Currently,it is the best time to develope the Yangtze River Estuary.With the conduct of the Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Channel Regulation Project and the Yangtze Estuary passage across the river being opened to traffic,the time is ripe for us to build superdeep water berths and superdeep water channel.If we build a manmade island on the base of deepwater channel of 15m at the Outer Zone of the Yangtze Estuary,deepwater channel of 20m would be reached and deepwater Grand Port could be built which would become the bridgehead of landandsea coordinated transport in the Yangtze River Basin.Correspondently,large amount of sediment created by the Yangtze Estuary Deepwater Channel Regulation Project will create favorable conditions for accelerating the Hengsha eastern tidal flat and its surrounding sandbars into land.By the trinity of dredging,accelerative silting and the land reclamation,it is estimated to form the island groups over 500 square kilometers and shape the subdelta system between the South Port and the North Port in the Yangtze River Estuary,and on both sides of the main channel in the north channel in the next 20 years

Under the impact of global economic integration,the economy raised,urbanization grew rapidly and urban agglomeration relatively matured in eastern China.However,in the central and western regions,the agglutination of production factors and the development of urban agglomeration have grew slowly,and the original urban basis is poor;small cities’development and interaction is weak,and the leading role of regions is not obvious.For these reasons,this paper analyzed the current problems,then put forward the development strategies of three major urban agglomerations in central China:build up economic development axis in central region,strengthen economy of the node,construct the core area of industrial clustering and develop the traditional agriculture,and guide to the directions of modern agriculture and city agriculture.At the same time,we should focus on the urban and rural construction,protect ecological tourism zones,so as to promote economic development and regional urbanization.

The study about rules of cities’ spatial structure is a central research always for city planner and geographer.In the study field,W.Christaller's central place theory and A.Loesch's networks structure theory was highly valued in an early stage.Now the research hotspots is the fractal theory based on the development of human spatial behavior's selforganization.In 2001,the famous chinese's geoscientist academician.YE Danian advance the views about the city symmetry in chinese,and sort out it to a theory subsequently.With the development of chengduchongqing economic zone(CCEZ),space constructing of Sichuan cities are faced with an important chance.This paper analyzes the Sichuan cities distribution according to the city symmetry theory by YE Danian.We consider the cities distribution in Sichuan have the symmetry remarkably under the physiogeographical(just as geological structure)pattern's influence and the cities's distribution in westbasin plane show lattice character because of water natural system and land traffic trunk lines.Countered the spatial structure's deficiency of Sichuan cities,paper merge anew that spatial distribution of Sichuan cities and put forward the new theory about urban spatial structure of Sichuan which is diamond model(DM).The model can provide a satisfactory explanation for the spatial distribution and evolution trend of Sichuan cities.And point out that the city symmetry theory have theoretical and pratical values to a certain degree,so it is worth to be better studied by scholars

Correct evaluation of priority conservation order of fishes in the estuary and offshore has important significance for estuarine ecosystem management and maintenance of biological diversity.A set of index system and method of evaluation of priority conservation order of fishes is preferred to protect race fishes.Based on field survey and information collection,a new evaluation index system of priority conservation order of fishes is established by means of expert consultation and related research achievements,which is consisted of subsystems of the endangered species system,the genetic value system and the species value system.At the same time,the evaluation grade and standard of priority conservation order of fishes is determined.In order to overcome the subjective random of weight determination,the objective weights of evaluation indexes are calculated based on the information entropy principle.On the basis of this,ideal point method is introduced into multiobjective decision making evaluation of priority conservation order of fishes in the estuary and offshore.Furthermore,a model is established to evaluate priority of conservation order of fishes.Finally,the model is applied to evaluate priority conservation order of fishes in the Zhangweixin River Estuary and Offshore.The result shows that the method is very simple and the evaluation result is reliable,so it can be widely applied in estuarine ecosystem management

According to reproductive habits and adaptation in the early development stage,the fishes in the Yangtze River,including 8 orders 17 families 90 species,were divided into 13 reproductive guilds,about 393% kinds of the total species in the river.869% species of the Cypriniformes belong to nonguarded type.Most of them are pelagophils,lithophils and phytophils,adapting to dwell between lakes and rivers respectively.Compared with current classification system,species of Acheilognathinae limited to only one reproductive guild,while the species of Gobioninae scatter into five guilds.The different components of reproductive guilds in different fauna are compared.Furthermore,the ecological adaptation of different reproductive guilds and the application on protection of fish resources in the Yangtze River were discussed

The high speed expansion of construction land is one of the main characteristics of modern land use change in China.Based on the land use database acquired by interpreting the multipletemporal(1995,2000 and 2005)remote sensing images,GIS spatial analysis(mainly overlay and buffer analysis),ESI(expansion speed index)and EII(expansion intensity index)were used to analyze the spatialtemporal pattern and driving forces of the construction land expansion in Jianghan Plain from 1996 to 2005.And the driving forces of construction land expansion were analyzed by Grey relational analysis combined with social and economic statistic data.The results showed that the expansion of construction land accelerated in later five years compared to that of former five years;the construction land expansion showed obvious areal difference in different counties;construction land grew dramatically along the major traffic lines,especially along rivers during the later five years.Population growth was the most important driving force of the expansion of 〖JP2〗construction land.Traffic conditions improvement,economic development and the industrial structure transformation were also main driving factors of the construction land expansion in Jianghan Plain

It is important to study the land use change and influencing factors of the paralleled ridgevalley region of East Sichuan because of its great ecological status.Using Landsat TM images of 1986,2000 and 2007,supplemented by SPOT images of 10 m resolution and field surveys,the spatial pattern,the changing track and the corresponding ecological effect of land use/cover of this region were discussed by use of synthetic index of land use extent and land use impact index in this paper.In the study area,it is obvious that land use pattern is under control of the terrain spatial differentials.From 1986 to 2007,land use change in general was characterized by the increase of construction land and water body and the reduction of arable land.The change of arable landconstruction land accounted for 6647% of the total change of 1986~2007.The increase of construction land was mainly due to the fact that some arable land turned to construction land after 2000.Land use degree index of the banded ridgevalley region near the main city increased faster than that of the other farther areas.The factors of land use change of the study area were ascribed to traffic road network effect in main urban area of Chongqing,the node effect of traffic line in the ridgevalley region as well as land use change caused by river corridor.On the whole,the increase and enhancement of the land use effect were larger than the recovery and the reduction of it.The further studies are required to reveal the evolution process of land use and the mechanisms for the maintenance of landscape ecological diversity under the comprehensive effect of the traffic road network driving effect of the paralleled ridgevalley region and the low mountain obstructing effect,and to simulate the optimized land use pattern under the traffic road network driving effect and in the condition of ecological safety

Ecological rehabilitation based on artificial vegetation reconstruction which was the important technique for fathering degraded red soil was widely applied in Southern China.Forest water consumption and rational planting density during afforestation were thus increasingly concerned.〖WTBX〗Pinus elliottii 〖WTBZ〗Englem.sapflow and meteorological factors were measured synchronously using thermal dissipation probe in Qianyanzhou representative of southern degraded red soil area.Potential water use was modeled and rationality of planting density was evaluated.A significant correlation between sapwood area(SWA)and diameter at breast height(DBH)was well fitted with conic model.A significant correlation between sapwood area(SWA)and tree age(A)was well fitted with nilpotent model.Potential sap flow density model was established by multilinear regression equation.Significant correlation also existed between potential sap flow density(Qp)and three meteorological factors,i.e.canopy temperature(CT),canopy relative humidity(CRH)and photosynthetically active radiation(PAR).Potential water use model based on sapwood area and potential sap flow density could not only be used for predicting forest water consumption dynamics,but also interpolating abnormal and absent sap flow observation data.The present planting density of 〖WTBX〗P.elliottii 〖WTBZ〗Englem.in the study area was relatively reasonable as for stand water use

Urban lawn,as the main part of urban green land,plays very important role in regulating the carbon balance in city.The characteristics of CO2 emission flux over an urban lawn ecosystem in Shanghai were studied with the static closed chamber sampling technique and gas chromatograph analysis.The results showed that CO2 emission flux exhibited an obvious diurnal and seasonal variation.The daily maximum values appeared at about noon when the temperature was highest,while the daily minimum values appeared at night or dawn when the temperature was lowest.The maximum daily variation range was 1 1876 mg /(m2·h)(1st July),and the minimum one was 892 mg /(m²·h)(3rd Jan.). The seasonal variation of the flux showed the maximum value in summer and the minimum one in winter,which was caused by temperature and plant growth.During the observation period,the annual average value CO2 flux was 6194 mg /(m2·h).Temperature was the main factor influencing the CO2 flux in the studied lawn,while soil moisture seemed not a significant factor.The results provide the basic data of CO2 flux in urban lawn,which can contribute to the study and management of carbon cycle in the city.

The imperviable areas have increased as a result of the development 〖JP2〗of urbanization,which usually〖JP〗 causes the significant changes in regional hydrologic〖JP2〗al processes.The longterm hydrological and meteorological〖JP〗 series are typical in the Xitiaoxi watershed of Taihu basin.Anji experimental district,located in the Xitiaoxi watershed,has been set up to investigate the characteristics and laws of rainfallrunoff processes of small urban districts in the eastern part of China.The flows of control sections were observed and calculated in the flood seasons since 2005.Based on the analysis of rainfall, water stage and other underlying data,Storm Water Management Model was applied to simulate several selected typical rainfallrunoff events in the district,and the laws of stormrunoff processes were analyzed.The results indicate that Storm Water Management Model was highly effective and the errors were small,so it could be used to simulate the rainfallrunoff processes and analyze the laws of stormrunoff processes in this area.The results included the decreased lag times,the increased storm flow volumes and the increased peak flows.The peak shape coefficients increased with an average value of 305,which had greatly increased the pressure on flood prevention work.The result should be helpful to study the effects of watershed urbanization on rainfallrunoff processes,city flood prevention,city planning,city management,and so on

Since 1990s,〖WTBX〗Stephanodiscus hantzschii〖WTBZ〗 bloom occurred frequently in the middledown reaches of the Hanjiang River during the early spring.From January 1st to March 6th 2010,investigaitons were performed to study phytoplankton spatiotemporal distribution in the Hanjiang River basin.During the study period,we found that phytoplankton density at upstream of Xiangfan City were significantly lower than that at downstream,and the density of phytoplankton in mainstream of the Hanjiang River were significantly lower than that of its branch:Tangbai River.On January 7th,the highest density of total phytoplankton reached 5050×106 ind./L,at site of the Tangbai River,of which the 〖WTBX〗Stephanodiscus hantzschii〖WTBZ〗 occupied 9609%.From January 27th,algal bloom appeared in the mainstream,with average phytoplankton density of 1442×106 ind./L,and increased to 2466 ×106 ind./L on February 23,then declined to 66×106 ind./L on March 3rd.Correlation analysis indicated that phytoplankton density had siginificant positive correlations with dissolved oxygen(DO)(Pearson,r=063 p〖WTBZ〗＜005),soluble total nitrogen(STN)(Pearson,〖WTBX〗r=085,p＜001)and soluble total phosphorus(STP)(Pearson,〖WTBX〗r=077,p〖WTBZ〗＜001),but extremely significant negative correlation with water transparence(SD)(Pearson,〖WTBX〗r=- 044,p〖WTBZ〗＜001),and significant negative with soluble silicate (SSi)(Pearson,〖WTBX〗r=- 035,p〖WTBZ〗＜005).Based on the spatiotemporal pattern of phytoplankton,it was proposed that the higher density of 〖WTBX〗Stephanodiscus hantzschii〖WTBZ〗 in the Tangbai River may serve as a crucial seed bank for the outbreak of 〖WTBX〗Stephanodiscus hantzschii〖WTBZ〗 bloom in the middledown reaches of the Hanjing River.The duration of the earlyspring 〖WTBX〗Stephanodiscus hantzschii〖WTBZ〗 bloom was also significantly influenced by the weather condition of the Hanjiang River basin

Variation of  water quality in reservoir takes an important part in ecological security investigation and assessment of lakes and reservoirs, and also provides basis for ecological security monitoring and warning,ecological security assurance and development of the comprehensive treatment plan for lakes and reservoirs.Permanganate,ammonia nitrogen,and other parameters were chosen to be the main environmental factors,and the variation of water quality in Danjiangkou Reservoir was analyzed.The influencing factors including water quantity of the reservoir,input water from upstream and agricultural nonpoint source pollution as well as their relationship with the variation of water quality in Danjiangkou Reservoir were also explored.Besides,some suggestions were put forward about improving the water quality of the reservoir.In all,the water quality in Danjiangkou Reservoir has gradually become better and is changing in a positive trend through environmental protection and pollution control in recent years.The variation of water quality in Danjiangkou Reservoir is mainly related with nonpoint source pollution,and the monitoring system should be developed

Taking Nüerzhai small watershed which lies in Wuling Mountain of middlelower Yangtze River as study area,this paper calculated some factors such as rainfall erosivity and soil erodibility based on data observed and sampling on the spot in watershed.By using geographic information system(GIS)and the revised universal soil loss equation(RUSLE),the soil erosion intensity and its relationship with land use types and altitudes in watershed were studied.The results show that the average soil erosion intensity in the watershed was 78844 t/（km2〖DK1〗·a）,which was in the category of feeble degree erosion.9518% of watershed was below the category of slight degree erosion and only 119% of watershed exceeded the category of strong degree erosion.In different land use types,soil erosion intensities of cultivated land and orchard were bigger than the others.They were in the category of moderate degree erosion.Forest land was in the category of feeble degree erosion except for bamboo grove,which was in the category of slight degree erosion.Cultivated land,orchard and bamboo grove were the main land use type for preventing soil and water loss in future.In different altitudes,64.42% of the total soil loss occured in lower altitudes(200～400 m).This region was the major region for preventing soil and water loss.The study provides an example for applying RUSLE to assess soil erosion in Wuling Mountain area and offers useful references for preventing soil erosion and making decision for watershed management

Based on monitoring data of spatial distribution of water quality in main inflow estuary of Nansi Lake,according to the standard of average comprehensive pollution index 〖WTBX〗Pj〖WTBZ〗>2,17 heavilypolluted rivers such as Guang Fu river and Xuecheng Xiaosha River etc.were selected.The average value of individual soiled contribution rates of CODcr,TP,TN of these rivers were 455%,763%,864% respectively,indicating that TN and TP in Nansi lake were mainly from the heavilypolluted rivers.The average value of individual soiled share rates of CODcr,TP,TN were 227%,154%,619% respectively,indicating that the primary pollutant in Nansi Lake was TN,and the following were CODcr and TP.The paper gave the linear regression equations of NH3N and TN in inflow estuary of east Nansi Lake.Affected by topography,river morphology,hydraulic retention period as well as pH,SS,chlorophylla and other factors in water of the west and east lake,the nitrification processes of rivers in the west lake are better than those in the east lake,and the average ratio of NH3N and TN in inflow estuary of west and east Nansi lake were 025 and 065 respectively.The result showed that,the catchment areas of heavilypolluted rivers generally distribute in major towns and industry and mine areas,CODcr and nitrogen pollutants were mainly from point pollution sources such as industry and urban life,and phosphorus pollutants were mainly from part of the industry.Therefore,the highest priority is to strengthen control measures of point sources such as industrial structure adjustment,emphasize enterprise cutting down pollution as well as remove nitrogen and phosphorus in municipal waste water treatment plant in Nansi Lake basin

Soil erosion becomes more serious and has threatened to social stability and security now.So we must make great efforts and pay more attention to water and soil conservation. We should put the research for soil erosion at the most important position. This paper discusses the establishment of the soil erosion caused by sloping surfaces assessment index system,and select quantification theory to realize the qualitative assessment for the soil erosion of the farming slope experimental plots in Yunxi.According the system index established,we build the qualitative assessment based on quantification theoryⅡthrough historical data.The accuracy of this model is 8739%.All of these results demonstrate the correctness of this qualitative assessment model,and the achievement of this paper can provide a helpful reference for water and soil conservation in Yunxi

In order to achieve sustainable development of wetland ecosystem,promote impartial and reasonable wetland conservation situation,do a thorough research on peasant around Poyang Lake wetland,including basic information about family producing and living,peasant perception on wetland environment,and willingness to accept based on local wetland conservation measure,such as forbidden fishing period,migratory bird protection and prohibitinggraze policy,the conclusion including:(1) peasant’s family income is closely related with wetland,and peasant have relative higher cognition and conservation consciousness of wetland ecological environment;(2)the proportion of willingness to accept is higher as 881% in 193 valid questionnaire,and the maximum average willingness to accept (WTA) was 3399RMB Yuan per household per year,then estimate the amount of ecological compensation is about 582 million RMB Yuan per year;(3)metrological analysis of Tobit regression model conclude that famers’ willingness to accept is influenced by age,recognition of ecological benefits and attitude towards ecological conservation,then propose that improve famers’ ecological conservation consciousness,and give peasant reasonable ecological compensation is the key to solve the problem of wetland conservation and sustainable development

In order to probe the problem of the spatial distribution of grain production in China,the method of virtual land analysis and comparison were used to diagnose it.The results are as follows:Firstly,the index of Per capita virtual land in regional food products by rural population was used to measure the spatial layout of food production in China,it was found that there are notable regional discrepancy of spatial layout of food production in China,and the highvalue areas are concentrated in the northeast,Inner Mongolia,Yangtze River and north of Southern Hills.Second,an evaluating index system including 7 indices are established,which mainly consists of 4 aspects:Water and land resources(particularly land),natural disasters and so on to quantitatively evaluate the suitability of food production in China.The evaluating results show that the suitability of food production in China also have notable regional discrepancy,which appears the lows of the value of the east is higher than that of the west.And highvalue regions mainly focus on the northeast,HuangHuaiHai,median China,south China and southwest,lowvalue regions mainly focus on northwest,north China,and southeast.Finally,an index of food production coordination was build to diagnose the layout of food production in China,it was found that the food production are intensive in 11 provinces in the north China,and the food production are thin in 16 provinces in the south China.The method used in this paper is innovative,but there also have some obvious deficiencies in this article such as the index system of suitability of food production.The research results and conclusions are deserved further improved.

This article analyses some fundament characteristics of underdeveloped but resourcesrich mountain areas in perspective of international and domestic experiences,based on the field surveys on Qiandongnan Prefecture of Guizhou in China.The author considers that the mountain areas of Qiandongnan Prefecture are endowed with great ecological and economic values with typical features of underdeveloped and resourcesrich areas,where is an ideal option to build an experimental area for ecological civilization,aiming to achieve a winwin of economy and ecology.Qiandongnan Prefecture is a typical mountainous area with the features of most underdeveloped economy,rich resource endowment,high quality of ecology and unique ethnic culture，and has clear comparative advantage in ecological value in terms of Prototype of the natural environment,the original culture,the original appearance of historical relic.This article argues that the ecological civilization is one of social patterns with man and nature in harmony and common prosperity of the cultural values,the sound development of ecosystems under sustainable production to meet human needs without compromising their sustainable consumption of natural systems.The author also points out several development models of ecoagriculture,ecoindustry and circular economy,ecotourism,ecological urban and towns,and ecogovernance. Some policy suggestions on publicity and education,science and technology innovation,specialization economy,ecoindustrial chains and low carbon economy,are put forward at the end of the article

In the first part of this twopart paper,it has been proved that VIC model is adaptable for the Xitiaoxi catchment,especially for the simulation of discharge during flood seasons.In this part,VIC model is coupled with PRECIS to analyze the flood response to future climate change.Results indicate that the average monthly discharge and maximum monthly discharge are strongly correlated at the Hengtangcun hydrologic station.In other words,the flood could be represented satisfactorily by average monthly discharge.The discharge will increase significantly during flood seasons in the study area in the future (2021~2050),and flood frequency will also increase significantly under future climate scenarios than that during baseline period (1961~1990).The probability of occurrence for big flood under A2 scenario will be greater than that under B2 scenario,a 50year event may become a 27year or 32year event under A2 and B2 scenario in the future respectively.All these suggest that flood response to climate change will be more sensitive, and there will be a great increase in intensity and frequency of extreme floods in the future.This will be a big challenge for the planning and management of water resources,and also for flood control in the future