The comprehensive competitiveness is one of key development questions,which has caused widespread attention from various countries' governments and academic interests.It has been derived from the study on the national competitiveness in western capitalist countries since 1970th,and is in vogue in European and American countries.Until now,the developing countries have been actively participating in evaluating its national competitiveness.Most researchers probe into it from the angle of economic and management domain.Limited by influence on economic discipline and globalization,the researchers make less consideration about territorial endowment and geographical environment,which as the foundation of local economic development are the important competitive composition and persistently affect regional competitiveness.From the angle of geography,the article analyzes the geographical factors,which influences on forming and developing process of regional comprehensive competitiveness,and constructs index system of comprehensive competitiveness which is made of four key categories:territorial endowment,regional strength,regional potential and innovation environment with 48 indices.The purpose of constructing this system is to provide new thoughts for regional socialeconomic development and international competitiveness promotion.

During the transitional period and along with the rapid and continuous increasing of economy,China faces the severe problems of recource overusing and environment degradation which would restrict the sustainable development of economy and society of China.For the sake of coping with those problems,an effective mechanism should be set up to balance the economic development and the resource and environment protection,which also attracts the attentions from various scholars and officials.Based on the review of resource and environment problems in China,this paper developed an ideal institutional framework of resource and environmental management.By introducing this framework,this paper also evaluated the experiences and lessons of market mechanism,government intervention and public participation.By doing so,a future guideline about this issues are introduced.The results show that the institutional triangle of market,government and society balance would be the objective of China's resource and environmental management in the future which also adapts the world tide of resource and environmental protection.Finally,the policy recommendations were put forward that coordinating the role of government and market,building a platform for the operation of the market and creating an atmosphere of public participation in resource and environmental management.

To evaluate the vulnerability of cereals transportation and cereals stock estimated from the current land use and demandsupply on cereals in China, two types of numerical models (nonmarket type and market type) were developed.The result revealed risks in decreasing cereals stock in hinterlands of productive regions and in urban regions far from productive regions, especially coastal zones in south China.In a nonmarkettype model, cereals were transported from a gridcell with positive cereals stock to a gridcell with negative cereals stock.Cereals shortage has gradually disappeared, when increasing transportation intensity coefficient in this model.Thus, excessive cereals in productive regions have also decreased and regional unbalance of cereal stocks has almost disappeared. In a markettype model, each gridcell absorbed cereals from surroundings in proportion to its GDP.Some coastal urban regions showed a quick accumulation of cereals stocks, with the increasing of the cereals absorption coefficient.It appears that widescale cereals crisis has appeared in inland regions.

n the evolution of urban, distribution of population in Shanghai has been changing,which is already aroused universal attention and researcher's interest.Based on the population statistic data on the scale of streets in 1990 and 2000,indexes such as Moran's I and Getis's G* were used to analyze spacetime pattern of population distribution of Shanghai,including interoutline road and the scope of urban districts.So,the hotspots,which took on acute characters in the distribution and variation of the population density,were explored from 1990 to 2000.The results show that population centralization is enhanced on the scale of urban districts from 1990 to 2000,high population density is in the urban districts and the low population density in the country.In the center of urban districts,population density is relatively dispersed, which direction is inside of the urban districts.But the discrepancy between urban and rural is increasingly enlarged,which is an urbanization pattern from rural area to urban districts and the process constantly rising.On the scale of the center of urban districts,the density of population is constantly declining.Absolute quantity of population is persistently decreasing in the center of urban districts,while persistently increasing in the periphery of urban districts.So,there are characteristics of obvious suburbanization,and spatialcentrifugal urbanization in the urban area of Shanghai.This paper shows that statistic analysis of spatial autocorrelation should be a good method to explore the hotspots and inner mechanism of distribution,centralization and chang of population.

Based on the GIS and RS technologies,the paper developed a method of spatial fuzzy comprehensive assessment about bird habitat suitability in the nature reserve,and researched the spatial expression of the subordinative degree and the confirmation of weight vectors,and extended the field of fuzzy mathematics at assessment of environment.By assessing habitat suitability of several birds in Dongtan,the results show that the bird habitat suitability is good at outer of Scirpus mariqueter zone and bare tidal flat,and the spatial distribution displays that the bird habitat suitability reduces from them to the land or water in the study area,which is consistent with the characteristic of Chongming Dongtan environment change;and the range of the different bird habitat suitability is different because of different of bird habitat;the former function zoning of Dongtan nature reserve didn't consider the status of the bird habitat suitability,and so,it is important that the assessing results of bird habitat suitability provide a direction for the function zoning of Dongtan nature reserve.

The influence of three kinds of sediments with different nutrient status on the growth and resource allocation of a submerged freshwater macrophyte Potamogeton crispus L.was examined outdoors in the pond.The results showed that the growth of submerged macrophyte P.crispus showed a temporary physiological response to different nutrient concentrations of sediment.Total soluble sugars content of leaves was higher on the fertile sediment than that on the low nutritional sediment at the early stages of plant growth.There was a regulation of allometric growth in the accumulation of biomass of roots，stems，leaves and turions of P.crispus，which showed different regulations of allometry.The ratios between belowground and aboveground biomass exhibited a dependent change on any sediment nutrient level.Allometric growth relationships between belowground biomass and aboveground biomass of P.crispus were significantly affected by the sediment nutrients.At the same time，the C∶N and N∶P ratios of turions were significantly affected by the three sediment types.However，the C∶N and N∶P ratios of leaves and stems were not significantly affected by the three sediment types.The response may change the fate of the turions in the second year，and affect the maintenance of the populations.With biomass allocation regulation，P.crispus firstly allocated more biomass to the formation of turions to continue the populations showing refuging lifehistory strategy under the stress of sediment nutrients

The aquatic ecology of the Yangtze River Basin was investigated and evaluated by using benthic invertebrate as indicator species.Investigation and sampling of water and benthic invertebrates were conducted from 2005～2007 at 36 selected sites on the upstream tributaries，middle and downstream reaches and riparian lakes of the Yangtze River.The water quality of the sites was evaluated with Hilsenhoff biotic index and compared with the results of chemistry analysis.The results show that the water in the most upstream tributaries are of high quality，water in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and riparian lakes are slightly and moderately polluted；and the water quality in the lower reaches is even lower.The individual density，taxa richness and biodiversity of benthic invertebrate are high at the upstream sites，moderate in the riparian lakes of middle reaches，and low at the sampling sites in the middle and downstream reaches.Fluvial process condition has a significant effect on the benthic assemblage structure.This paper concludes the pedigrees of the benthic fauna in four types of fluvial process conditions for the Yangtze River Basin.Stable streambed provides the best habitat for biocommunity and has the highest biodiversity.The biocommunity is stressed in incised channels and the biodiversity is lower.In the stream experiencing siltation the habitat is seriously impaired and the biodiversity is even lower.In the stream with strong bed load movement there is no benthic macroinvertebrate.

Watershed environment management has been an important research field for environment science，and the groundwater quality assessment is an important content for the water resource sustainable development management and strategic environment assessment on watershed，the methods are needed to support it.The research level about the integration of GIS and models was fully analyzed at home and aboard，the needed items and advantage were narrated for the integration between GIS and integrated index models and mechanic models.It is emphasized that characteristics，inputs and outputs of model，watershed basis data and functions of GIS software in the integrated process，or else the regional analysis difference will be enlarged，even the error information may be emerged.The integration framework is put forward based on the general index model and mechanic model，the three models in the process of integration is analyzed，and the developing trend is pointed out.Finally the decision is put forward to avoid the disadvantage in the integration of GIS and models，the priority methods and suitable items are acquired for the integration between integrated index models and mechanic models，which can be used as a guide for application.

As strategic resources，oil and gas is very important for the economic development，social stability and national security etc.Though a large amount of energy have been provided for national construction from the resources areas，the economic development of these areas still drops behind，which leads to the various contradictions and conflicts.The primary cause for this is that short of interest compensation in the resources area.Taking the interest distribution in the oil and gas fields as an example，this paper enumerated some problems in present interest distribution：being devoid of the compensation for the environmental disruption concomitant exploiting；the resources area's revenue is not tally with it's contribution；the price is so low for the compensation of the grebe requisition；exploiting resources did not accelerate the development in resources area.According to the theory of welfare economics and the management for public policy，this paper put forward the hypothesis gist about building the interest compensation.Based on the analysis，some recommendations on policy were given，such as slanting the interest to the resources area，implementing ecological compensation，providing new methods of the compensation for land expropriation，and resources transforming in the resources area.

Ecocompensation is an important countermeasure for the control of transboundary pollution.In this paper，a district was chosen as ecocompensation subject and its responsibilities were determined through examining the water quality in transboundary water bodies.The calculation method of ecocompensation based on pollutant flux was established for adjacent districts.Taking Qiantang River Watershed as an example，the water pollution compensation of the watershed was calculated based on the COD concentration of 2004 and hydrological condition of 75% confidence.The results showed that the amount of ecocompensation reflects the characteristics of watershed pollution.Most upstream districts were acceptors of compensation，while most districts whose pollution was structural pollution were payers.The amount of compensation paid by some districts may exceed the level of local economic development，implying that the development may not be sustainable.Furthermore，the model of ecocompensation in Qiantang River Watershed including financial support，project support and technical support were discussed.It may be concluded that the ecocompensation will inspirit environmental protection in a watershed.

Dongting Lake is an area with most wide distribution of WTBX Oncomelania hupensis WTBZ and most serious schistosomiasis epidemic region in China.In order to reveal the response of the diffusion of Oncomelania hupensis to the flow regime,this paper provides a set of flow condition parameters for correlating the diffusion and bred location of Oncomelania hupensis with the flood level.Among nine parameters of flow condition,mean water level in flood season is the most one correlated with the change of flow condition in a flood year.The paper quantitatively analyzes the relationship between Oncomelania hupensis's diffusion in Dongting Lake and the mean water level at Chenglingji Station during flood season.The result shows that there is a significant linear correlation between the areas of Oncomelania hupensis and mean water level in flood season in Dongting Lake.The research results are helpful for the forecast and prevention of schistosomiasis epidemic situation,and technically support the spot check and killing of Oncomelania hupensis.

The bifurcation of openings had always played a key role during the historical evolution of the Jingjiang area' economic development and JingjiangDongtinghu' relationship.Based on the related chorography and historical empirical methods，this paper examines the evolved bifurcation processes of Hudukou，Tiaoxiankou，Ouchikou and Songzikou，which are still on the southern bank of Jingjiang River from Song to Qing Dynasty.This paper also clarifies some ambiguous views on the four openings.There has been various views on the time when Hudu distributary started breaching.In Late Song Dynasty，Hudu distributary was breached stably from Jingjiang.Tiaoxiankou was opened at Yuan Dynasty，and since then it was periodically opened and silted.Tiaoxian distributary was breached during Qing Dynasty untill Tiaoxian Gate was built in 1958.Ouchi distributary was breached from Jingjiang in Five Dynasties，and it had been silted up since Northen Song.Ouchi distributary was breached from Jingjiang again in 1852 when the Ouchi Bank collapsed.Songzi distributary had been breached from Jingjiang because of the collapse of Huangjiabu Bank before 1869.The results indicate that there had been a complicated evolution of bifurcation of the four openings.Therefore，it is necessary to examine the bifurcation of the openings on both bank of Jingjiang and clarify the ambiguous views.It will help us get a better understanding of the relationship between man and land，between Jingjiang River and Dongtinghu Lake，their trends as well.

Combined fuzzy optimization theory with grey correlation method,the grey fuzzy comprehensive assessment (GFCA) has been developed.The grey correlation analysis is the calculation method for membership grade of optimal membership degree in GFCA.The paper gave the principles for ideal environmental sequence building and the trapezoid fuzzy number for qualitative index quantification.In GFCA model,variation coefficient was used to decide index weighting.The research on a comparative election of one high dam and multiple step dams in the Yellow River Basin adopted by GFCA was carried out.The optimal membership degrees of two programs and their six target layers have been calculated,including developmental factor,stable factor,protective factor,economic factor,social accepted factor,and environmental risk factor.Results indicated that multiple step dams program outmatched one high dam program as a whole,from the point of view of protection,the former was much better than the one of the later,〖JP2〗but the later was slightly better than the former in developmental aspect,other aspects were close in the two programs.An agreement of the assessment result with physical situation shows that the GFCA method is available.

At the beginning of 2008,the severe low temperature and freezing took place in Hubei Province.The direct economic losses caused by the disaster were as much as 110 billion.It is necessary to analyze the climatic features during the period.The spatialtemporal differences and contemporary comparison on the air temperature,precipitation,sunlight and days of the continuous low temperature from 12th January to 3rd February of 2008 at the 78 meteorological stations of Hubei Province were analyzed.The days of continuous low temperature,the largest number of days of continuous rain and snow,and the extreme low temperature of all the recorded low temperature and freezing events at the 10 typical stations were also analyzed.The results show that 1)The mean temperature during the period，-1～-2℃ at the most part of Hubei,is abnormally 4～6℃  lower than that of perennial same term and is the lowest record.It is because the maximum temperature was abnormally low,but the minimum temperature was not so low.2)The snowfall frequently took place and the total rainfall and snowfall was excessive.3)The low temperature and freezing lasted for 16～22 days at the most parts of Hubei Province,which also set up a new record.4) The sunlight was abnormally insufficient.The persistent and stable abnormal atmospheric circulation directly leads to the low temperature and freezing at the most parts of Hubei Province.

Based on the daily observational data of precipitation,temperature and weather phenomena of 33 stations over Three Gorges Reservoir area during the period 1961 to 2006,the linear trends of some major meteorological disasters like drought,flood,continuous rain,heat wave,fog,thunderstorm were analyzed.It was found that the average annual drought days have a slight increasing trend in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. There was no significant change in seasonal drought days of spring,summer and winter,while an upward trend in autumn drought days at a rate of 4.1 d/10 a was found.The analysis of precipitation showed that the presence of flood days decreased slightly in autumn,while the annual continuous rainy days decreased significantly and yearly thunderstorm days had decreased at a rate of 29 d/10 a.The foggy days in Three Gorges Reservoir area had no obvious change as a whole,while significant decrease trend was found since 1999.Average extreme high temperatures had no upward or downward trend,but heat wave days had a slight downward trend.