The Yangtze River Delta,one of the most developed,the most dynamic,the most densely populated and the most concentrated in industry areas of China,is growing into an influential worldclass urban agglomeration and plays an important role in China’s economic and social development.However,influenced by the climate change,the Yangtze River Delta’s urbanization and environment for construction affect each other.This paper did some researches in two aspects.On the one hand,using 2008 data it summarizes the current characteristics of urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta.The urbanization is to be further accelerated in the Yangtze River Delta.On the other hand,future climate change will led to sealevel rise.The sealevel rose to reach 220~380 mm in the next 20 years,and 270~610 mm in the next 50 years in the Yangtze River Delta.The Yangtze River Delta is bound to be affected by the process of urbanization which mainly will caused larger area of land flooded,more flood disasters,and more other environmental problems.

Because the complex global patterns could be structured from“bottomup”oriented selforganization,cellular automata(CA)have been increasingly applied in the simulation of urban growth and evolution.Spatial distances variables(driving forces)impacting urban growth were extracted from the multitemporal remotely sensed data,which were used to discover the transition rules of CA,with the auxiliary of field surveyed topographic maps and land use planning data.Based on the method of logistic regression,the logisticCA model was established.With a modeling package programmed in a GIS environment,the urban dynamics at the county and street block scale,Jiading District of Shanghai,were simulated from 1989 to 2006 with the logisticCA model.A pixel by pixel comparison method was used to produce a confusion matrix and the Kappa coefficient between the simulation results produced by the calibrated logisticCA model and the classified maps from remote sensing images.This study has demonstrated that the logisticCA model is particularly suitable to simulate urban growth with medium and small level areas.Finally,assuming that current urban development speed continues and no significant policy changes will happen in the future 4 years,the spatial pattern of Jiading District can be predicted by using the 17 years(1989~2006)historical data calibrated logisticCA model.

As the vector of regional development,utilization status of land resources has close relationship with the level of social economic development.Data of land use,GDP,fixed assets investment,primary industry,secondary industry and tertiary industry in recent 10 years in Jiangsu Province were used to figure out the land use gravity and economy gravity center in every year and quantitatively express the shift route of land use and economy gravity center.On the basis of the result,the difference of utilization status of land use and spatial difference of social economic development in regions of Jiangsu Province was analyzed.Influencing factors of dynamic migration about land and economic factors were also analyzed and the relation between land use and economy gravity center was revealed.Results showed that:gravity center of farmland moved to northwest during 1997~2006 while the one of traffic and residential land moved to west during 1997~2001 and southeast during 2001~2006.Totally,gravity center of GDP moved to southeast in the past 10 years while the primary industry moved to northwest,secondary industry and tertiary industry moved to southeast,but the change of fixed assets investment gravity center showed irregularity.The shift route of land use gravity center corresponded with the present situation of land use of Jiangsu Province.And the shift route of economy gravity center showed that the region discrepancy in Jiangsu Province was extended.The gravity center of GDP,secondary industry and tertiary industry will move to the south Jiangsu in the coming years,but the speed will be decelerated,and the shift will strengthen in longitude and the shift trend of land use gravity center will also be reinforced.〖

Water storage of the Three Gorges Project(TGP)and resettlement has many influences on agricultural production and farmers’ living conditions in the rural areas.Under this background,land resources of Zigui,Xingshan and Badong county,economic status and satisfaction level of resettlers of typical villages and towns in the area of head part of the TGR were investigated.The results showed that after water storage of the TGP,cultivated lands in low elevation area were submerged in the TGR area.Total land resources in reservoir area significantly decreased,and thus the humanland conflict was further intensified.The main income source of resettlers were personal service,crop farming,fish and livestock breeding,in which personal services income accounted for a large part,and the main expenditure of family economy of migration households was living expenses.Resettlement had significant effects on peasants’ income.After resettlement,the residential environment,housing,living and traffic conditions were improved,and resettlement policies were well implemented.In the area of head part of the TGR,most resettlers were filled with confidence for future and supported the construction of the TGP.The ecological environment in rural areas in the TGR area was significantly influenced,the natural disasters,plant diseases and insect pests became increased,and the facilities of waste treatment were deficiency,which should be paid enough attention by the local government.

Under the social thought of ecological city and sustainable development,the livable city has gradually become a new development concept.Urban green space construction has become one of the most important matters of urban infrastructure planning and construction in our country,and has gained great achievement.However,the primary orientation of the planning and construction of the urban green space is very ambiguous.It focuses on the integrated parks and special parks rather than the communal green space,on the beautifying and shining effects rather than the ecoefficiency,on  the integrated evaluation index rather than the index of the livability.For the livabilityoriented of the urban green space planning,this paper brought forward the strategy of the livability of the urban green space,which stressed  green space and other engineering‘four simultaneities’,gave prominence to the communal green space,promoted the‘green path and patch’in the network layout, emphasized the accessibility,openness,compound and the balance between appropriateness and scale.〖

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship and interactions between quantity change of cultivated land and economic growth, and to ease the conflicts between cultivated land protection and economic growth. Methods of cointegration analysis and granger causality test were used.The empirical research shows that there were long equilibrium relationships between cultivated land quantity and economic growth at different economic growth periods.Since 1952,the changes of economic growth and cultivated land experienced three periods.The relationship of economic growth and cultivated land quantity reflected mutual causality from 1952 to 1978.Agriculture played an important role in the national economy at this phase.Economic growth was the cause of the reduction of cultivated land quantity from 1978 to 1992.In this period,the amount of cultivated land conversion conformed to the requirements of economic growth.Economic growth was supported by the input of cultivated land from 1992 to 2008.This resulted in inefficient use of land and other issues.Paying more attention to the equilibrium relationships between cultivated land quantity and economic growth at every different economic growth times,finding their change law, grasping the tendency of causal relationship,and rearranging the policy of land management were all used to adapt to the change of economic growth.In summary,easing the conflicts between cultivated land protection and economic growth is an urgent problem to settle.〖

Monthly precipitation forecast for the upper Yangtze River is very essential to the water resources management for the entire Yangtze River basin.Three typical meteorological stations were selected respectively in three different climatic zones.All the selected stations contained nearly 60 years of monthly precipitation records in the upper Yangtze River.This paper estimated the month of precipitation and precipitation time delay parameter,and established monthly precipitation forecasting model using backpropagation neural network,radial basis function neural network,generalized regression neural network and multiple linear regression method respectively,to predict the precipitation of coming month.Then,the mean square error and coefficient of determination were used to verify the simulation accuracy of various models and the model simulation results.The results show that artificial neural network prediction model is superior to multiple linear regression in general.Especially,the performance of the backpropagation neural network is better than the others.It can be determined as an effective monthly precipitation methods for the upper Yangtze River after determining reasonable input variables and network structure.〖

Based on the synchronous natural annual runoff time series from 1960 to 2000 at Daofu,Chuosijia,Zumuzu gauges,Copula method was applied to construct the runoff joint distribution models between the water transfer rivers in the area of First Phase Project of Western Route of South to North Water Transfer Project,and then the probabilities of compensatory operations between the rivers were thoroughly analyzed.The results show that among all the three probabilities of compensatory operations between the rivers,the largest was between Xianshui River and Zumuzu River,the second was between Chuosijia River and Zumuzu River and the smallest was between Xianshui River and Chuosijia River,wich were 4374%,3884% and 2582% respectively.

Using daily average temperature data during 1960~2008 from 531 weather stations in China,the characteristics of cooling degree day change were analyzed and the relationship between cooling degree day and cooling electricity load in summer was also investigated by taking Zhejiang province as an example in this paper.The results showed that the number of days with daily mean temperature above 26℃ were more than 10 days,and the stations with cooling requirements mostly distributed in Xinjiang,Sichuan,dryhot valley in Yunnan and to the east of TaihangWushanXuefeng mountains.During the period of 1960~2008,JuneSeptember mean temperature of stations in northern China increased significantly after mid1990s and resulted in the increase of cooling degree day in summer,while stations between south of the Yellow River and north of Nanlin Mountain showed little changing trend.The JuneSeptember mean temperature of stations to the south of Nanlin Mountains increased continuously and resulted in the significant increase of cooling degree day accordingly.In addition,there was a significant positive relationship between daily cooling degree days and daily cooling electricity load during summer in Zhejiang province,and the cooling degree day could be used to predicte cooling electricity consumption.〖

To be a viable alternative to fossil fuel,biofuel should yield a positive energy balance,have contribution to environmental improvement,be economically feasible,and be producible in large quantities without impacting food security.As a major feedstock of the secondgeneration biodiesel,〖WTBX〗Jatropha curcas〖WTBZ〗 L.(JCL)has been widely developed in China, but its viability for substituting fossil biodiesel has not been systematically assessed.This paper analyzed the economic,environmental and energy performance of the production and use of JCL oil through life cycle analysis.The results show that:(1)at the current levels of seed yield,technologies and management,the production and use JCL oil is financially infeasible,and for the industrialization of JCL oil,producers should be subsidized with an amount of 8817～1 4381Yuan/hm2 for seed production and 268Yuan/L for oil extraction and refining;(2)about 13 kg CO2 equivalent can be reduced as per liter JCL oil is produced;(3) the energy efficiency depends on the seed yields.If JCL oil is considered the only energy output,there is energy efficiency when the seed yield is higher than 795 kg/hm2.If the biomass other than seeds is considered the energy output,there is also significant energy efficiency when the seed yield is as low as 297 kg/hm2.The results of sensitivity analysis show that increasing the seed yield can reduce the unit cost of JCL oil but result in a decreased financial net present value,because the unit cost of JCL is higher than the unit price of diesel in the market.However,the environmental benefits and energy efficiency tend to increase as the JCL seed yield is increased.Finally,based on the results of the study,some measures were suggested to improve the lifecycle economic,environmental and energy performance.

Farmland not only has the economic production function,but also has much important ecological function,such as atmosphere conditioning,water conservation,keeping soil composition,leisure entertainment,etc.During the process of farmland conversion,these functions don’t embody with the form of price,and are not included by realistic value of farmland.So it is necessary to classify and quantify the ecological value of farmland,and to bring the nonmarket value into the costbenefit decisionmaking,to void the efficiency loss of farmland conversion.Through the classification and quantification of nonmarket value,this paper estimated the excessive loss of farmland conversion.The results show that,in the provinces of Jiangsu,Hubei and Gansu,which are the representations of the east,central and west region,respectively,the excessive loss of farmland conversion is 3158%、3813% and 4385%,respectively.This provides the theoretical foundation for behavior regulation of farmland conversion,realization mechanism and formulation and implementation of public policy.

As the most important Ecofunctional districts of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River,Dongting Lake wetland’s ecological functions restrict the sustainable development of economy in this area.With the rapid development of husbandry,the waste from livestock seriously threatens to the ecological environment of regional lake.Judging from the amount of livestock and poultry,environmental threats from excretions of livestock and poultry in Dongting Lake counties(urban)were estimated and analyzed in this study,which included the amount of livestock wastes such as feces and urine,feces equivalent capacity of swine,extent of land to bear the animal manure load.The results showed that various kinds of animal feces and urine excretion of Dongting Lake area were 31727 9 million t in total,equivalent to pig feces equivalent of 29211 3 million t,in 2007.The runoff amount of livestock and poultry manure reached a total of 111048 million t.The amount of COD and ammonia from livestock and poultry excretions were more than 508 000 and 78 100 t.Jugding from livestock and poultry manure load alarm value and the classification outcome,Yueyang Tower district and Miluo City had more serious threats.Ecological environment of Cloud River area,Linli County,Wuling district,Yueyang County,Jinshi City,and Xiangyin County were affected.〖

Based on the observed PAEs concentration of 12 sampling sections from the area and No Observed Effect Concentrations(NOEC)of PAEs to aquatic organism species from the EPA database,two approaches were applied and evaluated for probabilistic risk assessment of 4 Phthalate Acid Esters(PAEs)in the Yangtze River of Chongqing section.It was found that 10% of the safety margin value were 4 31079,2171,147,199 for Dimethyl ester(DMP),Diethyl ester(DEP),Dibutyl ester(DBP),bis(2Ethylhexyl)ester(DEHP),respectively,which indicated nonpotential ecological risk for aquatic organism.In addition,application of probability distribution curves in the basic safety margin value and using HC5(hazardous concentration for 5% of species)as the endpoint of effect levels,the probability of exceeding an exposure concentration for DBP and DEHP were 106×10-2 and 235×10-4 respectively.Furthermore,associated with this specific probability of effects,4 individual PAEs followed the order of DBP>DEHP>DEP>DMP,which was in accordance with the method of margin of safety.Two kinds of probabilistic risk methods reflected the ecological risks of Phthalate Acid Esters from different angles.

(College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering,Hohai University,Nanjing 210098,China)

ETM+ images from Landsat7 exists defects since May 31, 2003.This is caused by the failure of the Scan Lines Corrector on the Enhanced Thematic Mapper.These images called SLCOFF data have some black scan lines which have no data.The lost data is about 25% of whole scene,and this makes them difficult for normal use.However,the data itself still retains some good radiometric and geometric properties;it can be used in some special purposes if they are properly repaired.This paper described how to use the Adaptive Local Regression Algorithm(ALR)to restore these images,and then used the restored image to inverse the parameters of water quality of East Lake in Wuhan,China.The results show that,SLCOF image could be repaired quite well by ALR algorithm,and the repaired image could be used to build quite good empirical retrieval models for water quality parameters such as Chla,SD,TP and TN in East Lake with in situ water quality monitoring data by multiple regression analysis.The square correlation coefficients〖WTBX〗(R〖WTBZ〗2)of the models were 086,075,073 and 071,respectively.The distributions of the retrieval water quality parameters agreed with the actual situation of the lake quite well.The author suggests that ETM+ SLCOFF data shouldn’t be neglected.They have some advantages,such as high spatial resolution,very rich in archived data and can be downloaded for free from NASA's servers.After repaired properly as the paper shows,they can be used as supplement or substitution for other remote sensing data while it is insufficient or unavailable.〖

Soil detachment is the necessary approach and the most important process of soil erosion sediment yield.A precise prediction of this is significant to the development of physical based erosion model.Based on runoff scouring experiments by a hydraulic flume,the relationship of red soil detachment rate and slope,flow rate,shear stress,stream power and unit stream power were researched under different slope gradients（88%～466%）and runoff discharges （02～10 L/s）in this paper.The experimental results showed that soil detachment rates would be predicted by a power function of flow rate and slope（〖WTBX〗R〖WTBZ〗2=0966).Among shear stress,stream power and unit stream power,all of them were a linear relation with soil detachment rate(〖WTBX〗R〖WTBZ〗2 is 0949、0965 and 0848),and stream power was best related to soil detachment rate.The results indicated that describing the equation type of red soil detachment rate were considered the same to previous studies，however,the characterization of soil erodibility coefficient showed significant difference.

Based on the antiseasonal operation mode of storing the clean and discharging the muddy,the changes of soil phosphorous forms and contents were analyzed through drywet cycling for the first time in TGRA (Three Gorges Reservoir area),which reveals phosphorous distribution characteristics and its release laws.In summer,total phosphorous contents in the overlying water in lowwaterlevel mode was much higher than that in highwaterlevel mode in winter. Moreover,total phosphorous contents in the overlying water in the upstream and that in the downstream fluctuated remarkably due to the large runoff in flood period.Soil phosphorous in different form distributed in a uniform law. Active phosphorous and organic phosphorous contents changed fiercely,which were the main source of endogenous phosphorus load in the overlying water.Additionally,organic phosphorous was the primary contributor for soil endogenous phosphorus load after the water level went up to 175 m for the first time.In the early submerged period,soil phosphorous contents in different form in drywet cycling did not differ significantly.Soil phosphorous release level showed significant linear correlation to soil total phosphorous,organic phosphorous and active phosphorous.Therefore,the newly emerged fluctuating zone,a potential phosphorous source,had little impact on water quality in the initial period of TGRA operation.

Ecosystem service functions of hydropower project involves in many factors.The various factors are interrelated,and logical relationships are very complex,but they often have a hierarchical structure.Each of these factors contributing to the system service function has its own attributes;however,it performs the fuzzy characteristics in the actual measurement.Aim at the shortcomings of commonly used alternative evaluation methods (such as market value,opportunity cost,shadow project method,travel cost method,protection cost method,etc.),this paper put forward a new AHPFUZZY method by combining analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy programming.Many kinds of factors were considered in the method,avoiding the limitations of only a few criteria to consider.At the same time,a more objective affecting degree value was given through the hierarchical structure analysis.It would improve the reliability of reservoir ecosystem services function comprehensive evaluation.

Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) can represent the ground vegetation to some extent,which reflects the change of environment and global change.Currently,studies on vegetation change are mainly distributed in Shannxi Province,Gansu Province,Xinjiang Province etc.However,there are relatively few studies on temporal and spatial variation of vegetation and its impact factors in Jialing River Basin.Thus,with the support of GIS software,this study was to explore the temporal and spatial variation of vegetation and analyze the impact factors in Jialing River Basin using the GIMMS NDVI data and the linear correlation analysis method.The results are as follows:(1) In 1982~2006,the average NDVI in the whole basin gradually increased year by year.This was same with the other area,but their slope of linear regression equation was different.(2) The vegetation in Jialing River Basin was better than Loess Plateau and Northwest China.Spatial difference of vegetation was significant and NDVI in the southern district was less than northern district.(3) Spatial difference of vegetation variation was also significant.But slope of linear regression equation in the southern district was greater than northern district.(4) Spatial distribution of NDVI and its change in 1982~2006 was related to human activities and climate change.Based on these analyses,the results indicate that human activities such as soil and water conservation measures in the upper reach of the Yangtze River and climate change makes vegetation and environment better

In this research,a case study in Qingpu District of Shanghai was conducted to determine the impacts of land use changing on riparian habitat and plant community composition.A total of 48 riparian sites in six different land use types were investigated and analyzed.At present,the quality of riparian habitat in Qingpu could be ranked in the order of:wild land>green space>agricultural land>transportation land>residential land>industrial land.The main reason of this result was the changes of bank type,the width and gradient of the riparian zone,and the original vegetation as the land use type varying.A total of 118 plants from 51 families were found in Qingpu riparian zone.The highest value of average richness appeared in green space,while the lowest in industrial land.Plant community compositions in six land use types were significantly different from each other in respect of life form and origin.Industrial land suffered intensive disturbance and the percentage of the alien invasive plants was as high as 27.22%.The average richness of grass species in agricultural land was 11.75,which was the highest value in six land use type.The percentage of artificial plants in transportation and residential land were as high as 37.77% and 4997%,respectively.In green space,the life form was in a relatively balanced state,and the percentage of artificial plants was 64.05%.Wild land lacked trees and bushes,and the percentage of the natural distributing plants was as high as 69.94%.This article enriched the researches on the impacts of land use changing on riparian habitat and plant community composition in plain river network area,and could be helpful to the restoration and management work of riparian zone in future.

Grain size analysis of street dust collected in January,March,April,May,July and September,2008 in Kunming City showed a three peaks distribution spectrum,where the first mode was 65～125μm ,the second was 3～15μm and the third was 0.15～0.3μm.The average grain sizes were ranging from 39.91～255.85μm and the mean value was 87.1μm.The average grain size of the dry season（906μm）was significantly greater than that of the rainy season（837μm）.Distribution of grain size was skewed positively.The kurtosis was from middling to narrow and asymmetrical frequency curves,being the poor sorted.This is similar to the grain size distribution of modern dust storms of source,which indicates that street dust is a mixture of coarse grains derived from local area and fine grains transported over long distances,and is derived from aeolian processes.The content of finegrain in the street dust was higher relatively,≤100μm particles on average 635%.Under proper aerodynamic conditions,60%～90% of the street dust particles were picked up and transported by suspension.The street dust mainly originates from soil wind sand dusts,cement dusts,coal combustion dust,motor vehicle exhausts.The average respirable suspended particles in street dust are of 252%,showing the high potential hazards.