Nanjing is a wellknown historic and cultural city at the lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Since the beginning of fortification in 472 B C,it has 2 482 years’ history.In the process of Nanjing city’s development,due to natural,political,economic and other comprehensive reasons,it always built the enceinte by use of a basin which is opening to the northwest at the south bank of the Yangtze River,but northward riverspan development was very slow all the time during the historical period.On the basis of field investigations and historical materials’ analysis,this paper reconstructed the historical process of Nanjing’s riverspan development and made out four development periods.They were the stage of riverfront development,the embryonic stage,the incipient stage,the overall and accelerating stage of riverspan development.Based on the causes and mechanics of the city’s riverspan development,it analyzed and demonstrated the feasibility of overall and accelerating riverspan development at present.According to experience learned from domestic and oversea cities’ riverspan development,it proposed main strategies for Nanjing’s overall and accelerating riverspan development:(1) to speed up building proper riverspan traffic pattern;(2) to coordinate the interdependence and independence between new urban area at the north bank and Nanjing city’s integrated functions;(3) to balance the distribution of spatial structure as well as highlight of the key points of development and push forward the construction of new urban area at the north bank as well as protective transformation of the old towns;(4) to utilize the nontreepattern effect of largescale industrial projects sufficiently;(5) to implement proper functional zoning and comprehensive improvement of environment at the Yangtze River banks;(6) Provincial and municipal governments should provide longlasting policy support and perfect institutional and structural reforms

To understand the sustainable development of medium and small cities and learn experience of economically developed coastal regions,landscape pattern was researched,taking Lijiang and Xiamen as an example.This study analyzed spatial and temporal changes of landscape pattern of Lijiang Basin and Xiamen using RS/GIS.Three TM/ETM+ images acquired respectively were used to construct land use database for the studied area.A suite of landscape metrics for landscape pattern changes was presented.The results showed that spatiotemporal changes of landscape pattern of the two cities were more obvious.Urban and rural construction areas in Xiamen increased rapidly from 679 km2 in 1987 to 2842 km2 in 2007,at the same time,cultivated areas decreased from 7290 km2 in 1987 to 4427 km2 in 2007.Similarly,urban and rural construction areas in Lijiang Basin increased rapidly from 1140 km2 in 1989 to 2539 km2 in 2006,while the cultivated areas increased from 13748 km2 in1989 to 15472 km2 in 2000,and dropped to 146 km2 in 2006,showing the significant fluctuations.These cities had the same way to obtain the land for urban expansion at the expense of cultivated land.Landscape pattern changes have made significant impact on the water quality,little on the tourism industry.This study proposes management measures for sustainable development of small and medium cities

It is of great significance to monitor the ecology and behavior of endangered species for biological conservation.However,systematic work has not been conducted on the population size,distribution and activities of the Yangtze finless porpoise〖WTBX〗(Neophocaena phocaenoides asiaeorientalis)〖WTBZ〗in XinLuo Baiji National Nature Reserve,which is one of the three national in situ reserves for this subspecies.From July 2001 to June 2003,the population size,distribution,habitat selection,activity etc.of this animal were monitored by boat and bankbased observations in this reserve.Based on the results,several conservational suggestions were presented.The results indicated that in the reserve,population size of the Yangtze finless porpoise was estimated to be 50 to 64.They mainly lived in groups consisting of 2 or 3 individuals and frequently occurred in nearbank waters. Grouping activities were observed to occur from March to June,and both the occurring frequency and group size were much less than those of twenty years ago.It’s possible that these activities were related to foraging,resting and breeding. We suggest that limiting the speed of passing vessels,prohibiting the illegal fishing,and enhancing the monitoring of the nearbank waters should be conducted in the reserve,especially in the hot spots(Tuanzhou,Tudizhou,Longkou and Yaokou) and during the breeding seasons of the animals

In the Changjiang River Basin,there are diverse ecoenvironment and numerous biospecies and communities.Various types of natural reserve which have been set up have played a crucial role in protecting all kinds of essential bioenvironment,and saving extinct biospecies and natural relics.This paper utilized several analytical methodologies such as overlay method and math statistics to recognize and count amount,area,type,distribution and management in this region.Meanwhile,it also discussed biorestrictive issues on the exploitation.The study shows that up to Dec.2008,there are 827 natural reserves set up in the Changjiang River Basin.The total area accounts for 199% of the whole valley,being higher than the national average.A network of natural reserve with various types,sound distribution and strong function has begun to take shape.However,in this region,both water power resources and key natural reserves mainly distribute along the upstream.Under these circumstances,a conflict between how to make considerable use of water power resources and how to preserve natural reserve arises.Therefore,ecoenvironmental protection for natural conservation areas with different kinds and at diverse levels should be regarded when water power is exploited among the upstream region.

Using MODIS satellite images and Chlorophylla concentration data and adopting cyanobacteria bloom evaluation method,this paper studied different type of cyanobacteria bloom from 2004 to 2008 in Taihu Lake,and explored the characteristics of cyanobacteria bloom and its spatial and temporal variation,which provided preprevention and early warning for cyanobacteria bloom.The results showed that from 2004 to 2008,there were 414 cyanobacteria bloom incidents,and small scale cyanobacteria bloom occured 333 times,which occupied 8043% of the cyanobacteria bloom incidents.As the grade of the cyanobacteria bloom increased,the number reduced.In the space,cyanobacteria bloom occurred mainly in the northern and western regions.And the distribution of the cyanobacteria bloom grade from high to low was mainly accord with the direction from northwest to southeast.Among the annual change,the number of cyanobacteria bloom gradually increased.The year in which largescale cyanobacteria bloom happened and the cyanobacteria bloom occurred frequently was concentrated on 2006 and 2007.The number of cyanobacteria bloom increased from April to August,and decreased from August to November.The cyanobacteria bloom concentrated in May and from July to October,especially from August to October

The investigation object of this paper is the Danjiangkou Reservoir Area,which is the main submerged area and water source area of Middle Route of the SouthtoNorth Water Transfer Project.Using remote sensing as the main data source,aiming at the main ecological problems in the region,choosing precipitation and heat,land use/land cover,topography,soil erosion as assessing factors，we established comprehensive assessment model for ecological environmental quality and studied the spatial distribution of assessed results.The result showed that the quality of the Danjiangkou Reservoir Area was ordinary and slightly good as a whole,4324% area reaching good level,1006% area under relatively poor level.The condition of ecological evaluation showed vertical distribution.Good level area focused on the valley.The area between 500~1 000 m showed different environmetal quality and were vulnerable to human activities interference.Thus,more measures should be taken and adjusted to local conditions in order to make ecological environment better.

he Dongting Lake is closely linking with the Yangtze River.The operation of the ThreeGorge Project will change the hydrological Process and affect the ecosystem of lake wetland.The two time periods,i.e.water storage after flood season and water emptying before flood season,with highly changed water regime were selected to evaluate the effects of the ThreeGorge regulation by use of the hydrodynamic method.The lake stage and discharge variations were computed under different regulation discharge values.Combined with stage variation and lake elevationarea curve,the wetland exposure area was also analyzed.Results show that the Dongting Lake stage nonlinearly responded to different regulation discharge values of ThreeGorge reservoir because of complex lakeriver interactions.For steady flow condition,stage variation with one meter might arise when the discharge reduction with 4 000 m3/s after flood season or the discharge increase with 3 500 m3/s before the flood season.Spatial pattern of stage variation was heterogeneous.The Eastern part and the east of the Southern part,the north of the Western part of the Dongting Lake had high response to the ThreeGorge reservoir regulation,but the south of the Western part had low response.〖

In order to reduce the aquaculture wastewater,this paper discussed the effect on water quality by the snail(Bellamya purifica)and macrophyte(Vallisneria spiralis)through constructing the snail and macrophyte ecological system and comparing the purification effects by the snail and macrophtye with different density.The result showed that all the snail and macrophyte treatments of various density had good purification effects,but by contrast,the middle density one(50ind/m3)worked best.The removal rates of Chla,CODMn,TN, TP,NH4+N,NO3-N and the turbidity were 98%,397%,442%,869%,582%,823% and 91%,respectively in the 25 days’experiment,among which the 17~25 days’nutrient had the highest removal rate.And the water quality had evolved from the level of Ⅳ and Ⅴ to Ⅲ.Since there was only a slight difference in purification between the Bellamya purifica and Vallisneria spiralis,the mutually beneficial relationship between them was not obvious.However,perhaps due to the loess sediment caused by the shortage of heterotrophic microorganism,the removal effect of CODMn and TN by 〖WTBX〗Bellamya purifica and Vallisneria spiralis was not perfect

Margarya melanioides〖WTBZ〗 Nevill,an important economic mollusk,is an endemic gastropod in China,and mainly distributes in plateau lakes of Yunnan Province.In order to investigate the bioaccumulation of microcystins(MCs)in various tissues of 〖WTBX〗Margarya melanioides,〖WTBZ〗the snail samples were collected monthly in January and from May to Octomber,2008.Microcystins contents in hepatopancreas,digestive tracts,gonads and muscle were measured with ELISA.During the study period,the average of the MCs contents in hepatopancreas,digestive tracts,gonad and muscle of 〖WTBX〗Margarya melanioides〖WTBZ〗 were 338±190,272±163,123±097 and 035±043 μg/g DW,respectively.MCs contents in hepatopancreas had no significant difference with MCs contents in digestive tracts.MCs contents in these two tissues were significant higher than those in gonad,and that in gonad tracts were significant higher than those in muscle.The highest microcystins levels of various tissues occurred in July,and the lowest contents occurred in May.MCs contents in hepatopancreas and in gonad had significant positive correlation with the total MCs concentrations in surrounding water columns.According WHO proposed a provisional tolerable daily intake(TDI) of 004 μg/kg bw per day for MCLR to estimate,considering an adult of 60 kg,who ingests,on the average,03 kg of snail muscle or 03 kg of snail gonad a day,the contents in edible parts of 〖WTBX〗Margarya melanioides 〖WTBZ〗were above the provisional WHO TDI level, suggesting the risk of consuming 〖WTBX〗Margarya melanioides〖WTBZ〗 in Lake Dianchi.

Karst depression is one of the typical types of karst landform in Southwestern China.Karst depression zones are key regions of national environmental management and poverty alleviation.Combining GIS and the method of landscape metrics,the landscape pattern of karst depression in Puding County,Guizhou Province was analyzed.According to the patch size,karst depressions were divided into three types:large depression, moderate depression and small depression.Nine types of landscape metrics from landscape level and class level were computed using FRAGSTATS 33 software.They were NP,PD,PAFRAC,MPI,CONTAG,CONNECT,AI,IJI and SHDI.The results showed that karst depressions in Puding were mainly distributed at South and Northwest part.And the whole landscape had high disturbance degree,complex structure,high heterogeneity and scattering distribution.However,each class had showed clumped distribution.Class level analysis showed that depression class had more patches,and was more fragmented,less agminate and more restricted with natural conditions than nondepression class.The comparative analysis〖JP2〗 on small depression class and large depression class had the same tendency as depression class and nondepression

Global climate warming resulted from greenhouse gas emission already has attracted more and more attentions from governments and the public all over the world.At present,the status of greenhouse effect from large freshwater reservoirs in global climate warming became a debated issue in the academic community around the world gradually.The previous studies showed that some reservoirs for hydroelectronic generation or other purposes in Canada,U.S.A,Brazil and other counties would release additional greenhouse gas(CO2 and CH4)into atmosphere due to the inundation of soil and vegetation in reservoir area as a result of the construction and impoundment of reservoir.In this paper,an overview of greenhouse effect of reservoir on the global warming was addressed in order to understand the advances in greenhouse gas researches at home and abroad.It should be illustrated that some key issues,including observation of reservoirs greenhouse effect,case studies,the inner mechanism,emission processes and main influence factor of greenhouse gas from reservoirs,wese discussed and summarized for the sake of obtaining more information about the emission of greenhouse gas from freshwater reservoirs and providing constructive guide for hydroelectronic development in China.〖

Research on the watershed ecological carrying capacity is an effective measure of settling sustainable development problem at basin scale from the perspective of water ecology in recent years.Through reviewing on previous literature,the origination and development of aquatic ecological carrying capacity in the basin are discussed;the theoretical foundation and previous related research are investigated;the further research is forecasted.Originally,the theory of carrying capacity is the foundation of the research;the theory of sustainable development and ecological footprint are the objectives;the theory of watershed ecology is the support.In the research progress,water ecological carrying capacity is the dynamic integration and deepening of water resource and environment carrying capacity.From the perspective of estimation and assessment,approaches in evaluating ecological carrying capacity such as net primary production,ecological footprint,sustainable development and the health of ecological system are the primary approaches of measuring,which is the basis of estimating watershed ecological carrying capacity.Currently,the research on the aquatic ecological carrying capacity in the basin is at the initial stage.In the future,it should better reflect the fundamental aim of the harmonious coexistence between human and nature and the dialectical integration of quality and quantity.Meanwhile,the employment of the research approach which integrates material,energy,information,time and space is expected to make the research on the aquatic ecological carrying capacity in the basin more practical. 

The urban industrial garden has made the positive contribution to urban economy development,fully employment,urban space reasonable use since 1990s.Now,they are faced with the fast development of information technology,the lowcarbon urban construction and the new economy.So they must transform.Through the thorough analysis of the essence of internet creative industry and the lowcarbon economy,we found that the internet creative industry was the first choice for transformation of urban industrial garden and development of lowcarbon economy in Shanghai.This article constructed the planning concept,formation way and planning strategy of the transformation of urban industrial park in Shanghai,which were promoted by the internet creative industries and lowcarbon economy.The case of Shanghai could give some useful references for other metropolis in China

By compiling a social accounting matrix containing environmental accounts of Jiangxi Province in 2002,we estimated impacts of different schemes of the nitrogen and phosphorus reduction on the output value of 18 sectors,which included collecting discharge fees,subsidizing emission reduction of nitrogen and subsidizing emission reduction of phosphorus.The research result indicated that different schemes had different marginal impacts on the output value of the sectors.The adjustment of criteria of fees for nitrogen and phosphorus emission had marginal impacts on the values of sectors on the whole.There was little change in the values of sectors except the tertiary sector,and the less nitrogen and phosphorus the sector discharged,the more its output value changed.However,adjustment of criteria of subsidies for emission reduction of nitrogen and phosphorus turned out to be on the contrary;the more nitrogen and phosphorus the sector discharged,the more its output value increased.It can be seen that subsidy on the emission reduction of phosphorus bears more apparent effects on the changes of output values of sectors from that of the regulation measures

Based on the demand of the postdisaster restoration reconstruction and economic revitalization of Lueyang and the present strategic arrangement of the energysaving & emission reduction from the state and Shanxi province,and with the analysis of the economic development status,as well as environmental quality of Lueyang,the goal of coordinating postdisaster reconstruction to complete the regional economic and energysaving could be implemented by the corresponding adjustment measures.The energysaving & emission reduction regulatory model was built by the system dynamics method.After the different combinations between the industrial structure adjustment coefficient and the investment proportion of environmental protection,the four programs was tested,and then the results was optimized by objective programming.It was found that the equation describing the relationship between variables and key parameters was essential to the quality of the system dynamics model.The results of the research showed that in the shortterm,from 2010 to 2012,promoting dominant industries,in addition to higher investment in environmental protection,help the fast recovery of Lueyang economy and the objective achievement of energysaving & emission reduction;in the midterm,from 2013 to 2016,and the longterm,from 2017 to 2020,the appropriate adjustment of stable development of the leading industrial and higher investment in environmental protection help build healthy circular economy development model and implement regional sustainable,healthy and coordinated development.Meanwhile the options and avoidance programs were also provided to make scientific decisions

Urban heat island is more and more severe since urbanization develops rapidly.Month average temperature data of 11 districts in 50 years of shanghai was analyzed,and temperature difference of every 5 years between each station and Chongming was got,showing the extend of heat island from city center to rural areas,especially from 1980s,20th century, with a larger increase of difference in temperature.On the basis of existed theories,one of the main mechanisms of heat island generation——anthropogenic heat emission, was analyzed.All possible heat resources and facilities in urban were studied and categorized based on the flow chart,then calculating methods of 3 phases were compared for different purposes.Heat emitted by carbon and fuel was calculated respectively，in order to estimate the total amount of anthropogenic heat.Meanwhile,annual average temperature of both downtown and suburb,temperature difference,and its relativity to anthropogenic heat were analyzed.Finally,effects on temperature by the usage of airconditioning in summer of Shanghai were studied.The construction distribution of Shanghai was obtained from the digitizing Supposing a relativity between floors and airconditioning density,it was found that heat emitted by airconditioning had a quite good consistency with surface temperature retrieval, which was also proved to be one of the main reason of high temperature in Shanghai city

Fossil energy resources are the main fuel for China’s thermal power.This has led to severe resource depletion and environmental pollution.It is an important part of regional sustainable development to quantitative evaluation of the impact of thermal power fuel consumption on resources and environment.Based on estimates on main atmospheric pollutants of thermal power fuel generation and transportation,the paper calculated the corresponding ecological footprint by using component method.The results show that during consuming 1 kW〖DK〗·h thermal power,CO2，CH4，NOx，SO2 and dust were 107 kg，993×10-3 kg，646×10-3 kg，260×10-3 kg，202×10-2 kg,respectively.China’s ecological footprint of thermal power fuel consumption  increased from 50 674.44×104hm2 in 2000 to 123 84208×104hm2 in 2007.Average annual growth rate was 1362％.The proportion of the ecological footprint of CO2 and NOx was as high as 836%.The total proportion of ecological footprint of SO2,dust and CH4 was only 164%,and the impact was small.

VIC model is a distributed hydrological model based on grid,which is flexible to be coupled with GCMs to evaluate the effect of climate change on hydrological process. As the first part of this study,VIC model for the Xitiaoxi catchment with a spatial resolution of 5 km×5 km for each grid was developed.According to the flow routing characteristics in the Xitiaoxi catchment,a routing scheme developed by Dag Lohman with the unit hydrograph method for overland flow and the linear SaintVenant method for channel flow was used to route the simulated daily runoff to the outlet of Xitiaoxi catchment to do model calibration and validation based on observed data (1990~2000) from Hengtangcun gauging station.The results show that VIC model was adaptable for the study area,and the relative errors of the annual average runoff in Hengtangcun hydrologic station were 0.77% and 3.43% respectively.The coefficient of determination and NashSuttcliffe efficiency coefficient were both greater than 0.75.Especially for the simulation of discharge during flood seasons, deterministic coefficient were all greater than 0.80. It is feasible to use VIC model to analyze the response of flood on future climate change,and the related results will be presented in the following partner paper.〖

To improve the credibility of prehistory flood research,combining the field survey of sedimentary characteristics of modern flood as well as the correlation analysis between the archaeological sites and unordinary flood stage in history in the study area etc.,using the textual researches of the flood document in the history,this paper analyzed comprehensively the more than 15 m siltsand layers which were deposited about during 6 567～6 489 aBP in Yuxi profile in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River,and discussed the authenticity,reliability,magnitude,characteristics and possible driving or influence factors of the paleoflood sedimentary phenomenon.The paleoflood layers formed about during 6 567～6 489 aBP in Yuxi profile reflected that there were more than 5 exceptional floods at least,which occurred about during the 78 a in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in the mid Holocene,and it was possible that the more than 1.5 m flood deposits were remained.The characteristics which the return period (years) reflected by the stratum records in the mid Holocene and the exceptional floods recorded by the historical documents in study areas was very close or basically coincident with the change periods of ENSO.It indicated that, the frequency phenomena of exceptional floods might be linked to the change periods of ENSO in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River since the mid Holocene.〖