The Yangtze Delta Interlocking Metropolitan Areas is one of the largest city regions in the world,and the structure of its urban system has had a great change in recent years.Fractal study is one of the most important content in modern theoretic geography,and the urban system fractal study is a new way for the study of the city geography especially,fractal dimension is an effective parameter describing the structure of the urban system.This paper commenced with the application of the urban system fractal theory and tried to find the rule of the urban system of the Yangtze Delta Interlocking Metropolitan Areas.Based on the fractal theory,the paper analyzed the scale structure and spatial structure of urban system,and found out that the urban system has the fractal properties,so the fractal theory could fit to calculate and analyze the scale structure and spatial structure of urban system of the Yangtze Delta Interlocking Metropolitan Areas.According to the results of calculation and analysis,the paper drew the conclusions below: (1) Scale structure of urban system of the Yangtze Delta Interlocking Metropolitan Areas presents rankscale properties,the monopolies of primacy city are evidence,the quantities of middle scale city are less than bigger and smaller one,the development between different cities become more competitive than ever.(2) Spatial structure of urban system of the Yangtze Delta Interlocking Metropolitan Areas has fractal characteristic,the state of urban distribution is in equilibrium,the degree of interspaces conjunction between the cities is adequate compactness,and the intensity of the interactions of the cities is strong.According to the conclusions mentioned above,the paper presents that the effective measures must be taken to improve the situation of the urban〖JP2〗 system structure of the Yangtze Delta Interlocking Metropolitan Areas.

Optimizing the spatial pattern of country land exploitation is one important goal of major function oriented zone (MFOZ hereafter) planning.Meanwhile, enhancing country planning and comprehensive land use planning is ascertained as one of the main function of Ministry of Land and Resources.Therefore,it 〖JP2〗argues that rationalizing the relationship between MFOZ planning and land use management,and coordinating them have〖JP〗 become the foundation of optimizing country planning and exploitation,and have been one important method of promoting the management level of land use management.According to the application flow of 3S technologies,this paper analyzed firstly the principle and content of coordination, and then discussed GIS,RS and GPS technologies’ advantages in data access,store and integrated management,then chose suitable evaluation cell,spatial evaluation and so on.In a word,this paper paid attention to 3S technologies that include database,modeling management system,spatial analysis,multicriteria decision analysis,cellular automata technologies and so on,in coordination to analyze the theory and application.Besides,this paper discussed specially the 3S technologies application in guiding the reasonable use of country land by MFOZ and controlling the land use in regional development in order to provide one useful technical support for land use management based on MFOZ planning.

Resources and environment are the material base of existence and development for the mankind.Relationship between national economic development and resources & environment can be studied quantitatively by inputoutput technique,and then it will guide the national economy of the industrial structure to healthy development toward the sustainable direction of resources and environment.In this paper,on the basis of water resources utilization and water pollution control inputoutput table of Jiangsu province in 2002 by author,the use of water resources and the consumption of water environment in each department were analyzed deeply by calculation of some coefficients of each department of national economy of Jiangsu Province in 2002,such as direct water use coefficient,total water use coefficient,direct COD discharge coefficient and complete COD discharge coefficient.With inputoutput price model,the change rate of product price of each department of national economy in Jiangsu Province was analyzed and measured under five kinds of different situations,which include water resources 〖JP2〗fee levy standard independent〖JP〗 change,pollutant discharge fee levy standard independent change and the simultaneous change of water resources fee levy standard and pollutant discharge fee levy standard.Then the effect of the change of levy standard of water resources fee and pollutant discharge fee on each national economic department was further analyzed.At last,according to the above results of calculation and analysis,some suggestions and opinions on different national economic department restructuring of Jiangsu Province in future were put forward.

Dynamic control of the limit water level is one of effective strategy to utilize floodwater resources,which key problem is to work out a feasible over storage operation scheme based on rational weighing the contradictory of risk and interest.For more benefits and lower risk,precipitation forecast information was taken into account in this paper,and a method of 〖JP2〗grading of flood control level for floodwater〖JP〗 resource utilization was put forward based on predischarge capability constraint method.Then,the method was applied to Ankang reservoir for flood water resource utilization,the grading control water level was 326 m and 328 m respectively by calculation when the 24hourforecast rain intensity was 0.1 mm to 10 mm and 0.1 mm below.Furthermore,risk analysis indicates that the flood control level could not be over 327.5 m in the case of without regard to precipitation forecast information,but the risk could be ignored if 24hourforecast precipitation was taken into account.Finally,the scheme was applied to Ankang reservoir for a real flood operation,the benefit analysis indicates that it will bring about 361 thousands RMB of extra power generation interests at the same time cutting abandoned water 69 million m3.Therefore, it is proved that the application of the method has favorable effects not only on risk control but also on benefits increment in floodwater utilization.

null

Suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is one of the most significant parameters of water quality.Acquiring spatial and temporal distribution of SSC is helpful in water environment monitoring and sediment distribution investigation.In this paper，a brief introduction of data format of Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) is firstly made before the comparison among MERIS.SeaWiFS and MODIS.It has great advantage of band setting and the radiometric sensitivity，and will contribute enormously to the ocean color research.As the error between the MERIS Level 2 and insitu data is large in China highturbid coastal water，the retrieval algorithm should be modified according to the characteristics of caseⅡwaters.And then the algorithm is applied to three summer normal tidal images in 2005 after atmosphere correction.The error between the retrieval and the insitu data is descended to 53 percents，which is lower than the error between MERIS Level 2 and insitu data.So the empirical model developed in this paper is superiority in the 〖JP2〗Yangtze River.At last，SSC distribution map of 15th.Aug.is given with some preliminary analysis.

With the vigorous development of Shanghai’s economy，a number of marine projects have built in the Shanghai waters，causing fragmentation of habitats，biodiversity decline，and other ecological damage.For analyzing the ecological damage caused by the marine projects，this paper took the Yangtze River estuary in Shanghai waters tunnelbridge engineering as an example and chose the ecological survey data in Spring and Autumn of 2007.After the period of bridging，comparing the survey data between spring and autumn，it showed that every index would lean to be adverse.On the basis of structural and functional indicator system and of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)，the result showed that the value of comprehensive health indicator of the Yangtze River Estuary Bridge project in waters near the tunnel were 2043 and 2166 in Spring and Autumn of 2007,respectively.According to 〖WTBX〗CHI〖WTBZ〗≤3，the project water ecosystem was located unhealthy and near subhealthy.It showed that the natural properties of estuary ecosystem varied obviously，biodiversity declined and the structure of ecosystem changed a lot，and the primary ecological service functions were degenerating seriously or disappearing.In the face of the habitat which was destroyed by marine engineering，it needs to take more and longtime manual intervention,and  some effective plans of ecosystem conservation and restoration of habitat should be put forward.

In the July of the year 2008，the purification effects of the sphagnum wetland in Dajiuhu basin of Shennongjia mountains on metal ions Cd(Ⅱ)，Cu(Ⅱ)，Pb(Ⅱ)，Zn(Ⅱ) were studied using simulated wetland on the basis of the research in August，2007.The results indicate that the removal capacity of the sphagnum wetland was obvious for all the contaminant.In two hours，the removal effect decreased in the order：Pb>Cu>Cd>Zn.The removal rate at any time point increased with the augment of the initial concentration for all the metals.It takes longer time to reach equilibrium for the polluted solution with higher initial concentration.The dilution effect of the sphagnum wetland played an important role in the purification process.The relationship between removal rate and experiment time can be obtained by the twoconstant rate model.Both of the modified pseudofirst kinetic model and the pseudosecond kinetic model fitted the experimental data well，but the latter has a better fitness.The contribution ratio of dilution to the removal effect can be calculated using the modified pseudofirst kinetic model.The article provided scientific basis for evaluating the purification value of the sphagnum wetland，and for protecting and using it reasonably in the future.

In Chengdu plain，Tangchang area is a representative area with high mercury anomaly in soil.In order to study the source of mercury anomaly，multisection geogas prospecting was performed in Tangchang area.Five measuring lines with total 121 sampling points were laid in workplace of 4 km2.The interval of sampling points was 30 m.A kind of special sampler was used to collect geogas，and the continuous sampling time is 45 d.More than 10 elements in geogas samples were determined by INAA.Several of them，including As，Au，Fe，La，Sm，exhibit a regular abnormal distribution，which reflects the concrete position of the concealed fault in this area.The fault strike is NE 40°，and the fault width is 90～120m.Determined by ICPMS，trace mercury was found in geogas samples above the concealed fault.The regional distribution tendency of mercury anomaly area in west Chengdu plain is consistent with the concealed fault strike at the same position.The mercury can transfer along with the geogas from deep crust to surface soil.As a route way，the concealed fault provides a good condition for the transfer of geogas and mercury，which has become an important source of mercury anomaly in surface soil.The mercury anomaly in soil of west Chengdu plain is a result of earth selfaction

A field experimental project was carried out in Jingzhou City，Hubei Province to assess the effects of controlled drainage on the distribution and the content of nitrogen in the soil.The study has draw conclusions as following：1)The controlled drainage system had a remarkable effect on the diminishing ratios of nitrate nitrogen between neighboring layers.It was presented that the diminishing ratio increased with the raising height of drain outlet.Controlled drainage system also reduced the transference of nitrate nitrogen in topsoil.2)Different from nitrate nitrogen，the content of ammonium nitrogen was stable，the effect of controlled drainage system on it was not obvious，it was indicated that the content of ammonium nitrogen decreased according to the lowering of controlling height of drain outlet.

This article examined the influence on the distribution of 〖WTBX〗Oncomelania〖WTBZ〗，the middleparasitizeder of schistosome，the changing by ecological environment such as the water level，vegetation and climate，resulted from key projects such as Three Gorges Project，the resubmerging particular polders and the SouthtoNorth Water Diversion Project. An analysis to change trends of schistosomiasisinfected regions and the possibility of 〖WTBX〗Oncomelania〖WTBZ〗 northing distibutionally predicted that these regions have the potential risks of schistosomiasis，combined with the area of 〖WTBX〗Oncomelania〖WTBZ〗 have increased significantly，while the overall situation is still severe. At present，the relevant works on the ecological environment and schistosomiasis research influence，mainly local investigation reports and forecasts on the basis of the existing works on the prevalence of schistosomiasis may affect the ecological environment changes will take time to verify. Therefore our study suggests that using RS and GIS technology to monitor changes in the analysis of the ecological environment and socioeconomic changes and further study the relationship between these changes and spread of schistosomiasis，at the same time，areas implementation of the project should increase the areas of the masses of selfprotection awareness and ability，combined with forestry，water conservancy projects that have transformed the environment.

Large water resources and hydropower project possessed comprehensive utilization benefits for flood control，power generation and navigation improvement.It will be the vital important and backbone project in harnessing and developing of the river.However，the construction of large hydropower projects often brings about negative effects to surrounding environment.Four common disturbance types in the construction including rock side slope，soil side slope，abandoned soil and abandoned residue will result in ecosystem degradation，biodiversity loss，water and soil loss，and geologic damage.Ecological restoration of the degraded ecosystem and vegetation resulted from the disturbance contributes to the sustainable utilization and development of the project and local society.This paper，taking Xiangjiaba hydropower project as a case，studied the objective，principles and methods for ecological vegetation restoration of disturbed area of large hydropower project basing on the theory of restoration ecology.According to the function of hydropower production，society and ecology，the disturbed ecosystem of Xiangjiaba hydropower project was divided into three functional zones for restoration which included engineering core，engineering service and engineering transition zone.The engineering core zone undertook the function of hydropower production，tourism and ecology；the engineering service zone not only provided support for the core zone with living，office，traffic and other affiliated facilities，but also with culture and ecological service；the engineering transition zone played a role of ecological buffer belt between the hydropower project and surrounding environment which could reduced disturbance from the project to surrounding environment.Each zone has its specific restoration objects and disturbance characteristic，and should be restored using different ecological restoration technologies and appropriate plant species to rebuild plant communities and good landscape pattern with stable structure and rich biodiversity.Some suggestions were put forward to improve the ecological restoration of Xiangjiaba hydropower project after evaluated briefly its restoration situation.

To aim at the unique geographicalhydrological environments and the natural disasters of historical period happened in Hubei province，this paper has analyzed situation of disasters and specifically made a survey of some actions about governing the natural disasters in Hubei in the late Qing，from which some lessons will be drawn for Hubei local government to govern disasters nowadays.The paper has utilized the local history and other documents of the natural disasters；and has applied some theories of history，geography，disaster science and so on to research synthetically historical reasons of those disasters；also has comprehensively studied some types and characteristics of those natural calamities.The paper has also expounded situation of society economic development that was destroyed；at the same time，the paper has introduced many measures that local government adopted for governing calamities of Hubei province in the late Qing dynasty.As a result，the local and central government of Qing dynasty had selected and adopted a good many of measures to dealing with the natural disasters in Hubei province，but it did not make some achievement expectantly because that had many reasons limiting government's action.At last，the paper has drawn conclusions that the government didn't achieve anticipative results in the late period of Qing dynasty，but which provided some lessons to learn for governing disasters in Hubei province today.The government of the natural disasters must carry out by scientific systematic plan and disposition in the solid social environment，systematically governing，and must build up an effective mechanism that can connect disaster control with relief，and construct protection of ecological environment，and so on.

Statistically collected historical flood records in different archives are analyzed to detect the flooding trend on a millennium scale in Hongze lake catchment，and floods responding to the climate change and its relationship with the El Nio events are identified.Results show that the frequency of the flood disaster has a generally upward trend in Hongze lake catchment，which suggests a good accordance to the trend of the climate change in the last millennium.During the periods of 1000~1400，records of flood are relatively lower，which reveals a direct response to the climate change during the Medieval Warm Period，in which an over 200 years drought period is detected.Similarly，during the periods of 1400~1800，records of floods are higher，demonstrating a close accordance to the climate change in the Little Ice Age from 1550 to 1850 which showed a relatively wetter environment in eastern China.Also，the contrasting relations between the floods and the El Nio events reveal that，big flood disasters are possible to occur in the year of the El Nio events and the year after the El Nio events in Hongze Lake catchment.The strength and location of the subtropical high in the western Pacific Ocean region and the changed atmospherical circulation caused by the El Nio events，which resulted in the abnormal excess precipitation in Hongze Lake catchment，can possibly serve as the physical mechanism of this phenomenon.Understanding this information may be of great help to flood mitigation and to effective decisionmaking for longterm flood management strategies in this area.