Energy conserving and reduction of CO2 emission is one of the important works for the government,to supply the effective reference and propose the right strategies for Shanghai to make the policies of CO2 emission, according to the related data of the Shanghai industry energy consumed and 〖JP2〗increase of GDP and the changes of the industry structure,this article〖JP〗 adopted the carbon emission calculating method for all kinds of energy proposed by IPCC 2006,to analyze the trend of the carbon emission in Shanghai and investigate the effect of the change of industry structure and the energy structure to the carbon emission.The study shows that the main reason for the decrease of the carbon emission per 10 000 yuan is the change of the energy structure,especially the proportion of coal type energy with high carbon emission declined and the proportion of heat and electricity type energy increased.So the article proposes as 〖JP2〗follows:optimizing the energy 〖JP2〗structure further,reducing the proportion of the coal type energy,encouraging to use the heat and electricity type energy,upgrading the industry structure,especially accelerating the development of the tertiary industry,diversifying the energy types by developing new energy such as the tidal energy using the resource around Shanghai, and so on.

Material flow analysis (MFA) is considered as one of the important tools and methods which are applicable to the evaluation of ecoefficiency.However,studies applying the MFA in regional ecoefficiency evaluation are still few.This paper established the three aspects of indicators for regional ecoefficiency derived from MFA account based on ecoefficiency theory and method of MFA.The indicators include regional direct ecoefficiency,regional total ecoefficiency and whole ecoefficiency.The regional ecoefficiency in three aspects of Jiangsu Province was evaluated on the basis of regional material flow analysis with the evidence from Jiangsu Province in 1995~2005.The results showed:(1)the regional direct ecoefficiency of Jiangsu Province was much higher than that of China in the same period.The regional total ecoefficiency and whole ecoefficiency was〖JP2〗 comparatively low,which was 15%~22% and 7%~8% of regional〖JP〗 direct ecoefficiency,respectively;(2)direct ecoefficiency increased significantly from 1995 to 2000 and then decreased.The reasons were that the material and resource productivity did not increased significantly and the proportion of heavy industry in the industrial structure increased in recent years;(3)the variation of whole ecoefficiency was similar with that of direct ecoefficiency because the import of material and resource significantly increased;(4)total ecoefficiency increased significantly from 1995 to 2000 and then increased slowly in recent years.Based on the thoroughly analysis and discussions on the results and their causes,authors thought that rapid development of the economic of Jiangsu Province also affected the resource and environment of Jiangsu Province and its import regions of material and resource.According to the development status of Jiangsu Province,the paper explored the potential solutions that will improve ecoefficiency in Jiangsu.

Ecological footprint analysis is one of the methods to evaluate extent of sustainable development of region and utilization of natural resources by human being.Based on adjusting of general ecological footprint analysis method,this paper used local ecological footprint model to analyze and evaluate the spatialtemporal characteristics and potential risk of ecological environment of Zhejiang Province.The results are as follows：(1)The local ecological footprint of average per capita in Zhejiang Province is 2.7638 hm2.The ecological capacity of average per capita in Zhejiang Province is 〖JP2〗0.437 9 hm2.The ecological deficit of average per capita is 2.325 861 hm2.(2)From〖JP〗 1991 to 2006,the value of local ecological footprint of Zhejiang Province is greater than ecological capacity of the natural ecological system and the development of〖JP2〗 soceconomic systems are unsus〖JP〗tainable in ecoenvironment.(3)The local ecological footprints and ecological capacities of 11 cities in Zhejiang Province are deferent from each other in 2005.(4)The intensity index of ecological footprint of Zhejiang Province in 2006 increases from 2078 to 5952, 3 times of 1991.The intension index of ecological capacity of per unit area increases significantly in the past 16 years and the potential risk of ecological environment will be larger in the future.

In order to promote technological change playing greater role for environment protection in China,it is needed to learn the impacts of technological change on environment,which can provide supports for technology policies.Being different from former qualitative researches,this paper calculated annual effects of technological changes on air pollution and water pollution by using dynamic base period statistics method during 1994~2004 in China.Depending on if abating pollution is the direct target,technological changes can be divided into two sorts: (1)Changes of producing technology.They do not aim at cutting pollution,but can alter pollution intensity and pollutant emission through altering pollution production in producing process.(2)Changes of abating technology.〖JP2〗They aim at cutting pollution.This paper decomposed〖JP〗 the technological effects into two parts by using pollution abatement data in environmental yearbooks:one is from the change of abating technology and the other is from the change of producing technology.The results show that technological changes cut pollutant emission at large.The change of abating technology reduces all kinds of pollutants with apparent annual fluctuation.Change of producing technology has uncertain effects to pollution emission.These results show that China's pollutant abatement mainly depends on “endofpipe” abating technology.Producing technology which reduces pollutant in producing process does not play its due role.Technological changes have not turn to “environmentfriendly”.Therefore,in order to promote China's technological changes to the “environmentally friendly” evolution,promoting clean production technology which reduce pollutants in production process is particularly needed.

As an important ecological infrastructure,the green stream corridors play a significant role in improving ecological environment,maintaining biological diversity and enhancing landscape diversity.Taking Chongming Island for example,this paper shows the method of quantitative study for the landscape patterns of the green stream corridors,and also puts forward some corresponding suggestions for the existing problems of the landscape patterns of green stream corridors.Based on landscape ecology theories and landscape pattern indices,using GIS technology to process the basic data of stream corridors,the landscape patterns of each green stream corridor in each administrative district of Chongming Island were analyzed in two aspects,which are the landscape composition of the green stream corridors and the structure of the corridor network.The results indicate that:The total length of the green stream corridor is 952.26 km and the construction ratio of it achieves above 80%.The green stream corridors mostly are narrow and the average width is only〖JP2〗 9.96 m,which causes negative effect on protecting biological diversity〖JP〗.The green stream corridors are scarce in Chongming Island and their overall density is 0.75 km/km2.Among all districts,the green stream corridors in the town have much higher construction ratio and better quality than those in the farms.But the green stream corridors which in the farm areas are much wider than those in the town.The network of the green stream corridors in Chongming Island is very simple while the ratio of line to node and connectivity are small.And the green network is lack of loop which has seriously influence on the development of waterfront ecosystem.

Taking ecological reconstruction of Suzhou Creek as a research object,by setting six sampling points,Huangdu,Huacao,Beixingjing,Wuninglu Bridge,Changshoulu Bridge,Zhejinanglu Bridge,the survey of phytoplankton community structure was carried out.Nine samples according to the four seasons from October of 2000 to October of 2002 had been taken.Also,five more samples at Huangdu,Huacao,and Wuninglu Bridge from May to June of 2002 were added.Surveying items included species composition,dominant population,indicative species group and biomass.Through two years of intensive studies,following conclusions were drawn:the mean values of individual number,cell densities and biomass were 4.7×10⁶ ind/L，10.2×10⁶ ind/L and 5.73 mg/L,respectively.Chlorophyta always was the first dominance upon the generic number,species number,density,biomass of phytoplankton community in Suzhou Creek.Bacillariophyta was the second upon the generic number,species number,and biomass of phytoplankton community.The ShannonWeaver indices mean values of biomass,individual number and cell number were 3.05,3.22 and 3.28,respectively；The mean values of Pielou indices of biomass,individual number and cell number were 0.73, 0.76 and 0.77,respectively，and the mean values of Margalef and Simposon indices were 159 and 0.84

When utilizing international basin water resources or carrying out other activities within its own territory,every basin state has the duty to protect these water resources.They should take reasonable measures to prevent from significant transboundary harm.To achieve the aim of enhancing the protection of transboundary water resources,using the methods of comparison and abstract,this article firstly analyzed and compared the provisions of involved international documents and international practice systematically,then discussed the measures that basin states can take to protect transboundary water resources.These measures include environmental impact assessment,exchanging data and information,supervision,informing,aiding in the circumstances of emergency,controlling pollution,public participation,and so on.The article finally proposed the following measures China can take to protect involved transboundary water resources more effectively:firstly,rigidly enforce such laws and rules as Environmental Impact Assessment Law,Law on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution;secondly,set up 〖JP2〗transnational water environmental〖JP〗 monitoring network;thirdly, maintain and enhance mutual information exchange and cooperation with neighboring and bordering countries;finally,resume negotiation and signing bilateral and multilateral basin protection agreements with more bordering countries,and set up river basin protection or management commission responsible for the protection and management of involved transnational river basin.

This paper proposed the principles and procedures to establish the environmental indicator system for the construction of an ecological island by combining PressureStateResponse (PSR) model and System Analysis theory.There were 4 steps during the establishment of this indicator system：(1) Constructing a preliminary indicator system by literature review on related environmental systems of ecological areas (islands)；(2) First screening the indicators according to their logical relationships by PSR model；(3) Aimed at 2010 (shortterm target)，determining the core environmental impact factors by system analysis and second screening the indicators；(4) Aimed at 2030 (longterm target)，final screening indicators in order to establish a comprehensive and flexible environmental indicator system.These procedures have been applied in the case study of Chongming Island.The core environmental indicators are focused on water，air，and land three elements.The evaluation result of this indicator system reflects the overall environmental condition of Chongming is 72.Meanwhile the score of environmental pressure is 85，environmental quality is 80 and environmental protection is 51，which is compatible with reality of Chongming.Part of the research has already been applied in the construction of Chongming Island.

With the regional economy quickly developing,soil in the Yangtze River Delta has been seriously polluted,which has become a threat to the sustainable use of land resources.The socioeconomic reasons of soil pollutions in the typical area of the Yangtze River Delta are the following：the lag of the formulation of special legislation to control soil pollution，imperfect law of China's collective land property rights protection,the fierce regional competition among local governments since China's reform and opening up,and the asymmetric information between central government and local government that leads to the more serious soil pollution.In order to prevent soil pollution effectively and maintain the sustainable use of land resources,it is necessary to change the performance evaluation mechanism for local officials as soon as possible,encourage all citizens to prevent soil pollution to eliminate the asymmetric information between central government and local government,speed up the legislation of soil pollution prevention and collective land property rights protection and use the economic instrument such as soil pollution margin in a comprehensive way.

The upper stream of Huangpu River is the main surface drinking water sources of Shanghai.The quality of the water in this area has a direct impact on the residents' daily life and healthy security.There are nearly 17 million residents living in Shanghai now.The surface water,surface sediment and the surface soil surrounding from the upper stream of Huangpu River were collected.The content of the Pb,Cd in the surface water,surface sediment and the surface soil surrounding were analyzed.The results show that in the main current of Huangpu River,the average content 〖JP2〗of lead is 3234 μg/L and the cadmium is 022 μg/L.〖JP〗In the branch water,the average content of lead is 086 μg/L,the cadmium is 013 μg/L.In the surface sediment of the branch,the average content of lead is 327 μg/g,but is 218 μg/g in the main stream.In the surface soil surrounding,the content of the lead is between 2022 to 3903 μg/g.In the surface sediment,the average content of the cadmium is 03 μg/g.In the surface soil surrounding,the content of the cadmium is basically in 015 μg/g.In this article,the anthors judged the main home medium of lead,cadmium in drinking water sources of Huangpu River by analyzing the accumulate characteristics.According to the conclusions of this article,the lead,cadmium concentrate mostly in the surface sediments of this region.Lead pollution is mainly affected by the surrounding soil.Some low concentration of heavy metal cadmium have been input in the regions of sampling points 2 (intersection point of Xie tang and Yuan xiejing) and 4 (intersection point of  Shu liaojing and Heng liaojing) in a shortterm.In the end of this article,some scientific suggestions for the protection of drinking water source of Huangpu River,Shanghai were put forward.

Based on the daily flows from 1954 to 2000 in the Huangjiagang Gauge, the 47year hydrologic regimes were divided into two sequences: one as “near natural state river” before 1967 and another as “maninterfered river” after 1967. According to the Range of Variability Approach (RVA) proposed by Richter，a method using Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) containing thirtytwo ecohydrologic parameters, the difference between the flows before and after 1967 was quantitatively evaluated.The value ranging from 25th to 75th for each parameter before 1967 was set as the management target.The impacts of the Danjiangkou Reservoir on ecosystems of the middle and lower reaches of the Han River were further analyzed.The results indicate that，after 1967，most hydrologic parameters have experienced significant alterations.The intrayear allocation of runoff has been greatly changed and the intrayear variations in discharges have been smoothed.Extreme flows are found to occur earlier and the duration has been shortened.Based on these analyses，in combination with the ecosystem characteristics of the middle and lower reaches of the Han River，fish is chosen as the representative biological indicator.The impacts of the abovementioned changes in flow regimes on the growth，reproduction and wintering of fish in the middle and lower reaches of the Han River were then preliminarily discussed. In the end，suggestions on how to reduce the negative impacts were proposed in details.

With the development and utilization of water resources of Hanjiang River，the flow regime of Hanjiang River has been altered to some extent，and the health of Hanjiang River ecosystem has been influenced to some extent.With the Baihe，Huangzhuang and Xiantao hydrological stations as the study objectives for research of the impact of human activities on the flow regime of Hanjiang River，the study period was divided into two subperiods by the time when the gates of Danjiangkou reservoir were initially closed for water storage.The variations of annual，monthly，daily runoff，and the runoff of wet season and dry season on the middle and lower reaches of Hanjiang River were comparatively analyzed according to the observed data of daily discharges during 1955 to 2006.The result shows that the operation of Danjiangkou reservoir did not affect annual runoff downstream，but led to more even the runoff of wet season and dry season，daily runoff and the monthly runoff distribution downstream，the percentage of wet seasonal runoff decreased significantly，the percentage of dry seasonal runoff increased significantly，the distribution of the runoff was more symmetrical，the frequency of the medium and lower discharge increased，and the frequency of the higher discharge decreased，but the impact was more weaker along with the increase of distance.This paper could provide reference for the assessment of impacts of human activities on the health and stability of Hanjiang River ecosystem.

Taking Linjiang River，a branch of the Yangtze River，as the research objects to study eutrophication problem in branch backwater region.Based on the monitoring data of chlorophylla concentration and water quality in the middle reach of Linjiang River backwater region from Oct.2007 to Sept.2008，chlorophylla concentration trend were analyzed，the correlation analysis between chlorophylla concentration and its influencing factors was made.According to the results of correlation analysis，a multiple stepwise regression model between chlorophylla concentration and its influencing factors was constructed.The chlorophylla concentration in Lingjiang River backwater region had a high level from the first ten days of May to the last ten days of September，the variation range was 227～661 mg/m3.Chlorophylla concentration was affected by some influencing factors together.The relationship between the chlorophylla concentration and water temperature，velocity of flow，diaphaneity，COD，TP displayed significant positive linear correlations，but not significantly related with TN.The multiple stepwise regression model which used water temperature，velocity of flow，TP as independent variable and chlorophylla concentration as dependent variable was constructed.The result of model initial validation indicated that the model can be used to describe the change of chlorophylla concentration in Linjiang River backwater region.The research result showed that decreasing phosphorus content would be the key work for preventing and controlling the eutrophication of Linjiang River backwater regions in May and June.

The aim of present article is to analyze comparatively the differences and causes of energy use efficiency of seven provinces and two cities(Sichuan Province，Chongqing City，Hunan Province，Hubei Province，Jiangxi Province，Anhui Province，Zhejiang Province，Jiangsu Province and Shanghai City) in the Yangtze River valley and find the way to improve energy use efficiency.First，the article defines the energy use efficiency as technical efficiency realized by elements optimization configuration；then，data envelopment analysis(DEA) and stochastic frontier approach(SFA) will be used as measurement methods；last，after comparing the advantages and limits of Laspeyres index with Divisia index，the latter method will be used to decompose the affecting factors of energy use efficiency.The GDP energy consumption，energy technical efficiency and energy use efficiency of the above mentioned seven provinces and two cities and six branches from 1997 to 2006 were calculated，and the influencing degree that structure adjustment，technological progress and system evolution impose on energy efficiency were analyzed.(1) Structure adjustment is the forceful measure to improve energy use efficiency；(2) Technological progress and system evolution are the key to improve energy use efficiency；(3) Research method about energy use efficiency should be unified as possible as we can and continuously improved.

The meteorological data of Dadu River Watershed of 30 years were used to calculate the reference evapotranspiration based on the newly revised FAO PenmanMonteith equation.Fortyfive scenes of MODIS LAI in 2007 were acquired at the same time.Based on the empirical relation between LAI and crop coefficient，the variation of crop coefficient in 2007 was obtained.The GIS Zonal analysis was conducted to estimate the annual variation of watershed mean crop water requirement.The analysis of the variation in source of crop water requirement was conducted based on the climate division by annual aridity index.Results show that the annual watershed mean crop water requirement in 2007 was 618.8 mm with monthly average of 51.6 mm.The crop water requirement is monomodally distributed in 2007 with a peak in summer (from June to August) of 221.2 mm that accounted for 35.7% of the annual amount.The crop water requirement in spring (March to May)，autumn (September to November) and winter (December to February) accounted for 30.4%、20.1% and 13.8% of the annual amount respectively.In rainy season (May to October)，the precipitation completely meets crop water requirement in both semihumid and semiarid areas.In arid season，while crop water requirement was mainly supplied by precipitation in semihumid region，irrigation was the main source of crop water requirement in semiarid region.While only aridity index imposed great influence on the precipitation percentage in the total amount of crop water requirement in semiarid region，other factors such as topography may also plays important role in precipitation percentage of crop water requirement in semihumid region.

52 biological samples and 100 soil samples in mountain and plain landforms in Chengdu Economic Region，Sichuan Province were collected at spring and autumn respectively.The US EPA method 8080A was used to analysis concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil and organism to investigate pollution states at different landforms and seasons.The results showed that concentrations of DDT in soil were higher than HCH in soil，and the concentrations in Mianzhu (landform is plain) were higher than that in Yanting (mountain area).The seasonal characteristic in Mianzhu was that OCP concentrations of soil collected at autumn were higher than that collected at spring.However，the result was conversely in Yanting，the spring one was higher than that in autumn.The detectable ratios of OCP in plants were very high，whereas the concentrations in plant were below national standards，which existed potential harm to human health.The concentrations of OCP in crops with rich oils were higher than in leafshaped vegetables，higher than in fruitshaped vegetables.Landform，organic matters and pesticides usage were major factors on the difference of seasonal soil OCP concentrations，and absorption styles and physical and chemical properties of OCPs were responsible for different concentrations in organism.

Urban surface pollutants are the major source of urban rainfall runoff pollution.The buildup and rainfall runoff washoff of urban surface pollutants and the related models are reviewed.Particles settled on the impervious surface can be suspended in the air by external force，for example，wind，and then resettled again in buildup process.Also when it rains，they can enter the surface runoff by raindropinduced ejection and then precipitate again in washoff process.The rest of process may be deduced by analogy.There are many kinds of the models describing the buildup process in the previous research，such as the linear model，the exponential model and the logarithmic model etc.The exponential and its related forms are more authentic comparatively among these models.Antecedent Dry Weather Period (ADWP) is considered as the major impact factor among these models.The washoff model based on the first order reaction kinetics assumption has been setup and been wildly used.In order to improve accuracy of washoff model，the wet weather pollutants have been taken into consideration.At present，much progress has made in the research on urban surface runoff pollution，however，most models rely on experience or extensive calibration by a number of monitoring data which do not clearly represent the physical mechanisms of particles detachment and transportation.As recent emphasis on reducing nonpoint source pollution has increased interest in implementing pollution management practices in urban areas in China，reasonable and predictive models is urgent needed.Greater insight into the underlying physical mechanisms of urban rainfall runoff pollution can provide a better understanding of the movement of pollutants in the urban area and more scientifically justifiable management practices for urban runoff pollution control.