan city, was expounded. We believe,that the establishment of this urban agglomeration will accelerate the industrial transition from east to west,to provide a strategic fulcrum for the “Western Development”，which will be beneficial to the sustainable and rapid economic development in China.

The urbanization has been developing fast since 1980's, which resulting in rapidly changes of urban patterns. The change of urban patterns not only reflects the change of direction and development scale of a very vague and rough city, but also shows the relation between a city and its natual environment and regional spatial structure. But up to now we still depict the urban pattern in qualitative methods, resulting in study in urban pattern. So it is important to find a quantitative way to describe urban pattern. A re search of quantitative analysis on urban pattern can not only strength theoretical research of urban spatial structure and urbanization, but also provide scientific bases, including regulation of urban development direction, development scale , and development speed. This paper applies quantitative methods to measure and classify urban pattern. And then according to results of classification, we analyze background and mechanism of various urban patterns in order to provide scientific reference basis for urban development plan in urbanization process.

With the collection of economic data and other related data of 17 districts from 1994 to 2000 ,the regional disparity of economic development in Hubei, has been analyzed by means of multilevels analyses with GIS and multisamples statistics. The result shows that there are disparity and hierarchy of regional distribution between economic developed types and the comprehensive index in Hubei province.The developed economic types of 17 districts are classified into three models on the basis of economic developed principles, of which there are laborefficience,structure-fficience and comprehensive efficience,etc. Based on the computed comprehensive index ,the inconsistence of regional distribution between the three types and the comprehensive economic index is exposed through multi-levels analysis. At last, regional interrelation of distribution between Per Capita GDP and the comprehensive economic index has been analyzed using GRA(Grey Relation Analysis),and the calculated relation values show that the reaseach method is feasible. We hope the conclusion be adopted so as to provide beneficial references for the development and harmony of regional economy.

The Shilin scenery and historical Spots (lately known as the Shilin national park) was founded firstly in 1930s.The development of the Shilin karst landscape resources with local ethnic cultural resourc es in the Park experienced from as a local sight-seeing place, through an excursion destination serving for the central city, to the basis of the regional pillar industry of both Shilin Yi autonomous County and Kunming city. An economic system has affected the Shilin tourism industry. The products of the Shilin tourism industry are mainly to host the sight-seeing tourists under the planned system,and the main parts of the Shilin tourism income are from the tourist tickets, which gives out different effects on various levels of the economy in the county. The Shilin tourism economy brings a positive effect on the county-level economic structure, industrial adjustment, state fiscal levy and governmental revenue. In the last 5 years, the income from the Shilin tourism averagely makes up 9%～11% of annual GDP, 27.9%～33% of the third industryincome, 10.8%～40.1% fiscal levy. However, the development of the Shilin tourism did not produce significant effects on local agriculture, employment of rural citizens and family revenue here compared to effects on the county-level economy, and then the positive effects from the Shilin tourism reduce with distance increment away from the tourist centre in the Park. The rural citizens who receive economic interests of the Shilin tourism are limited within the villages located at the sight-seeing centre of the Park and only 15% of population of the Park. The percentage of rural citizens working in the third industry in the tourism centre of the Park is 7%～35% higher than in other places. The results from the investigation of working fields of the villager s in the local tourism industry show that the local villagers are not actively involved in the tourism industry, and the common situations for them are that most of them are employed by the administration of the Shilin Park after their farming lands were expropriated, and some become individual operators and some are employed by outside employers who operate tourism enterprises in the Park. Their working fields mainly are in food-beverage service, environmental sanitation, tree planting, making and selling local ethnic arts as well as tourist transportation and tourist guide. It is proposed, that more efforts should be made in developing rural economy by improving the coordination of village infrastructure, agriculture and rural citizens` employment with the tourism industry of the Shilin Park.

How to protect ecological environment and to meet the demand of regional socioeconomic development on land use is an important issue in current China. There are various conflicts between land use and nature conservation in Tianmu Mountain in the north part of Zhejiang Province, where exits the common water source of Taihu Lake Catchme nt and Qiantang River Catchment. By focusing on the analysis of land use conflict, this research tries to find the probable methods and coordinate mechanisms between ecosystem conservation and other land use patterns, so as to conserve the nature reserve effectively and support local development as well as benefit to vicinal peasants. It is suggested that conservation targets should be revised and conservation policies adjusted; a reasonable compensation mechanism established; different land use policies applied in different functional zones in the nature reserve; ecotourism considered as a breakthrough to land use conflicts; the comanagement enhanced between the nature reserve and local community for sustai nable utilization of natural resources in the reserve.

The environment of Nanjing's urban waterfront have the unique elements which contain mountains, rivers, ancient walls, woods and deltas. During last hundred years it develops rapidly as the demands of economics and tourism. The evolution of environment functions of Nanjing's urban waterfront had its unique historical experiences. At present it is important for contemporary Nanjing to plan the landscape for further development under sustainable use of natural and human resources. This paper analyzes the elements of historical and contemporary environment of Nanjing's urban waterfront, and proposed the principle ideas for landscape planning. On the basis of previous research, four districts are divided: the la ndscape in western urban is as modern cityscape, the Xiaguan waterfront displays the harbors with the experience of Nanjing's hundredyear history, the Mu and Yan Mountain ranges remain their natural cliff and wild scenery and Deltas keeps its countryside picturesque, the Dachang waterfront displays the modern industrial scenery，the Pukou & Zhujiang waterfront displays the modern cityscape.

After a special historical and geographical evolution and development, the traditional human settlement villages in south China mountain range have become a very rare heritage of with historic culture,which have proper landscape resource, vivid sectional culture and combination of science and scientifical untilization. Thanks to the isolation for complex geographical environment and the relique kept back by ancestor scrupulously abided by immigrant in ancient south China mountain range, a great deal of human settlement landscape conserved has become tourism r esource with greatly exploited value.In order to promote the development of social and economic in the 21th century, exploitation and utilization the enrichment resource is needed.Some principles should be followed: go deep into inve stigate before exploitation,stand out emphases and choose the best to exploit, adjust measures to local conditions and stand out sectional cultural characteristic, tourism exploitation assorts with the development of village economic and social, pay equal attention to protect and exploit the resource.

The arable land, which takes an important role in cultivation, is a complicatedly ecosystem. The primary factors to affect the quality of the arable land are comprised of natural, socioeconomic and the geographic situation. Through the analysis of the factors to affect the quality of arable land and the establishment of indicator systems for measure the change of the quality of arable land, it is essential to preliminarily preclude the converted tide and to discover the problems of arable land in time. This paper is based on the theoretical framework of state-efficiency-pressure to assess the quality of arable land in land patch scale, used of the statistical software SPSS and analyzed the historical statistical data of Liu Yang city, Hunan Province, the different state-indicators to the fertile content of arable land quality have been established. The other indicators, such as the conditional factors of situation & transportation of land patch connected with the nearly town, the natural and economical utilization-efficiency of the corns in land patch, are designed to evaluate, and some particular indicators to evaluate a specific problem, such as land erosion-rate, qualitative degradations of arable land, rough cultivation, the transformation of arable land at random, are put forwards. With the framework and methods as previously mentioned, the 1 156 arable land patches of Liu Yang, Hunan Province are researched and analyzed.

According to the statistical and survey data at provincial and county levels,the trend of cultivated land change,the spatial difference, and the driving forces of cultivated land change in Hunan province during the last 50 years are discussed in this paper.The total area of arable land and per capital availability are reducing;for example, the total cultivated land reached its top in 1957,then declined;per capital cultivated land decreased nearly in a straight line year after year,and changed from 0.114 hm\+2 to 0.049 hm\+2.The trend of decrease will continue with the development of economy and increase of population.Based on the GIS spatial analysis the gravity center and moed 10.198 km to the north,and the change have relatively regional difference. As a result of the principal component analysis and correlation analysis,the eight drivingforce variables affecting arable land changes were analyzed which could be classified into three types:pressure of population system, the dynamic development of economy and progress of science and thchnology in agriculture. By using regressive equation, along with population growth and economic development, the prediction of cultivated land in Hunan province is done for 2010 and 2025. The analytical results and conclusion of this paper will provide scientific basic for sustainable agriculture development in Hunan Province.

Water environment has become a main factor influencing the economy development in the south of Jiangsu Province. In order to achieve the integrated development in economy and environment protection the implementation of total quantity control of pollutant discharge is important. Based on abundant investigation about the load of water pollutants, the situation and function of water environment, in consideration of the hydrological character and the draining plan of the area, the authors analysed the amount of water pollutant discharge in this area and figure out the amount of water pollutants reduction in this area according to the concentration handle plan about water pollutant. Then,the application of the water quality model about river networks to predict the improvement of water quality after reduction is being made. Regarding the result as nature value and the function district of water environment protective goal in lower reaches of river as controlling demand, the authors deduce the maximum capacity for water pollutants if concentrative handle all rivers in this area. After scientific calculation it was got that the maximum capacity of containing water pollutant is 19.8 t/d, it makes economical scale limited and strongly influences the economic development of this area. The authors put forward some approach to expand the capacity of containing water pollutants and suggest to build a special channel to make polluted water flow into the Yangtze River.

With the powerful environmental function and ecological benefits as well as abundant resources, lake and wetland resources have been exploited and utilized in large scales.To obtain a large amount of production and subsistence, people have brought some negative impact on lake and wetland ecosystem, for instance, the decrease quantity, the decline in water quality, the retrogression of ecological environment, etc. Lakes and wetlands along the Yangtze River in Anqing region was defined as a provincial nature reserve. The big lakes along the middle-lower reaches of the Yangtze River have been generally destroyed and degenerated, but lakes and wetl ands along the Yangtze River in Anqing region have still kept their nature. Some experts are attracted to study these lakes and wetlands. The paper analyzes the resources and functions of the lakes and wetlands in Anqing region, discusses the impact of human activities on them from five aspects. Furthermore, the paper proposes some suggestions and countermeasures as to the protec tion of lake and wetland resources and environment along the Yangtze River in Anqing.

Human settlement is an important space for human beings to live. Human ecosystem, as a fundamental functional unit of human ecosystem, is a reflection of human-land relationship in mountain areas.The upstream area of Minjiang River is not only the area inhabited by minority people, but also an ecologically fragile area. Having taken Lixian county as a case study for human settlements in the upstream area of Minjiang River, the authors have found an unusual characteristics of the distribution of human settlements and their ecological adaptation in the upstream area. In addition to the above characteristics the human settlements in the upstream have showed the following several ecological features: 1) the existence and development of human settlements are constrained by actua l supply of energy and water resources; 2) the size of a human settlement is closely related with the quantity and quality of its farming land. Human settlement ecosystems are part of a regional ecosystem. The improvement of the quality of a human settlement ecosystem depends on the enhancement of the regional ecosystem and meanwhile will promote the improvement of the regional ecosystem.

Degradation of damaged ecosystems is a global issue. Identifying the types of damaged ecosystems helps understanding their degradation mechanisms, and furthermore, restoring them with appropriate approaches. Based on the common characteristics after damage, the damaged ecosystems are classified into three types, i.e. structure-damaged, landscape-damaged and mixed types. Structure-damaged and landscape-damaged ecosystems suffer from different effects. Loss of important species (such as keystone species, edificators of communities) and destruction of species relationship play important roles in the degradation of structure-damaged ecosystems. Therefore, conservation and recovery of these species is the key task to restore structure-damaged ecosystems. However, edge effect, island effect and small population effects (such as Allee effect, inbreeding and genetic drift) may play critical roles in the degradation of landscape-damaged ecosystems. To restore such ecosystems, it is important to increase area of fragments, decreas e distance isolation and make links among fragments.

Microcystins are hepatotoxin released by harmful toxic cyanobacterial bloom, are the potential risk factor of natural envi ronment and human health. MCLR has been listed as the special examining item in the newly published Environmental Quality Standard for the surface water. The paper investigated the seasonal variation of microcystin concentrations in lake Dianchi, where serious bloom has occurred in recent years. The concentration of microcystins has a range of 0.170.82 μg/L, which is far less than the amountin the cyanobacteria mass. The fate of microcystin in the lake was put forward on the base of absorption, photodegradation, and degradation experiments in site or in the laboratory. The results showed that the photodegradation was the main approach of the microcystins elimination.,while biodegradation, bioaccumulation, and adsorption had also contribution in reducing the concentration of microcystins in water.

Water and soil conservation task is an important job related to TGP project and to water from south to north, and it is one of important contents of west environment construction. In this paper, taking Chengkou county as an example, factors contributing to soil erosion were studied. This county, located in the north of Chongqing unicipality, is not only a major county in the Changjiang River 's water and soil conservation but also a major county of water and soil conservation in the upper reaches of Dan Jiang Kou Reservoir, which was the key project of the water from—south—to—north transportation. The soil erosion was very serious in the county, with its area being 1 728.67 km\+2 accounting for about 52.61% of th e whole county's area. The main factors, forming the soil erosion, were man—made factors as well as the natural. At the same time, there were abundant nature resources, that formed preferable basic condition for harness mode of soil erosion in the county. The authors put forward soil erosion harness modes and ways , based on the contributing factors of soil erosion, The aim of this paper was to advance environment construction and enhance water and soil conservation in Chengkou county, and to probe into a appropriate mode and way for water and soil conservation in poor mountain area county located in upper reaches of the Changjiang River.

The upper reaches of Changjiang River are the most serious regions of debris flow hazards. Nearly 60 counties and cities as well as hundreds of towns are under menaces of 6 800 gullies of debris flow in various kinds and scales claiming annual deaths of tens to hundred and causing annual economic loss amounting to 120~180 million US dollars. Debris flow gullies are scattering in geomorphologic transitional strips with great relief and concentrating in fault zones. Debris flow is a principal cause lagging and limiting the economic development in mountainous areas there. Further studies on theory and control measurements are in imminence. The upper Changjiang is flowing eastwards across two geomorphologic transition zones of the largest relief in China: 1.transition zone from the first terrace, i.e., the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, down to the second terrace, i.e., the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, where rainy and glacial debris flows are developed;2.transition zone from the second terrace descending down to the third terrace, where the dominating agents are rainy debris flows.The great difference of altitude in the transition is in element responsible for the distribution. In particular, the concentration of debris flow in the first zone is mainly dependent upon the more favorable conditions compared to the second: the higher altitude, greater relief, and more concentrated precipitation, etc.