As the national critical material basis of survival and economic development, genetic resources (GRs) are the strategic resources for a countrys sustainable economic development. Relied on GRs, bioeconomy structured by biotechnology and industries becomes a new economic form after the types of agricultural economy, industrial economy and information economy. Some scholars predicted that bioeconomy which is hailed as “the 4th driving force of world economic growth” would be the leader of world economic development after the 2020s. GRs not only offer raw materials for clothing, food, shelter and medicine, but provide a pleasant ecological environment. China is one of the richest biodiversity countries and the most important centers of origin of crops in the world, and it is also the native habitats of various endemic species. Whats more, the worldwide famous Chinese traditional medicine and its associated traditional knowledge are the precious resources for innovation of many related industries (genetic resources industries). The socioeconomic development of a region is closely related to the utilization of GRs, and thus the richness of GRs has become an important indicator of measuring the capacity of socioeconomic development in a district or a country. For a long time, the socioeconomic value of genetic resources has been underestimated in different degrees. Ignoring the socioeconomic contributions of GRs, will bring the continuous destruction and degradation of resource and ecological environment. This paper gave a theoretical framework for the research, and chose Taizhou as the case of empirical analysis. Based on the analysis of GRs conception and its value varieties, we appraised the direct economic value, R&D value, conservation value and social benefit value of the GRs in Taizhou 2011. The results showed that the total economic value of GRs was ￥22688×108, being equivalent to 9.35% of the GDP in Taizhou 2011; the direct economic value, R&D value, conservation value and social benefit value of the GRs was ￥14350×108, ￥1426×108, ￥6013×108, ￥899×108, respectively. And total economic value of the four values in the genetic resources three industries were ￥14139×108, ￥5606×108, ￥2943×108, respectively. As the result of our case study we find that the GRs make great economic contributions in the genetic resources three industries, especially in the genetic resources primary industry and tertiary industry, which were 8383% and 3499% respectively. However, with regard to the three industries in the whole region of Taizhou, the GRs made less contributions in the secondary industry and tertiary industry, which were just 4% and 315% respectively. The main reason is fewer industries correlated with the GRs in secondary industry and tertiary industry, so as to the contributions of GRs are great difference between the genetic resources industries and regional industries. Evaluating the contribution of socioeconomic development of GRs, analyzing its mechanism of output process in various related industries, it is of great significance to discover the potential economic contribution of GRs and establish international regimes of GRs access and benefit sharing (ABS). 

Transportation is one of basic functions of city. It can provide a positive effect to city development, economy growth and society economy. Accessibility, as a factor in traffic net technology performance evaluation system, is an important reason in region role reshaping and newly organizing. As a result, the evolution of accessibility reflects region spatial structure, and we can identify the problem of regional spatial optimization through it. Theoretically, a good regional pattern means better developing mode, even can make region sustainable development come true. With the help of spatial analysis methods in ArcGIS and model of accessibility evaluation, combined with SPSS and Matlab, this paper selected 1998, 2008 and the planning year of 2020 as time section, used the raster method estimating the transport accessibility in Poyang Lake Ecoecological Zone to analyze evolution characteristics of accessibility pattern, to build economic link evaluation model according to city quality and time distance, and to predict the city quality in 2020 by regression analysis. We calculated the agglomeration index of economic link and analyzed the economic radiation range between cities and the change of subjection relationship through the evolving of maximum economic link pattern in three time periods. The results showed that the accessibility improved significantly, and the gap between cities was narrowing. In 2020, one day exchange will come true. The concentration of economy gross is obvious, and it begins polarizing. As the barrier affection of Poyang Lake, the region becomes an economy pattern which has three economy centers such as Nanchang, Jiujiang and Jingdezhen, and the other cities in this region are subordinate to these three centers. It suggests that the traffic infrastructure from Nanchang to Guixi, especially the road from Dongxiang to Yingtan should be improved, to promote the city of Yingtan as the fourth economy center, and to achieve balanced development in Poyang Lake Ecoecological Zone.

Suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples were collected from Xuliujing water of the Yangtze River from August 2009 to July 2010 to investigate the contents of particulate organic carbon (POC) and black carbon (BC), and calculate their fluxes. The results indicated the POC contents in the water ranged from 034 to 092 mg/L, while BC contents ranged from 0035 to 0096 mg/L. POC concentration and total suspended matter (TSM) in the water demonstrated clearly positive correlation, which indicated that SPM was the primary carrier of POC. In the meantime, the POC% in TSM (141±026%) was close to that of the paddy soil (125±143%), which indicated that the soil in the drainage basin was the main source of POC in the water. Furthermore, BC% showed obvious seasonal variations, in which BC% of SPM in dry seasons was higher than that in flood seasons. This may be caused by the following two reasons: (1) an decreased discharge in dry seasons causes a decrease in mineral matter, and an increase in BC%; (2) the dry season occurred mainly in the autumn and winter, equal to a residential largescale heating, as well as the rural fire period, so BC output in this period tended to be higher than other time. During the period of observation in this study, the monthly fluxes of POC and BC at XLJ ranged from 440×105 t to 463×106 t and from 465×103 t to 564×103 t, respectively. Moreover, the percentage of the POC and BC fluxes in flood seasons were 825% and 804%, respectively, which was associated with hydrological dynamics in the Yangtze River Basin. In summary, the POC flux was estimated to be 234×106 t/yr, while BC was estimated to be 277×105 t/yr, which occupied 129% of the POC flux, and accounted for about 269% of the total global river transportation. Finally, the emissions of BC in China by combustions were close to the fluxes in rivers, which was explained by the following reasons: (1) BC in the Yangtze River was derived not only from combustions, but also from older BC in soils and graphite BC by weathering; (2) the BC emmitted from biomass burning was associated with large uncertainties due to highly variable emission factors. The concentrations of the dissolved BC, as the intermediate of degradation, was not to be neglected. These results have important implications for the global carbon cycle

Fractal has become an important method and perspective for researchers to study city structures and other fields. From the perspective of system theory, fractal theory is the best choice to study spatial structures of regional scenic area systems as well. Its of some theoretical significance and practical value to reveal the fractal features of spatial structures of scenic area systems and their control rules. Nowadays, some researches on fractals of spatial structures of scenic area systems have been conducted, however, making a comprehensive view of the existing researches is as follows. (1) The researchers framed the spatial scales within a prefecture level city or an urban area, and provincial areas were the commonly used dimensional types in studying the industrial layout and planning. Yet there is no research on spatial fractals of scenic area systems in provincial areas. (2) The researchers only studied the spatial fractal features of scenic area systems at a certain time point without the contrastive analysis of time series to show the evolution characteristics. (3) In measuring aggregation dimensions and spatial correlation dimensions, the researchers just gave the analysis of spatial distance, instead of that of time distance, while tourists were not only concerned about the spatialdistance between scenic areas but also the timedistance. By using the aggregation fractal model and dividing the last decade into four temporal phases, this article investigated the characteristics of evolution of aggregation fractal of 4A and 5A scenic area system in Northern Jiangsu, Middle Jiangsu, Southern Jiangsu and the whole Jiangsu province based on synthesized spacedistance and synthesized timedistance. The research results showed that (1) the four scenic area systems all appeared the aggregating distribution, but the aggregation level in Northern Jiangsu and Middle Jiangsu was higher than that in Southern Jiangsu and the whole province; (2) the four scenic area systems were in welldistributed pattern evolution, with fastest evolution in the middle, slowest in the south from the perspective of spacedistance and with fastest evolution in the north, slowest in the south from the perspective of timedistance; (3) the spatial structure of each scenic area system based on timedistance was closer to the welldistributed pattern than that based on spacedistance; (4) the optimization level of transportation network between the scenic areas in Northern Jiangsu and Middle Jiangsu was lower than that in Southern Jiangsu and the whole province; (5) the evolution speed of each scenic area system based on timedistance was faster than that based on spatialdistance. The research conclusion can provide some reference for the spatial layout of scenic area systems in Jiangsu Province

In order to develop groundwater resources and the regional economic of Jingzhou area more reasonably, according to the continuous monitoring data of 36 groundwater level observation wells and 30 groundwater quality monitoring wells in Jingzhou region from 2008 to 2011, combined with groundwater rechargerunoffdischarge conditions, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics and influencing factors of upper pore confined water level and quality in study area. The results showed as follows. (1) Groundwater level dynamics in Jingzhou City can be divided into natural dynamic type and artificial dynamic type. Different types of groundwater level dynamic law have significant differences in temporal and spatial distribution. These differences present the characteristics of periodicity, synchronization and particularity. Because of a certain variability to the average groundwater level, it is difficult to identify and forecast groundwater level sequence regularity for the over years. The groundwater level of 4167%-50% monitoring holes is in stable state, while 2222%-3611% declines more than 02 m, 1944%-3611% rises more than 02 m. Meanwhile,from the analysis of groundwater level variation characteristics in the south of Jingzhou concentrated pumping area and the Jing cottonSand cotton concentrated pumping area from the year 2008 to 2011, landing funnel area of the former is between 415-517 km2, the average water level buried depth of funnel center is between 663-778 m, while landing funnel area of the latter is between 1335-2047 km2 and belongs to the seasonal landing funnel, the average water level buried depth of funnel center is between 661-816 m . Weather and artificial exploitation are the main factors causing the present groundwater level regime. (2) Groundwater quality is not optimistic, and the overall is in poor condition. Indexes over standard for four consecutive years are total hardness, nitrite, ammonia nitrogen, arsenic, iron, manganese and soluble solid content. The above indexes are exceeding standard anomaly in part of the monitoring points. The shallow groundwater quality pollution type caused mainly by industrial pollution transformed gradually into diverse types of industrial, agriculture and lake drugs pollution. Over standard of iron, manganese, arsenic has a close relationship with the primary geological environmental conditions in Jianghan plain, but over standard of the other indexes is affected by human economic activities to a great extent such as the widespread use of fertilizers, pesticide pollution and domestic wastewater.

The spatial structure of tourism system is an important content of tourism geography and it is very significant to optimize the spatial structure for a region to realize sustainable tourism development. Taking Hubei Wuling Mountain Area as a study case, the article analyzed the tourismsystem spatial structure of the area from aspects of tourism resources, tourist markets and tourist transportations. The results showed that in the area, the spatial distribution of tourism resources was significantly obvious，and the important tourism resources and Agrade scenic spots mainly distributed around Lichuan, Enshi and Badong and along traffic arteries such as the railways, highways and rivers, with more advantages in the northern than in the southern. As for tourist markets, the domestic were mainly concentrated on nearest neighbor regions, especially within Hubei Province, and the overseas were relatively dispersed, but most of overseas tourists were from U.S.A.. In the aspect of tourist distributing centers, the majority of receptive tourists and tourism revenues were mainly come out of such counties/cities as Enshi, Badong, Lichuan and Changyang, and according to the tourist distributing degree, Enshi was defined as the first tourist distributing center, while Badong, Lichuan and Changyang as the second. In terms of accessibility, the accessibility of Agrade scenic spots, as a whole, was not good, with an average reachable time of 42.82 minutes, and generally the accessibility of the northern counties/cities was better than that of the southern ones. To optimize the spatial structure of tourism system, we suggest that the Hubei Wuling Mountain Area should make great efforts to forge famous brands of tourist products, to deeply explore the value of cultural tourism resources, to develop the domestic and overseas tourist markets, to strengthen the function of tourist distributing centers, and to establish the barrierfree tourism network composed of three important tourist cities Enshi, Yichang and Zhangjiajie by integrating the tourism resources of the whole Wuling Mountain Area (involving three provincial regions of Hubei, Hunan and Chongqing

This paper, from both flow flux and flow direction, evaluated and discussed the balance status of coal resource flow and problems in the Chongqing City of China. The paper next made a prediction of importing coal for the next 5 years, and based on the projected results, it put forward some policy suggestions. The study revealed as follows.
(1) Coal production and consumption in the Chongqing City were unbalanced, and its selfsupport ratio decreased year by year. Therefore, it required a lot of coal from other provinces to make up for its shortage. The coal liquidity ratio in Chongqing City was rising, and the coal flux flowing into Chongqing City was also growing. All those indicated that external coal dependence for Chongqing City was continuing to strengthen.
(2) Due to rapid economic development, coal production and consumption in the Chongqing City became unbalanced. So, economic development was the determinant for the continued strengthening of coal resources flow in Chongqing City. Coal resources potential difference was the main factor to determine coal resources in surrounding regions flowing into the Chongqing City. And based on above factors, which concrete coal source Chongqing City chose would depend on the cost of distance and transportation.
(3) In the coalrich regions around the Chongqing City, Guizhou and Henan played minor roles in making up for the coal shortage, and Shanxi，Ningxia and Xinjiang should become important coal supply sources. Therefore, speeding up the planning and construction of railway from Shanxi and Xinjiang to Sichuan and Chongqing should be the focus of national coal railway transportation planning.
(4) According to the projected results of importing coal from other provinces in the next 5 years, this paper presented that Chongqing City could improve coal transport capacity of highway and waterway in the short term to solve the energy bottleneck. In addition, Chongqing should play Yangtzes role as Golden waterway as well as its harbor advantage, and strengthen the construction of coal reserve base and coal transfer terminal, which were effective initiatives to guarantee the stable coal supply and energy security in the future in Chongqing City

For the mountain livability evaluation, the characteristics of vulnerability, risk and transportation difficulties need to be considered in the mountain areas. We combine the actual situation of mountain areas, and take into account three dimensions such as residence suitability degree of natural environment, residence suitability degree of economic and social to establish the mountain settlement livability evaluation system and evaluation model. Mountain settlement livability evaluation system is composed of target layers, criteria layers and indicator layers. The target layers include natural environment livable degree, economic livable degree and social livable degree. Natural environment livable degree includes four criteria layers, such as topography, water resources, ecological resources, land resources. Economic livable degree includes the criteria layer, such as economic development. Social livable degree includes four criteria layers, such as living convenience, medical and education, housing conditions, and space allocation. Twenty six mountainous counties in southwest Sichuan are systematically evaluated by mountain settlement livability evaluation model. The livable indices of twenty six counties in southwest Sichuan are calculated through range method. Based on ESDA analysis and correlation analysis in SPSS, spatial disparities of mountain settlement livability in southwest Sichuan are analyzed. The results indicate as follows. (1) The mountain settlement livability of southwest Sichuan has a positive correlation, showing a strong spatial clustering characteristics. The counties with high livability trend to be adjacent and the counties with low livability tend to be adjacent. (2) The mountain settlement livability is unbalanced distribution in twenty six counties of southwestern Sichuan, among which the settlement livability of Renhe District is the highest with the value of 0.92, and the settlement livability of Zhaojue County is the lowest with the value of 0.29. From the perspective of spatial pattern, the mountain settlement livability of southwest Sichuan showes southeastnorthwest polarization pattern. Xichang City, Panzhihua City, Shimian County as the three cores, present the “coreedge” cascade structure model characteristics in the mountain settlement livability of southwest Sichuan. (3) The counties with HH spatial correlation model constitute the high value area of mountain settlement livability in southwest Sichuan and mainly contiguously distribute along the Anning valley area, accounting for 42.31% of the study area. The counties with LL spatial correlation model constitute the low value area of mountain settlement livability in southwest Sichuan and mainly contiguously distribute along the Liangshan area, accounting for 50% of the study area. In these areas, natural conditions are poor and the economic development level is low. The HL spatial association mode distribute at the Xichang and Shimian. The speed of economic development in the counties with HL spatial correlation model is faster than that in the surrounding counties. Xichang is located on the island with backward economic development, near to the Panzhihua with high livable degree. So it is necessary to enhance interregional cooperation between Xichang and Panzhihua, and strengthen the radiating and driving role of Panzhihua economy district, and gradually realize the coordinative development of the different economy development. (4) There is significant high correlation between mountain settlement livability and natural environment livable degree, economic livable degree, social livable degree in southwest Sichuan.〖JP〗〖HJ1〗〖HJ

 Being fundamental for human life and development，the ecological function of soil conservation attracted more and more attention in scientific research Qinling Mountains，which is the vital water catchment area of middle route of South to North water transfer project，play an important role both in providing adequate access for water with a qualified water quality，and sediment retention with deposition reducing in rivers The InVEST model based on the USLE model improves the soil conservation by fully considering sediment removal through routing filtration and sedimentation in dead volume of reservoirs in the area Vegetation does not only keep sediment from eroding where it grows also traps sediment that has eroded upstream So we estimate how much of the sediment eroded on all pixels will be trapped by downstream vegetation based on the ability of vegetation in each pixel to capture and retain sediment We used the InVEST model (Sediment Retention Model step 1) to study the potential soil erosion and actual soil erosion of Qinling Mountains at the scales of the study area，watersheds and administrative regions And soil conservation service value was quantfied in this area by using the step 2 of the model The result indicates as follows. (1) the total potential soil erosion and actual soil erosion of Qinling Mountains in 2012 were 4588×108  t，152×108  t The five watersheds (Jialing River，Han River，Wei River，Dan River and Luo River) were mainly light erosion intensity and moderate erosion intensity Ziyang and Langao both in the south of Han River watershed had strong erosion intensity which suffered from serious soil erosion in 6323 t/(hm2[DK]·a) and 5869 t/(hm2[DK]·a)，respectively. (2) The amount of soil preserved by the ecosystems of Qinling Mountains was approximately 4337×108 t，and the average capacity per unit area was 71979 t/(hm2[DK]·a) for the entire region In 2012，the soil conservation service value of avoiding dredging and water quality in Qinling Mountains reached 4，187 million yuan，showing a rank of Dan River>Wei River>Han River>Jialing River>Luo River per unit area The soil conservation service value in each county was between 1 to 475 million yuan，and mainly distributed in 96 to 191 million. (3) Ensuring certain area of forest land is the prerequisite of preventing deterioration of large area soil erosion and increasing the ecological benefits in Qinling Mountains Meanwhile，keeping pushing the policy of returning farmland to forestry is necessary for slope farmland above 25°. (4) A major cause of any possible errors in this study is that the sediment retention value for each LULC class comes from the InVEST model But surely，as an important hydrologic process，traping sediment that has eroded upstream cannot be ignored Or，the amount of soil preserved by ecosystems of Qinling Mountains could have a deviation of 143×108 t at least

The Yangtze Estuary (YE) is a complicated dynamic system influenced by both huge river inflow and medium tides Large amounts of sediments input have built large subaerial and subaqueous deltasis The annual averaged discharge in Datong hydrological station (DT) is 28300m3/s (1950-2009). The YE receives 389 million tons sediment annually (1951-2009)，which is material filling the Holocene incised Yangtze valley and building the modern Yangtze Delta Previous studies usually consider the discharge of DT (tidal limit of the YE) as the discharge of the Yangtze River into the sea However，DT is still 540 km from the mouth of the river Xuliujing station (XLJ) is about 500 km downstream DT，and since 1960s，the channel in XLJ has been stable XLJ is also the starting point of threeorder bifurcations and four outlets of the YE So the runoff and sediment flux of XLJ are more representative for intosea flux than those of DT In addition，after the third construction phase (2004-2009)，all construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) has nearly been finished and most of its units have been into operation，and then the normal reservoir storage water level will reach 175 m The flood control reservoir storage capacity will be 2215 billion m3 The impoundment of the Three Gorges project and [JP2]the constant drought situation (2006-2009) [JP]in the Yangtze River basin jointly result in that downstream water flow becomes very low，which will bring certainly corresponding impacts on the runoff and sediment flux into the YE So it is urgent to understand what the respondse of the YE to these change is However，in view of the complexity of the flow and sediment movement in the YE，the impacts of the change of water and sediment environment in the Yangtze River basin on estuarine flow and sediment processes have not been clearly studied In this paper，we try to examine the hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics at XLJ in the YE in the circumstances of low waters in the Yangtze River basin and the TGR impoundment in 2009 based on field data The analysis shows that the runoff reduction during the impounding period is caused by both regional dry climate (87%：the proportion of the upper reach of the TGR (its lower boundry is Cuntan station) and that of the basin below the TGR are 38%，49%，respectively) and TGR impoundment (13%). The flood tidal duration increases by 05 hour and mean tidal range increases by 04 m due to reduced discharge The mean flood tidal velocities increase by 35%-126% and ebb tidal velocities in the channel decrease by 22%. These results indicate that the tidal asymmetry is lessened during lower discharge period The suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) decrease from 0129 kg/m3 in preimpoundment to 0052 3 kg/m3 in postimpoundment period Correspondently，the median suspended sediment grain size (D50) increase from 3 μm to 5 μm Overall，it is concluded that the hydrodynamics and sediment processes at Xuliujing are noticeably influenced by the upstream hydrologic regime which undergoes changes in both climatic aspects and TGR regulation.

 Moon Bay is located along the northern portion of the Taihu Lake Because the bay mouth is toward the prevailing southeast wind in summer，Moon Bay has long been a bloomaccumulation area and the water quality is serious In the past years，we found that this area has frequent occurrence of algal blooms Hypoxia phenomenon is usually accompanied by such a disaster，leading to a great change of the water environment，such as aggregating on surface sediment and accelerating the release rate of phosphorus Distribution characteristics of phosphorus in surface sediments could also be changed due to the sedimentation and recovery of alga We sampled sediment cores with the sediment gravity sampler in different seasons (from January to July) from Moon Bay and distribution characteristics of phosphorus in surface sediments were measured with the standard method The results suggest that total phosphorus (TP) and inorganicphosphorus (IP) showed a gradual downward trend throughout the investigation stage，with the average value of 53553 mg/kg and 42590 mg/kg，respectively Organicphosphorus (OrgP) decreased first and then increased，and reached the maximum value in July (about 14 to 18 times higher than winter)，with the average value of 8772 mg/kg The inorganicphosphorus forms mainly composed of Fecombined phosphorus，Alcombined phosphorus and Cacombined phosphorus，and all forms reached the maximum value in spring during the monitor seasons The average value of Fecombined form，Alcombined form and Cacombined form was 18686 mg/kg，12949 mg/kg and 9748 mg/kg，respectively (accounted for 4443%，3118% and 2318% of inorganicphosphorus). The seasonal distribution of exchangeable form (ExP) was gradually increased from winter to spring and then decreased form spring to summer，with the average value of 444 mg/kg，implying that the ExP content in sediment was released into overlying water during the growing season According to the correlation analysis，we found that Fecombined form, the Alcombined form and the organicphosphorus showed a good correlation with the ExP phosphorus The correlation between inorganic phosphorus and total phosphorus was the most significant，indicating that the total phosphorus in the sediment of the studied area was mainly affected and controlled by the inorganic phosphorus The variance analysis shows that during the monitor months，the exchangeable phosphorus in April showed a significant difference among January，June and July；the Fecombined phosphorus in April had a significant difference against June and July，and no significant difference against May；the Alcombined phosphorus showed a significant difference among all months；the Cacombined phosphorus was not very significant different；the value of total phosphorus，organic phosphorus and inorganic showed a significant difference during monitor months

Nutrients (mainly as nitrogen and phosphorus) transported from watershed is one of the most important nutrients sources for lake eutrophication. Assessment and control of the watershed exogenous nutrients has been the key to resolve the problem of lake eutrophication. The Taihu Lake Basin,located at the lowerreach of the Yangtze River,with a watershed area over 36,000 km2 was chosen as the study area for its serious eutrophication. Precious studies of this area were either on small scale of subwatershed simulation,or using monitored data to estimate the nutrients loading statistically. Numerical simulation over all the upstream has seldom been done before. In this study,the watershed distributed hydrological model SWAT 2005 (Soil Water Assessment Tool) was applied to simulate the watershed nutrients transportation during 1987-2007,to assess the nutrients transportation trend,spatial and temporal distribution. Database composed of topography (1∶250 000),climate (daily precipitation,temperature,humidity and wind speed),hydrology (flow speed,flow flux),soil (1∶1000 000 with physical and chemical properties),landuse/cover (1∶100 000) and variety of nutrient sources were established to simulate the nutrients loading. Both natural process and human activities within the basin were considered,such as reclamation of lake,the construction of reservoirs. And the simulation was divided into two experiments. The hydrological simulation was the most basic one,and then the nutrients simulation,with background,nonpoint source pollution (agricultural),and point source pollution were added and simulated in a specific sequence. Data from hydrological gauge station and the monitored data were used for the validation and calibration of simulation. Correlation coefficient (R) and NashSutcliffe efficiency coefficients (Ens) were introduced to evaluate the simulation results. In calibration,the correlation coefficients of average monthly value were all over 85%,the efficiency coefficients were between 0.24 and 0.90,and the relative error was 3.2%. In validation period,the correlation coefficients of average monthly value were all over 80%,and the relative error of annual value was 8.1%. And both the hydrological and nutrients simulation could match well with the data in references. The simulation results showed that the annually averaged runoff of the Taihu Lake Basin was 104.15×108m3. The nutrients production was 42 730 t/a for TN,3 075 t/a for TP ,with a trend of decreasing after 2000. The simulated concentrations of TN and TP in Zhexi area were 2.38 mg/L and 0.18 mg/L,respectively; 5.68 mg/L and 0.43 mg/L in Huxi area; and 6.14 mg/L,0.40 mg/L in Wuyuxicheng area. The simulation results futher showed a significant spatial variation. And among all the upstream input rivers,Chen DonggangDa Pukou,Xiao MeikouChang Dougang,Wu JingangZhi Hugang were of the most importance,with the contribution ratio of 27%,24% and 20% respectively. The area mentioned above should be regarded as the key areas for external nutrients source control. The study results could provide basic data for watershed nutrients total amount control policy

Ganyu port and Dafeng port were the emerging ports zone in Jiangsu coastal area.In order to study the characteristics and status of heavy metals in surface sediments of the two ports,field survey was carried out in March 2013 (Ganyu port) and March 2008 (Dafeng port)．Based on the investigation data of heavy metals,we carried out geostatistics analysis and pollution states evaluation.The geostatistics analysis results of Ganyu port showed that the contents of Cd,As,Cu,Pb,Cr,Zn were 0.049 3-0.098 7,7.3-17.8,19.9-41.2,13.2-19.2,27.5-54.2,43.8-81.2 mg/kg,respectively.The spatial distribution showed a seaward increasing trend,and landbased sources of pollution might be the main cause.Correlation analysis and cluster analysis of factors indicated that Zn and Cu had the same or similar source,and the source of As had significant difference against other heavy metals.The geostatistics analysis results of Dafeng port showed that the contents of Cd,As,Cu,Pb,Cr,Zn were 0.037 8-0.229 0,5.7-19.0,3.2-27.5,10.0-231,62.0-87.0,32.0-85.9 mg/kg,respectively.The spatial distribution showed significant variations among regions,probably because of the strong marine hydrodynamic conditions of Xiyang tidal channels.Correlation analysis and cluster analysis of factors indicated that most of the heavy metals (except Cr) had the same or similar source.The index of pollution evaluation indicated a lower pollution degree in the two ports.The three evaluation methods had different pollution assessment results,with the use of different reference values.The early survey and evaluation of marine sediment in ports could not only reflect the initial deposition of marine environmental conditions,but also providing a reference for environmental impact assessment and the port industry selecting

Diatom，as a kind of autotrophic photosynthetic eukaryotic algae，is an important primary producer in aquatic ecosystem，and can reflect the average status of water environment. Diatoms are widely used in stream bioassessment due to their broad distribution，extraordinary variability and the ability to integrate changes in water quality. The indices of Specific Polluosensitivity Index (SPI)，standardized Biological Diatom Index (BDI)，European Economic Community Index (CEC) and Generic Diatom Index (GDI)，originally developed in France，are often applied to evaluate stream ecological quality based on diatom communities. Diatom assemblages were collected from 18 sampling stations in the Jinhua River Basin in July 2012. Dissolved oxygen，pH，total phosphorus，total nitrogen，chemical oxygen demand，ammonium nitrogen，and biochemical oxygen demand after five days were measured. A total of 75 taxa were identified，belonging to 2 classes，12 families，30 genera. The similarities and differences were compared between diatombased method and physicochemical method. The physicchemical parameters showed that the water quality level was from Grade I to Grade V，while diatom index showed its quality was at medium level or above the medium. These two assessment results were almost identical as a whole although differences between them did occur. For diatom ecotype，the results showed that all sites were dominated by circumneutral，oligosaprobous and βmesosaprobous，Nautotrophic，continuously high aerobic diatom taxa. There were negative significant relationship between SPI and permanganate index and nitrate nitrogen. There was negative significant relationship between BDI and ammonia nitrogen. The results of the present study provide a good experience for biomonitoring in the Jinhua River Basin,but more researches are needed in order to establish Chinese biomonitoring standard

The Three Gorges is located in the eastern Sichuan Basin. Running across the Daba Mountain and western Hubei mountains，the Three Gorges Reservoir area has complex terrain and geological condition. It is one of the most serious regions of landslides disasters in China due to the large amount rainfall. Land slide，rock fall，and mud flow are the main geological hazards in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Among them，land slide occurs most frequently. With the economic development in the Three Gorges Reservoir area，the loss because of landslide becomes more serious. Generally，the geological hazards are observed to be induced by heavy rain and continuous rain. On basis of the daily precipitation data and land slide data collected during 1971-2003，the relationship between the landslide and rainfall amount，intensity and duration days are analyzed by estimating the valid precipitation using the exponential decline and gradient descending calculation. Thus the thresholds of precipitation accumulation at different guarantee rate of different scale land slide are obtained. The thresholds are supposed to be of certain significance in predicting land slide based on shortterm precipitation forecast. The results show that the rainfall thresholds for medium and large scale landslides are larger than those of small scale landslides under the same occurrence of landslide guarantee rate in a similar geological environmental condition. When the occurrence of landslide guarantee rate is less than 50%，the rainfall thresholds for medium and large scale landslides are significantly higher than that for small landslides. However，with the improvement of the guarantee rate，difference of the precipitation thresholds becomes smaller. Since the Three Gorges Project has started to operate since 2004，the subsequent changes in seasonal water level fluctuation would change the rock structure of reservoir，which may possibly lead to the change in frequency of landslides. Therefore，in this study the relationship between landslide and precipitation amount is analyzed in the period before the Three Gorges Reservoir impoundment. The issues of whether the rule of geological disaster occurrence changed or not after the impoundment of reservoir and whether the relationship between landslides and rainfall are to be further studied

Sihu region locates in south of Hubei Province and between middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Dongjing River,which is the important agriculture area in Hubei Province.In Sihu region,groundwater is still the main drinking water source for resident’s life in rural area.In recent years,as the improvement of living standard and the development of industry and agriculture,the pollution in the rural groundwater environment in Sihu region has become a threatening problem.Groundwater circulation is a complex process,especially after the Three Gorge Project was finished.Ammonia (NH4+－N),nitrate nitrogen (NO3-－N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO2-－N) are the common contaminant in the groundwater.Based on monitoring of groundwater quality for four times in April,June,September and November of 28 samples,the seasonal and spatial changes in concentrations  NH4+－N,NO3-－N,NO2-－N were analyzed in phreatic water and shallow confined water as well as the influencing factors.The results show as follows:(1) The NH4+－N monitoring results in phreatic groundwater varied from 0.08-0.39 mg/L,0.14-0.39 mg/L,0.32-1.65 mg/L and 0.03-0.50 mg/L while in shallow confined water the monitoring results varied from 0.11-3.19 mg/L,0.10-8.77 mg/L,0.42-11.18 mg/L,0.17-5.27 mg/L.The groundwater NH4+－N concentration in Sihu region exceeds certain limit which is higher in phreatic water than shallow confined water and the exceeding standard rate of NH4+－N concentration in phreatic water is over 50%.(2) The concentrations of NO3-－N are low in phreatic water and generally exceed standards in confined water.The exceeding standard rate of NO3-－N reached to 83% in June.(3) The concentrations of NO2-－N of confined water in the monitoring year mostly reached the class II standards of GB/T14848-9.While in phreatic water the monitoring results which exceed the III class standards accounted 50%、83%、33% and 40%.(4) The results reveal obvious seasonal variability,the NH4+－N concentration in September is higher than the other months; the concentrations of NO3-－N and NO2-－N in confined water reached the maximum in June.(5) The groundwater NH4+－N concentration has higher spatial variability.The NH4+－N concentration that reaches the National Primary Drinking WaterStandard (≤05 mg/L ) are mostly in the phreatic water samples and distributed in the inter-channel plain.The high concentration mostly centralized in both sides of Neijing River near Honghu Lake.(6) Meteorological factors,agricultural activities,domestic pollution and redox environment have a synthetic impact on groundwater quality of the study area.The concentration of threenitrogen has a close relationship with the dynamic changes of precipitation.The seasonal variability of NO3-－N and NO2-－N shows that the annual variability of precipitation influenced the phreatic groundwater directly.The intensive use of pesticides and fertilizers as the nonpoint pollutant source and the unregulated sewage emissions as the point pollutant source are the two main pollutant source in the study area

Variations of water quality and pollutant fluxes of Tuhai,Dehuixin,Majia Rivers during 2003-2010 were analyzed.Results showed that the major standardexceeding pollutants of Tuhai and Dehuixin River were CODCr,CODMn,BOD5,NH3N,and petroleum which showed aerobic pollution and toxic organic pollution.The major standardexceeding pollutants of Majia River were CODCr,CODMn,BOD5,NH3N,petroleum,TP,and VHB,and these water quality indices exceeded the III water quality standard 9,7,12,6,7,9 and 13 times respectively.Majia River showed aerobic pollution,nutrient pollution and toxic organic pollution.For the major standardexceeding pollutants of CODCr,CODMn,BOD5,NH3N,and petroleum,the average concentrations of the five pollutants of Tuhai,Majia,and Dehuixin Rivers were 42,92,5,255,015 mg/L,80,128,7,215,021 mg/L,179,509,50,717,040 mg/L.Among these three rivers,Majia River has been polluted the most severely.During the study period,for these three rivers,the range of aerobic pollution indices were 48-134，62-226，94-1054,respectively.The range of nutrient pollution indices were 03-180，02-18，22-214,respectively.The range of heavy metal pollution indices were 05-09，06-09，05-09,respectively.The inorganic toxic pollution indices were 07-07，07-50，12-20,respectively.The range of organic toxic pollution indices were 20-60，00-64，538-358,respectively.The inorganic and organic toxic pollution indices of Dehuixin River exhibited an increasing trend,while other pollution indices of pollutants in the three studied rivers were decreased,indicating the pollution condition of the three rivers was relieved.Riverine fluxes of pollutants into sea of three rivers showed an increasing trend during 2006-2010,except TN and TP in the Tuhai River.Fluxes of CODCr,CODMn,NH3N,TN,TP,and petroleum in Tuhai,Majia,and Dehuixin Rivers were 73 871,12 963,1 025,26,69,162 t,16 075,2 997,365,304,13,31 t，51 571,10 801,1 738,626,934,140 t,respectively. The order of contribution of pollutant fluxes of three rivers was:Tuhai River>Majia River>Dehuixin River.Although with the development of Haihe River Basin pollution prevention and control,the concentrations of pollutants in three rivers were decreased,but the fluxes of major pollutants into sea were still increasing for the increasing of runoff into sea.The increasing of fluxes into sea would have a bad influence on the near shore water body eutrophication and marine ecosystem.So the water pollution prevention and control of Haihe River Basin were still needed to process.The pollutant amount control was needed to implement on the pollutant load discharged by town life source,industrial source and agriculture source.Besides,the pollutant load should be cut according to the cut aim

Cotton is one of the major economic crops in Anhui Province,which is distributed widely.The area along the Yangtze River is the main production base of high quality cotton in Anhui Province,which is of typical representation in the middle and lower Yangtze River cotton area.It was indicated in the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report that the global land surface temperature increased in the past century.There have been extensive studies on characteristics of climate change in cotton growing season and its effects on cotton yield under global warming.Results showed that the characteristics of climate change in different areas were slightly different.To further understand the characteristic of climate change in cotton growing season and its effect on cotton yield in the area along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province,based on the daily mean temperature,precipitation and sunshine hours data of 12 main cotton production cities and counties along the Yangtze River from 1961 to 2010,the climate change characteristics of mean air temperature,≥10℃ accumulated temperature，precipitation,sunshine hours and their effects on meteorological yield of cotton were analyzed by ordinary least square fitting method and nonparametric MannKendall test.Results showed that in the past 50 years,the mean air temperature and ≥10℃ accumulated temperature of the cotton growing season both increased significantly (P<0.01),with an average increase of 016℃ and 37.13℃·d per decade respectively.The precipitation showed no significant trend (P>005).The sunshine hours reduced significantly (P<0.01) at an average rate of 46.92 h per decade.The mean air temperature of cotton growing season decreased gradually from the 1960’s,and reached the lowest point at 22.7℃ in the 1970s,then it rose from the 1990s and reached the highest point at 23.6℃ in the 2000’s.The ≥10℃ accumulated temperature reached a bottom in the 1970s,then it increased steadily from the 1980’s and peaked in the 2000’s.The precipitation in cotton growing season went up from the 1960’s and reached the highest point at 1 1560 mm in the 1980s,then it fell gradually and reached the lowest point at 920.7 mm in the 2000’s.The maximum sunshine hours appeared in the 1960’s (1 384.1 h),then it became gradually less and bottomed at 1199.2 h in the 2000’s.There was a positive correlation between the meteorological yield of cotton and the mean air temperature of cotton growing season/≥10℃ accumulated temperature,but the relationship, were both not significant (P>0.05).There was a significant negative correlation between meteorological yield of cotton and precipitation in cotton growing season (P<0.01).Each additional 100 mm precipitation would cause a reduction of 29.6 kg/hm2 in cotton yield.However,there was a significant positive correlation between meteorological yield of cotton and sunshine hours in cotton growing season (P<0.01).Each additional 100 h sunshine hours would cause an increase of 39.3 kg/hm2 in cotton yield

As a complex natural phenomenon，drought is stochastic and has multiattributes.The stochastic theory and method is an effective tool to study droughts，and application of copulas remedies the deficiency of univariate analysis and overcomes the limitations of conventional bivariate models.In order to reduce the loss caused by drought，we studied the hydrological drought characteristics and drought frequency of the Nanpan River Basin to provide a basis for drought prediction.We used the monthly data of runoff collected from 3 hydrological stations of the Nanpan River Basin in 52 years (1961-2012)，and calculated the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSFI) as the indicator.The hydrological drought characteristics of the Nanpan River Basin were analyzed based on the frequency of drought duration，drought intensity and drought peak in the recent 52 years.Moreover,the hydrologic drought frequency was analyzed through statistics by taking the drought frequency，drought duration，drought intensity，drought peak in the 1992-1993 year and 2011-2012 year，and return period of drought in the time scale as the indicator.The results indicated that the drought characteristic values of 3 hydrological stations of the Nanpan River basin were different，all of the largest drought peaks were more than 2 and drought becamfe very serious.From 1961 to 2012，the maximum of drought characteristic values appeared in the 2011-2012，and it was one of the most serious drought.From a single site，the drought frequency，maximum of drought duration and drought intensity of ZhanYi hydrological station were greater than Gao Guma and Jiang Bianjie hydrological stations.The hydrologic drought of ZhanYi became more serious than other hydrological stations，so it needs more attentions.In addition，the drought peak in the Jiang Bianjie hydrological station was the biggest.Looking from the joint sites，the drought characteristic values of drought duration，drought intensity and drought peak in the above middle were greater than below middle，but the characteristic values from the three hydrological stations fell between upstream and downstream，so the characteristic values of upstream became bigger，and the hydrologic drought was very serious.By using the RMSE，AIC and BIC evaluation，the results show that，for the entire basin sites，Frank copula constructed the paircopula had a better fit，and suitable for drought frequency analysis in the Nanpan River Basin.The second best copulas were Clayton and Gumbel copulas，while the fitting effects had no obvious difference.Beside AMH copula，the three paircopulas were all may be the optimal copula function for one site.Threedimension joint distribution models were constructed based on the best copulas functions，and the associated probability and return period of drought variables were calculated for Nanpan River Basin.The results of multivariate joint return period show that，the joint nonexceedance return period was less than cooccurrence nonexceedance return period ,the return period of 2009-2012 year was during the period of 100-200 years，which became one of the most severe drought in 52 years (1961-2012)

In order to reconcile the contradiction between tourism development and ecological protection in TibetQinghai grassland,it is necessary to make up the ecological negative benefit from tourism.Three tourism spots in Maqu Grassland were chosen as examples for this study.Based on the field investigation,the degree of grassland degradation and environment pollution status in the study areas were measured,and according to this,the ecological negative benefits caused by tourism were evaluated.Then the tourism revenues that can be used as compensation for ecological loss caused by tourism in the study areas were quantified.With comparative analysis between tourism ecological negative benefits and tourism revenues that can be used to compensate ecological loss,the ability of tourism earnings making up tourism ecological negative benefit in each studied area was estimated.The result showed that under the same economic output condition,the ecological negative benefit of cultural participation reception tourism mode was the lowest; that of sightseeing reception tourism mode was higher and that of leisure vocation reception tourism mode was the highest.Thus,the cultural participation reception tourism has the greatest ability to make up its ecological negative benefit; the second is sightseeing reception tourism,and the third is leisure vocation reception tourism.If the appropriate percentage of tourism revenues were used in grasslands ecology constructing to make up the tourism ecological negative benefits,then the tourism ecological negative benefits in studied areas could be made up some years later.Under the current tourism operating mode and the ecological compensation willingness of tour operators,for Gesaer Horse Racing Center,which runs cultural participation reception,it needs 9 years operation to make up the tourism ecological negative benefit; for Gongqu Wetland and Sangqing Vocational Village,which separately runs sightseeing reception and leisure vocation reception,it respectively needs 35 years and 42 years to do this.By investigating the actual status of tourism ecological negative benefits made up in the study areas,this study found that during the actual operation of TibetQinghai grassland tourism,the tourism ecological negative benefit was not made up effectively.In order to promote the compensating for tourism ecological negative benefit in TibetQinghai grassland,the following suggestions were put forth:to select the tourism operating model that has lower ecological negative benefit to reduce the difficulty of compensating for tourism ecological negative benefit; to establish the supervision system on ecological loss compensation; to increase the willingness for making up ecological negative benefit to improve the proportion of tourism revenues that can be used as compensation for ecological loss; to implement collective ownership of grassland resources to make regional collective members get share profit from tourism resources,and this could preferably make tourism revenues do more function of reducing livestock numbers to relieve the ecological pressures on grassland; to exert government function in redistribution of tourism income to use part of tourism revenues in ecological restoration; to set attached conditions concerned with ecological construction for stakeholders getting benefit from grassland tourism such as reducing livestock numbers and so on

Export Coefficient Model (ECM) is effectively used in generating reasonable estimates of nonpoint pollution load in large watershed.In its classical form,ECM assumes that export coefficients are homogeneous within each land use type,ignoring the impacts of spatial heterogeneity of other watershed characteristics on spatial distribution of nonpoint pollution.However,phosphorus,which is regarded as the critical nutrient for water eutrophication and algae gloom,is largely affected by runoff,terrain and vegetated buffer strips in its transfer process from land to surface waters.By integrating a weighting function of Contributing Index (CI) and Retention Index (RI) into ECM,the spatial heterogeneity of terrain,precipitation,and vegetated buffer strips were considered to represent the potential of phosphorus losses in a specific site of a watershed land to its receiving waters.The data needed to construct the improved Export Coefficient Model with CI and RI index (CIRIECM) are easily available and the calculation process can be done in geographic information system.Since the improved model has not changed the structure of ECM,export coefficient values from literatures can be used in CIRIECM if reasonably selected.The CIRIECM was applied in the Dianchi Watershed in China.Firstly,the CIRIECM was quantitatively tested in its clumped estimating capability with observed data and qualitatively assessed in its distributed representing effects with other research results.The results showed that the error of CIRIECM in estimating annual clumped phosphorus load of Dianchi watershed in 2008 was -0.8%,smaller than that of ECM (-17.2%).Also,CIRIECM performed better in depicting the spatial pattern of phosphorus losses from land sources in the Dianchi watershed.Then,the CIRIECM was used to estimate watershed phosphorus load,to identify the critical source areas of phosphorous pollution from nonpoint sources,and to predict phosphorus load under particular management practices.The critical source areas of phosphorus pollution were identified as the farmland and the urban builtup land in the floodplain area of the Dianchi Lake where their downslope flowing paths lacked effective vegetated buffer strips,and the farmland in the valleys and the terraces that were hydrologically connected to the streams flowing into the Dianchi Lake.According to CIRIECM,the annual phosphorus load of the Dianchi Watershed from nonpoint sources in 2008 was 352.5 tons.The load would reduce by 8.6% if the use of phosphorus fertilizers was reduced by 20%; the load would reduce by 6.0% if all the agricultural fields inside the lakeside road were turned into forests or grassland; the load would reduce by 13.0% if both of the above management practices were taken.Overall,by integrating Contributing Index and Retention Index into classical Export Coefficient Model,the CIRIECM was demonstrated to perform better both in watershed phosphorus load estimation and critical source area identification.CIRIECM can be used as an assistant tool for nonpoint phosphorus pollution control and watershed management,especially in middlescaled and largescaled watersheds with great spatial heterogeneity of precipitation,terrain and vegetated buffer strips