Population is one of the key factors which affect regional economic and social development by influencing industrial and urban function， the amount and intensity of usage on water and land resources， and construction of traffic infrastructure and public service facilities The promotion of new urbanization， the construction of ecological civilization， and the transformation of economic development mode， make it a more important issue for regional population forecast Under the background of the resources and environmental constraints and the transformation of economic development， factors affecting the population development in economically developed areas tend to be more and more complicated Therefore， the related research is of significance for the enriching research on population forecast， coordinating the relationship among population， resource， and economic development Wuxi city is of the major constituent parts of core areas of Yangtze Delta which is one of the three most developed economic regions of China After thirty years highspeed economic development since Reform & Openingup， Wuxi city is bearing bigger and bigger resource and environmental pressure， and at the stage of speeding economic transformation Taking Wuxi city as the case area， the population forecast was carried out from the aspect of land carrying capacity Economic reasonable population forecast was performed using the EOPMM model The relationship between land carrying capacity and economic rational population was compared and the future population development trend was analyzed Results indicated that the rational population size was of about 402 million from the aspect of carrying capacity of land resources， and the economic reasonable population was about 404 and 434 million in the year of 2015 and 2020， respectively The carrying capacity of land resources would be overloaded gradually and the overloading ratio would be close to 8% at the year of 2020 However， the density of population would be 3 810 people per square kilometer in the year of 2020， which is smaller than that of municipal districts of Shanghai， total Shenzhen and Greater London The total population would constantly increase in the future， but the growth speed would slow down gradually Under the background of slow natural growth， floating population would still be the main parts of increased permanent resident population， and its proportion would increase steadily The proportions of increased floating population accounted for increased amount of total permanent resident population from 1990 to 2000， 2000 to 2010， 2010 to 2020 are 77%， 72% and 85%， respectively The proportion of floating population accounted for total permanent resident population would be 38% and 40%， which are close to that of Shanghai and Suzhou Increased supply of job opportunities caused by rapid economic growth would still be the main reason for the population growth The population increased with the growth of regional GDP， and the development of the second industry was of most closely correlation with population growth In summary， it is necessary to reduce the pressure on resources and environment and guarantee the economic development through measures for controlling population growth and optimizing population structure， such as adjusting the industrial structure， improving labor productivity， and ameliorating the public service facilities， etc

 Urbanization and ecological environment represent a coupled spatial and temporal function， which contains a variety of coordinated and noncoordinated coupling states How to develop the reverse thinking and problem diagnosis perspective， to build a bridge to lead the noncoordinating pathology to the coordinated development， has become a key question in the current sustainable development study This article， based on the interaction between coordination and noncoordination， built an evaluation index of urbanization and ecological environment and a nonconforming coupling discriminate function between [JP2]them， and then made an identification of noncoordination between urbanization [JP]and ecological environment in [JP2]Jiangsu Province during 1994-2011 The results showed that： [JP](1) the level of urbanization was characterized [JP]by a substantial rising curve； while the level of ecological environment showed a significant phase characteristics， but the total level increased a lot； (2) during the study period， the degrees of noncoordination between urbanization and ecological environment in Jiangsu Province continued to decline， but it remained in the third stage of noncoordination， which means it need a long time to achieve the coordinated sustainable development between them； (3) the process of the urbanization in Jiangsu Province from 1994 to 2011 was unreasonable， which took ecological environment as a basic expense At last， from the perspectives of institutional environment catalysis， socioeconomic development drive and natural environmental constraints， this study analyzed its mechanism between urbanization and ecological environment， and thought that， in order to reduce the damage of ecological environment， designing a reasonable institution is very important

Marine capture fishery is an important component of the marine economy, and it plays an important role in promotingthe development of marine economy However, it should be recognized that marine capture fishery is a high energy consumption industry of marine economy Lowcarbon fishery becomes a new development direction, and greenhouse gasemission of marine capture fishery becomes a hot issue A decomposition model based on the extended Kaya identity and accounting analysis onthegreenhouse gas emissions of marine capture fishery wasestablished from 2006 to 2011, and impacts fromcatches scale, fishing methods structure, fishing methods energy intensity and fuel emission factorwere examined in detail with the LMDI methodThe results showed that greenhouse gas emissions from marine capture fisheries had a steady growth trend, the average annual growth in greenhouse gas emissions was 266 600 tons, and the average rate was 154% Greenhouse gases from trawl and gill netsaccounted for about 80% of the total, and the greenhouse effect was the strongestThe ratio of GHG emissions and capture production of different marine capture fishery methods showed the following characteristics from 2006 to 2011Firstly, marine capture fisheriesgreenhouse effectof the different fishingmethodscould be divided into three levels: the high GHG emissions effect level, the medium GHG emissions effect level andthe low GHG emissions effect level The high GHG emissions effect levelincluded two fishing methods of trawl and gill nets, and the ratio was greater than 15The medium GHG emissions effect levelincludedfishing tackle, seine and other methods, andthe ratio was between 08 and 15The low GHG emissions effect levelonly includedstow net, and the ratio was less than 08 Secondly, the greenhouse effect of fishing tackle showed a growth trend from 2006 to 2011, and the ratio reached to 139 in 2011, which was the highest greenhouse effect Thirdly, the other fishing methods of greenhouse effect remained stable The results of effect of decomposition factors of marine capture fishery from 2006 to 2011, showed that the capture production scaleeffect was 6320%,fishing methods in energy effect was 2465%, and the fishing methods structural effect was 1214%, so the marine capture production scale was the most important factor driving greenhouse gas emissions of marine capture fisheries in China Finally, some suggestions were put forward, such as taking fishing quota or implementing longerterm moratorium systemto reduce the total capture production, which is not only beneficial to the protection of the marine fishery resources, but alsoto reducing greenhouse gas emissions And the structure of the fishing method should be adjusted to low greenhouse gas emissions by establishing marine capture fishery ecological compensation

With increasing attentions on energy and global change issues， carbon emission from urban residents transport has been attracting more and more attentions around the world Carbon emission of energy consumption by the construction and transport in 2010  reached 215 billion tons of CO2， accounting for 297% of the total carbon emission in China Energy consumption and carbon emission in the Yangtze River Delta in 2010 contributed 175% of total amount in China Hence， its of great significance to investigate carbon emission of urban residents transport in the Yangtze River Delta， which is helpful to find the path to lowcarbon city development It will also play an important role in achieving the Chinas national carbon reduction target by cutting per unit of gross domestic product (GDP) by 40%-45% by 2020 against the 2005s level This paper chose three representative cities， including Nanjing， Ningbo and Changzhou as the case studies， based on the criteria of city level， population size， demographic characteristics， economic development and urban spatial structure This paper analyzed the characteristics and the impact mechanism of carbon emission for urban residents transport in the Yangtze River Delta at the individual level， by collecting the firsthand information on carbon emission of urban residents transport with a structured survey questionnaire and a systematic sampling method The results showed that per capita carbon emission of urban residents transport in 2010 in the Yangtze River Delta was about 1 1219 kg CO2 The proportion of carbon emissions between daily commuting and longdistance travel was 75[DK]∶25 The dominant factors to influence carbon emission of urban residents daily commuting were transport mode， commuting distance， household income， age and gender， whilst those for longdistance travel were travel distance， transport mode and household income Three counter measures should be seriously considered in policymaking： (1) Differentiated governmental intervention and economic levers should be applied to effectively control the growth rate of household car ownership， and the consumption on smalldisplacement and clean energy automobile should be encouraged， to achieve the equilibrium of automobile industry development， rigid demand of household car ownership and energy saving demand (2) Optimize urban function pattern and develop public transport network (3) Strengthen the publicity and education on energy conservation and lowcarbon awareness to encourage and guide the public transport travel

The studies on lichens in Anhui Province has lasted for more than 60 years， and the sites of lichen field study and specimen collection are over 20 areas， with Mt Huangshan being investigated more thoroughly The situation and the study results of Anhui Province on lichen research were summarized in this paper based on examining specimens and consulting literatures， combined with the research results of the author， so as to provide information for other researchers and future studies Totally 203 species or taxa under species among 57 genera had been reported from this area by the end of 2012， with Cladonia as the largest genus Among them， 23 species in 16 genera are crustaceous lichens， 40 species in 7 genera are fruticose lichens， and 140 species in 34 genera are foliose lichens There are 22 genera which has only one species in each genus Among the 203 taxa， there are 98 ones live in only one certain type substratum， with 54 species of corticolous lichens， 22 species of saxicolous lichens， and 8 species living on soil Eleven lichen substance， such as atranorin， zeorin， fumarprotocetraric acid and salazinic acid， were detected by CT， MCT and TLC， and the most common lichen substance is atranorin， with 77 species in 22 genera containing such chemical substance A certain lichen substance may be correlated with some lichen taxa， or deposited in a certain morphological part Two researches about numerical classification and diversity of corticolous lichens and floor lichens from Yaoluoping were carried and the results of Spearman rank correlation showed that 39 corticolous lichen speciespairs were significant positively associated， among which 16 were very significant associated， but no speciespair was negatively Associated Fishers exact test indicated that 10 floor lichen speciespairs were very significant positively associated and four speciespairs were significant positively associated， but no speciespair of the two types of lichens was negatively significant associated Further Fishers exact test demonstrated that the competition between the species was low In general， the lichens in Anhui Province were poorly understood except for their taxonomy Anhui Province lies in the climatic transitional zone of China， so studies on lichens in this area are of great significance in understanding lichen biodiversity

 Water depth (WD) and water level fluctuation (WLF) play important roles in affecting diversity and distribution of submersed macrophytes in lakes In this study， an in situ experiment was carried out on a floating platform in Lake Erhai to explore effects of various WD and WLF on submersed macrophytes Potamogeton maackianus and P malaianus， [JP2]by planting the plants in buttes and hanging the buttes at 2 m， [JP]4 m and 6 m below water surface and adjusting WD of the buttes We observed that the WD and WLF affected growth， shoot height， shoot knots and leaf number of the plants significantly， and that 35 m and 5 m were critical maximum colonizing WD of P malaianus and  P maackianus， respectively The plants had lower biomass and less leaf number and their shoots did not elongate at deeper WD than the critical WD Increasing WD (20 cm/6 d×60 d) did not affect biomass， but increased shoot height and shoot knots of the plants at the initial 2 m WD Increasing WD (20 cm/6 d×30 d) deeper than 4 m inhibited growth of P maackianus， which could not be reversed by the following decreasing WD (-10 cm/6 d×30 d)； however， decreasing WD from 4 m and then increasing WD released stressful effects of 4 m WD on the plant WLF did not affect growth of P malaianus at 4 m WD， but decreasing WD from 4 m and then increasing WD released stressful effects of 4 m WD on the plant as compared to the stable 4 m WD WD at 6 m inhibited growth of the two plant species and caused death of the plants P maackianus was more tolerated to weak light stress than P malaianus

The water quality and aquatic vegetation were investigated in Lake Xiaosihai from 2006 to 2008, and water environmental characteristics at different fisheries developmental stages from 1987 to 2008 were also compared based upon previous literatures. The results showed that: (1) The SD ranged from 44 cm to 120 cm from 2006 to 2008, and was highest in 2008 and lowest in 2007 in the same season. (2) The concentrations of TP and Chl.a were higher in 2007 than those in 2006 and 2008 in the same season, and the concentration of TN was lower in 2008 than those in 2007 and 2006. (3) Apparent seasonal variations of SD, TP, TN and Chl.a were found in 2007. SD was highest in winter and lowest in summer. The concentrations of TP and TN were highest in spring, but lowest in winter and autumn, respectively. The concentration of Chl.a was highest in summer and lowest in winter. The lake was at eutrophic level in spring, summer and autumn and was at mesotrophic level in winter. (4) The TN and TP of 1992 showed an obvious increase compared with 1987, while those of 2002 clearly decreased compared with 1992 and reached the historically low levels. From 2002 to 2008, the TN rose up and then fell down gradually, and the TP rose up slowly first, then increased sharply, and fell sharply in the end. (5) The trophic states from 1987 to 2008 underwent five stages: mesotrophiceutrophicmesotrophiceutrophicmesotrophic, and the submersed vegetation underwent four stages: disappearancerecoveryluxuriancedegeneration. Such changes were mainly influenced by fisheries forms in different stages. Irrational fisheries forms such as overstocking of herbivorous fish and Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), extensive use of chemical fertilizers and overfeeding of exogenous baits resulted in rapid disappearance of submersed vegetation and water eutrophication. It was suggested that reasonable fisheries forms would not have negative effects on water environment. Aiming at resolving the ubiquitous problem that fishery development was in contradiction with environmental protection, some suggestions of sustainable development of fishery were put forward. First of all, putting the fertilizers and exogenous baits into lakes should be strictly prohibited. Secondly, strictly control the stocking of herbivorous fishes in order to reconstruct and restore the aquatic vegetation. The nutrients in water and sediment were assimilated through aquatic vegetation for suppressing the reproduction of phytoplankton, and consequently reduceing nitrogen and phosphorus contents and purifying water quality. Finally, it was suggested that the species of the stocked fish should be collocated reasonably, and the protection and reproduction of piscivorous fishes should be strengthened, so as to make full use of the rich resources of small fish and shrimp, and improve the quality of the fish products and the economic benefits

In order to properly guide production activities of the pondfarming freshwater shrimp by the environmentally friendly efficiency standard, employing Slacksbased Model (SBM model) and CCR model, this paper took the impact of freshwater aquaculture on water quality into consideration, calculated the usages of all inputs, environmental efficiency and economic efficiency and compared the results by correlation analysis, paired sample t test and homogeneity test of variance. The SBM model was proved to be the best method to measure the environmental efficiency, because it could solve problems of weak disposability, restriction of convexity and slackness. The input elements of freshwater shrimp farming consisted of land rent, young shrimp, feed, fertilizer, electricity, drug, labor and machines. The desired outputs were the yield of adult shrimps and the nitrogen and the undesired outputs were phosphorus discharged. The undesired outputs were calculated based on balance principle of the material. The analysis was based on 183 decision making units engaged in pure freshwater shrimp pond farming in Jiangsu Province listed as the first province of freshwater farming. The results showed that environmental efficiency of pondfarming freshwater shrimp (economic efficiency including environmental cost) was only 0476 9 with 31 decision making units on the efficient frontier, while traditional economic efficiency (economic efficiency exclusive of environmental cost) was 0.6967. They were significantly positively correlated with similar distributions, but the former was significantly lower than the latter and appeared stronger volatility. Therefore, compared with economic efficiency, it was harder to reach the frontier of environmental efficiency through controlling the freshwater shrimp farming elements. The fundamental reason was the ignorance of environmental cost in farmersresources allocation，because farmers were economic men, they cared about the personal shortterm economic benefits rather than the environmental protection or the longterm development of industry that has the nature of public products. Therefore, environment impact should be taken seriously. All the inputs were excessively used. There were diseconomies of scale in freshwater shrimp pond farming. The overuse rates of the inputs in the two efficiencies were quite different. Apart from electricity, young shrimp cost and drug cost, the overuse rates of other inputs in environmental efficiency were higher than those in economic efficiency, especially labor and machine input, which have the nature of fixed cost. Lower utilization rate resulted in more excessive fertilizer input than feed input. The overused rate of young shrimp input was higher in economic efficiency than that in environmental efficiency. Raising the breeding density could not improve the economic efficiency greatly

Urban sprawl brings not only opportunities for economic developments but also environmental issues. Anthropogenic heat is one of the critical problems, caused by energy consumption of human activities, such as increasing vehicles, industrial combustion, airconditioning, and so on. It will increase the heat with aerosols and greenhouse gases emitted, form the urban canopy and inhibit the heat to spread. It is also an unnegligeable factor in the formation of urban heat island. Anthropogenic heat can be classified into three sources，i.e. industry, residential dwellings and vehicles. To study the anthropogenic heat in Shanghai, annual total heat during the period of 1978-2008 was firstly calculated. The original data used in this paper were compiled from statistical yearbooks, including annual total energy consumption and its growth rate, population, energy conversion efficiency, heat rate of coal, total living energy consumption, annual mean mileage, automobile amount, fuel consumption, heat conversion and so on. Secondly, the temporal variations of anthropogenic heat were discussed, especially the annual variation of three sources ratios. Thirdly, the spatial variations were estimated using the statistical data, high resolution remote sensing data and monitoring data (e.g. traffic flow). Meanwhile, these data were interpolated into 1 km×1 km grids by means of geographical information system, which can be used for numerical simulations. Last but not least, the relation between temperature and anthropogenic heat was analyzed. Based on annual mean air temperature data of recent 30 years at 11 meteorological sites in Shanghai, this paper studied the changes of temperature and the differences between urban area and suburbs, and the relation to anthropogenic heat temporally and spatially using observation data and remote sensing data. The main results can be concluded as the following. First, the annual total heat in Shanghai has been increasing during the past 30 years. It ascended slowly before the year of 2000, while it rose quickly since 2000. According to anomalies of total anthropogenic heat and 3-year running means, the increasing trend was also revealed. Second, industry was the main source of anthropogenic heat in Shanghai. However, the ratio of industrial heat has been descending since 1978. The ratio of vehicles has exceeded residential ratio since the year of 2000. Third, the industrial anthropogenic heat was mainly emitted from four main industrial zones, i.e., coastal zone of Bao Steel along the Yangtze River, urban area along the Huangpu River, the southern Minhang District including Wujing industrial zone and Jinshan Petrochemical Park. However, residential and vehicle heat aggregated in the urban area. Fourth, since the 1990s, the difference between urban and suburbs has become larger than that before 1990. Meanwhile, the spatial distribution pattern of anthropogenic heat has good relationship with that of temperature. Thus, anthropogenic heat plays a significant role in the temperature increase and the enhancement of urban heat island in addition to large scale land use change and continuous highrise construction

Comparing with the traditional method of monitoring the eutrophication status of inland water, the technology of remote sensing has great superiority such as high efficiency and timesaving. The theoretical foundation is how to construct the relationship between the eutrophic status of inland water and water spectral reflectance. Using the hyperspectral data of HJ1 satellite to directly evaluate the trophic state of Lake Taihu has a greater accuracy for monitoring water quality than using the multispectral data, which is meaningful for the inland water environment monitoring. The eutrophication status of Lake Taihu could be assessed by Chla concentration instead of the comprehensive factors of Chla, TP, TN and SD. So it has been proved that TLI(Chla) could replace TLI to evaluate the eutrophic state of Lake Taihu and the three band model can be used to reflect the eutrophic state of the lake. Based on the HJ1 hyperspectral data which structured by the in situ measured data acquired in April 2009 and the water quality factor of Lake Taihu eutrophication status evaluation by remote sensing, eutrophication evaluation model named TLI(Rrs) was developed. The in situ measured data and the hyperspectral data of HJ1 satellite were used to verify the accuracy and applicability of the model. Comparing to the models with water parameters for eutrophic status evaluattion, the model established in this research is much more convenient. The most important part of this model is to choose the suitable wavebands. In this research, we assumed that the concentration of Chla strongly related to the eutrophic status, so that the concentration of Chla can accurately reflect the eutrophic status. Then we used the three band model to choose the suitable wavebands in order to evaluate the eutrophic status of Lake Taihu and obtain accurate results. The results show as follows. (1) The average relative error is 597% by selecting chlorophylla as the water quality factor to monitor the eutrophication status compared with the comprehensive evaluation consequence. (2) Compared the evaluation results by the simulated HJ1 hyperspectral data combined with the threeband algorithm theory and in situ measured data, the correlation coefficient was 0855, and the average relative error was 919%. (3) Using the eutrophication evaluation model to monitor the eutrophication status in May 2, 2010 of Lake Taihu by the hyperspectral data of HJ1 satellite, the monitoring results found that the main water of lake was in mesotrophic status, and 1129% monitored area of the lake was in light eutrophic status

Quantitative research on suspended sediments plays an important role in the investigation on the Yangtze River,including water quality,riparian landscapes,and the periphery ecological environment around the river.Meanwhile,it is also of a vital significance for waterway construction and waterway safety.This paper utilizes the quantitative remote sensing inversion of suspended sediment methodology to compute the quantitative concentration of suspended sediment in the Wuhan Section of the Yangtze River.Through a series of experiments,this methodology has been thoroughly studied.The paper was organized as follows.First,the study area dataset in the Wuhan Section of the Yangtze River was introduced.14 ETM+ images of area acquired at different times were mainly used,combined with the field sampling data of suspended sediment concentration.The ETM+SLCON images before 2003 were mainly used for image recovery,and the SCLOFF images after 2012 were used for spectral reflectance computation.20 filed samples were acquired from 2012,March to 2013 July.12 samples were used for modelbased inversion,and 8 samples were used for model validation.Then,several procedures were implemented on the ETM+ images,including image recovery,atmosphere correction,geometric correction,and Gain DV value extraction.Adaptive local regression (ALR) matching algorithm is utilized on SLCOff images to recover the damaged images.After that,atmospheric and geometric correction was implemented on the images.Then,the DN values of the field sampling area were extracted,used for the spectral reflectance computation,combined with the radiometric calibration parameters recorded in the ETM+ images.To choose the most effective band of ETM images that is most sensitive to the suspended sediment concentration,regression analysis was implemented among the suspended sediment concentration and the radiometric reflectance.It was concluded that Band 3 is the most appropriate one that reflects the suspended sediment concentration.The key of suspended sediment concentration remote sensing quantitative retrieval is used to build the relations between the spectral reflectance of water and the suspended sediment concentration,which can be modeled as linear,logarithmic,and firstorder differential models.Gaussian and logarithmic models were tested in our research,and the Gaussian model is testified as more appropriate for suspended sediment concentration in the research area.To testify the accuracy of the results,8 set of measured data were utilized.The retrieval accuracy is 8891%,the mean error is 0110 9,and the maximum absolute error is 0213 kg/L.In this paper,suspended sediment field survey data and synchronized landsat7 ETM+ remotes sensing images were used for quantitative retrieval of suspended sediment modeling studies in Wuhan section of the Yangtze River.The experimental results demonstrate that,adaptive local regression (ALR) method is effective for recovery of ETM+ SLCoff images.In the process of constructing the relations between the spectral reflectance of the water and the suspended sediment concentration,single band is better,and the retrieval accuracy is higher by using Gaussian model.The correlation coefficient is 093 and the accuracy percentage reaches 8891%.This can meet the actual application requirements.The quantitative inversion model can be used for sediment concentration monitoring in wide area and provide a convenient way for predicting and monitoring of the suspended sediment concentration.

Geochemical characteristic of elements is one of the most important features of the aeoliandust deposits. The sediments we analyzed include loess and sandy hill sand in the region of the north Poyang Lake region. The samples were collected by systematic field work and then the major elements were tested. In this paper we  analyzed the major element migration features and weathering characteristics of loess in north Poyang Lake region. The results show that: the major elements of loess such as P, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, P were migrated and leached intensively, while Ti, Fe were slightly rich. The migrating features of major element reveal that the north Poyang Lake region loess have finished the primary process of chemical weathering characterized by leaching of Ca, Na and is undergoing the second process characterized by leaching K, Si and enriching Al. Based on the migrating and leaching rates, the major elements of the north Poyang Lake region loess ranked as follows: Ca>P >Na>Mg>Mn>K>Si>Al>Fe3+>Ti. The north Poyang Lake region loess underwent moderate chemical weathering, because the loess cumulate climate background are relatively warm and moist. The north Poyang Lake region loess intension chemical weathering are slightly stronger than the Nangjing, Zhengjiang loess in same latitude and same time. The difference in geomorphic features leaded to the intensity of chemical weathering of the north Poyang Lake region loess is slightly higher than the loess of the lower reach the Yangtze River. Immobile element of sediments (such as Al and Ti and so on) are very difficult to remove in the weathering process of late. So the feature of stable elements in the sediments can sensationally reflect characteristic of aeolian deposition source area. This method of predicate aeolian deposition source area has achieved conspicuous effect research in northern China loess studies and in North America. In this paper, in order to compare the provenance of sandy hill and loess in the north Poyang Lake region, we analyzed futher the characteristic of proportional immobile elements (Ti, K, Al) of loess and sandy hill sand in the north Poyang Lake region and compared with another aeoliandust deposits located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River region and the Northern China. The results show that: the immobile elements of sandy hill sand and loess in the north Poyang Lake region indicated  their origins from the adjacent floodplains to the north of the Yangtze River. It is a feature of conspicuous area

Heavy metal pollution is one of the major problems in aquatic sediment. Studies on the sources and chemical speciation of heavy metals in aquatic sediment can provide a theoretical basis for the remediation of heavy metal pollution in aquatic sediment. BCR three stage sequential extraction procedure was applied to examine the chemical speciation of As and 7 heavy metals (Cd,Co,CrM,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn) in sediments of Poyang Lake, and the potential ecological risks of As and these 7 heavy metals were assessed based on the risk assessment cod (RAC) criteria, which is based on the percentage of metal present in acid soluble fraction. The average total concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sediment of Poyang Lake were 1574 mg/kg, 052 mg/kg, 1557 mg/kg, 6903 mg/kg, 3092 mg/kg, 2474 mg/kg, 6717 mg/kg, 8028 mg/kg, respectively, and the concentrations of all the trace elements were higher than their background values of soil in Jiangxi Province. The major speciation of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in sediment of Poyang Lake was residual fraction (6160%-8518%). While Pb showed the highest percentages in the residual fraction (5097%) and FeMn oxide fractions (4102%), and the percentage of extractable Pb form was 4903%, implying that the potential risk of secondary release of Pb in Poyang Lake was high. Cd was mostly concentrated in acid extractable fraction (4160%) and FeMn oxide fraction (2719%), and the extractable Cd (F1+F2+F3) was as high as 7749%, indicating that Cd posed a high risk to local environments. According to the Risk Assessment Code (RAC), major portion of Cd was contained in acid extractable fraction (4160%), suggesting that the potential ecological risk of Cd in Poyang Lake was high, and more attention should be paid to the Cd pollution in Poyang Lake. Cr in acid soluble fraction at all the sampling sites was less than 1% of the total content and therefore came under the no risk category. Speciation pattern of As, Ni, and Pb showed low risk to aquatic environment health in Poyang Lake, and Cu, Co, and Zn showed low to medium risk to the environment. The extractable contents (F1+F2+F3) of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sediment of Poyang Lake were 366 mg/kg, 042 mg/kg, 603 mg/kg, 824 mg/kg, 1200 mg/kg, 3205 mg/kg, and 2749 mg/kg, respectively, and their spatial variability coefficients were 2514%, 8453%, 4240%, 3421%, 13422%, 5078%, 3742%, and 5504%, respectively, suggesting that spatial distributions of Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn in sediment of Poyang Lake are inhomogeneous

Ganjiang River Basin is the biggest basin of the Poyang Lake water system. Due to the large population density and a lot of enterprises, water environment in the Ganjiang River Basin has become increasingly serious. This study takes Ganjiang River Basin as the research object. We chose Waizhou site as a representative site, and used the Load Duration Curve method to draw the basin pollutant flow duration curve, and load duration curve, and obtain the maximum daily load of pollutants under different guarantee rate. We analyzed the change features of pollutant maximum daily load, and found that pollutant maximum daily load fluctuation during each month, season and water phase was bigger, each period of pollutant maximum daily load showed negatively skewed distribution, formulating different periods of pollutant total control is of great significance. Months average maximum daily load range for COD was 1 38006 t/d-7 42893 t/d, the strongest average daily pollutant carrying capacity was June, the weakest was December. The sequence of the strength of the pollutant carrying capacity of each season: summer > spring > autumn > winter; each season average pollutant maximum daily load ratio was: 3.08〖DK〗∶3.01〖DK〗∶1.24〖DK〗∶1. The sequence of the strength of the pollutant carrying capacity of each water phase was: wet season>level period 2> level period 1> dry season, and each water phase average pollutant maximum daily load ratio was: 386〖DK〗∶222〖DK〗∶151〖DK〗∶1. Water phase change characteristics can more intuitively reflect the pollutant maximum daily load changes, and discrimination of pollutant maximum daily load among wet season, level period, dry season was bigger. Finally,we compared the present load of Ganjiang river basin and allowable load fluxes, found that the water quality of Ganjiang river basin was better in general, COD had a part of surplus, but the present load of TP and NH3N had been close to the maximum allowable load, especially in the high flow period. It indicate that nonpoint source information of the Ganjiang river basin of NH3N and TP is larger, the regulated pollutants of Ganjiang river basin should give priority to nonpoint source, and focus on the control of NH3N and TP

Taking East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve as the research region, this paper was purposed to explore the correlation between the wetland ecosystem health state in East Dongting Lake and the water level of Chenglingji Hydrometric station. By analyzing the spectral features of remotely sensed images such as the normalized differential vegetation index, band reflectance, the brightness and wetness after ENVI Tasseled Cap Transform, the model of decision tree for classification was built. And the distribution area of different features in East Dongting Lake including water, mudbank, reed, poplar, shrubland and field were extracted out, based on CBERS remotely sensed images of 12 phases. Then, as the wetland ecosystem has productivity, stability and ability of selfadjusting, the wetland ecosystem health state evaluation model was established by integrating productivity, structure, elasticity with function, in which the productivity element reflects the primary vegetation productivity of wetland, the structure element reflects the structural integrity and landscape diversity of the wetland system, the elasticity element reflects the stability and selfregulation of the wetland, and the function element reflects the water storage capacity of wetland. On the basis of the theory of ecosystem health and the characteristics of East Dongting Lake wetland, the average normalized differential vegetation index was chosen as the index of wetland productivity, the wetland structure element was measured by landscape diversity index, landscape shape index and patch density index,and the average elasticity was chosen as the index of wetland elasticity, as well as the water area was chosen as the index of wetland function. So the evaluation indexes system of wetland ecosystem health state was established. By combining remote sensing and GIS technology, special information of each wetland ecosystem health evaluation index was extracted from different data, and the standardization value of evaluation indexes were obtained through standardized analysis. Then, based on the standardization value of each evaluation index, the wetland ecosystem health state evaluation model was used to analyze the ecosystem health state of 10 phases from 2000 to 2006 in East Dongting Lake wetland. 〖JP2〗Subsequently, the water level data of Chenglingji Hydrometric station was integrated into the study, and the correlation between the wetland ecosystem health state in East Dongting Lake and the water level was discussed. The results show that the wetland productivity was negatively correlated with water level, the correlation between the wetland structure and water level was indistinctive, and the wetland elasticity was positively correlated with water level, as well as the wetland function. By integrating productivity, structure, elasticity and function of wetland, we came to the conclusion that the relationship between wetland ecosystem health state of East Dongting Lake and water level of Chenglingji Hydrometric station tended to be quadratic polynomial, and the East Dongting Lake wetland ecosystem health state would be the best when Chenglingji water level was about 30 meters deep. Finally, the data of East Dongting Lake wetland of two phases in 2007 was used to inspect the correlation between wetland ecosystem health state and water level, and the inspection result showed that the correlation was considerably accurate

Soil water holding capacity, which is usually affected by various factors, such as soil mechanical composition, soil bulk density, soil organic matter, as well as plant underground biomass, is an important index of soil capcity in hydrological regulation and water supply for plant growth. Studies on soil water holding capacity have mostly focused on cropland and forest ecosystem. Relevant studies on wetlands ecosystem are relatively less. In the present study, soil water holding capacity including soil total porosity, capillary porosity as well as field water holding capacity, and related environmental factors including soil mechanical composition, bulk density, organic matter as well as plant underground biomass, were investigated in three dominant vegetation types (Carex spp., Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Populus nigra) in Dongting Lake wetland in December, 2010. The results are as follows.(1) The soil total porosity, capillary porosity, and field water holding capacity of surface soil layer were significant different among three vegetation types, shown as Carex spp.＞M. sacchariflorus=P. nigra, but had no significant differences among vegetation in middleor lowlayer soil. (2) In soil mechanical composition, for all the three vegetation types, percent of fine silt content were highest, followed by clay, while the coarse silt and sand were least. For all the percent of soil particles content, there were little significant differences among vegetation in surfacemiddleor lowlayer soil, but we failed to find even a consistent tendency for all these three vegetation types. Soil bulk density showed as P. nigra≥Carex spp.＞M. sacchariflorus, while showed as Carex spp.=M. sacchariflorus＞P. nigra in soil organic matter content. The total, 0-1 mm and ＞5 mm diameter class underground biomass were highest in M. sacchariflorus, to be contrast, the 1-5 mm diameter class underground biomass was highest in Carex spp, which were mainly because of plant root characteristic. For all sites, soil organic matter, soil bulk density, percent of sand and fine silt content, 0-1 mm, 1-5 mm diameter class and total biomass showed significant or very significant correlations with at least one of soil water holding ability, while coarse silt, clay and 1-5 mm diameter class underground biomass showed no significant correlations based on correlation analysis. Principal component analysis combined with the followed correlation analysis showed that among various environmental factors, the three main factors affecting surfacelayer soil water holding capacity in this wetland were bulk density, organic matter as well as 1-5 mm diameter class underground biomass, to be contrast, the effects of environmental factors on middle or lowerlayer soil were neglect. In the end, based on the succession trends and management status of Dongting Lake wetlands, some suggestions and methods of wetlands protection were put forward

Danjiangkou Reservoir Region is the water source area of the SouthtoNorth Water Transfer Project (Middle Route). Soil erosion is one of the major environment problems in this area. An indicator of soil susceptibility to erosion is referred as the soil erodibility factor K and it indicates vulnerability of soil to detachment and transport driven by raindrops and runoff. The soil erodibility factor K varies spatially according to variations of some soil properties on the surface. The objective of this study was to quantify the soil erodibility factor K and get some information 〖JP2〗necessary for conservation advice on how to prevent further soil erosion. The study was carried out in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Region with an area of in 6 486 km2 in the upper reach of the Han River basin, China. Soil classifications are often used to derive K factor value at the large scale. In this study, another method of calculating the K factor value in a large area with no soil classifications map was attempted. Firstly, a total of 198 topsoil samples (20 cm) were collected in August, 2009, and their locations were recorded using GPS. Soil mechanical composition was measured following the method put forward by Kettler in the laboratory. Soil organic carbon content of the samples were determined by the K2Cr2O7H2SO4 digestion method. Erosion/Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model was used to calculate the soil erodibility factor K index value with soil property data obtained from the laboratory analysis. Then the soil erodibility factor K index value of the sampling sites was obtained. Secondly, the Ordinary Kriging interpolation module of the ARCGIS was applied to map K value in the study area. Then the K factor value was categorized into five classes. The results showed that the K value ranges between 0022 4~0046 8 t·hm2·h/hm2·MJ·mm, and the average K value was 0034 8 t·hm2·h/hm2·MJ·mm with a standard deviation of 0004 7, consistent with the estimates from previous studies in yellowbrown soil in China. There was certain spatial variation coefficient (CV) in the K value of the study area, but it was not too large (1351%). Most of the study areas (account for 9172%) belongs to medium susceptibility to erosion soil (0026 4<K<0046 1). The area of low K factor value (K≤0026 4) (difficult to erosion) accounts for 796％ and the area of high K factor value (K≥0046 1) (easy to erosion) only accounts for 033%. Spatially, there are greater values of K factor in the east than the west of the study area. Typically, there are larger K factor values in cultivated lands and they vary with cultural practices. Most of the west of the study area is covered with broadleaf forests and broadleaf and coniferous mixed forests with relatively high content of organic matter; while in the east, most of the land is cultivated field with low content of organic matter, and this leads to increase in soil erodibility. Accordingly, the east should be the key harnessment areas. The study will help prioritize critical areas for soil erosion prevention measures.

This paper presents data from QFC loesspalaeosol profile in the Hanjiang River Valleytry to illustrate weathering intensity and its environmental significance. To evaluate the degree of weathering using major elements content and related parameters, using Al as the standard rate of change of parameter calculation. Experimental results showed that: (1) magnetic susceptibility, clay composition, and CIA value of the paleo sol S0 is higher than those of typical loess L1, while Na/K value is lower than that of the typical loess L1. It indicates that it was warm and humid climate, with stronger weathering and leaching during the palaeosol S0 formation period, reflecting the strong pedogenesis; while it was  relatively dry and cold, and dust storms occur frequently during loess accumulation period, reflecting weak pedogenes．(2)The dramatic changes of carbonate content is an very important factor influencing the element distribution of loess.Elements content such as Mn and Fe increased in palaesol is mainly caused by the leaching of the carbonate.(3) In the QFC profile the major elements such as Na, Ca, Mg, K, Si and Ti in paleosol S0 are the main migration elements whose migration order is  Na＞Ca＞Mg＞K＞Si＞Ti;  Mn and Fe expressed relative slightly enriched, other major elements in the profile are expressed as relative migration. This indicates loess in upper reaches of Hanjiang valley has completed primary off the Ca and Na phase, and should go into the early off K, with moderate weathering stages．(4) Difference is clear in the value of climatic proxies in paleosol and loess. Susceptibility, clay content, clay/coarse silt ratio and the CIA are higher values in paleosol S0 while they are relatively low in loess. It indicates that the water and heat conditions was the most appropriate during paleosol S0 formation period, with strong pedogenesis; while the climate was cold and dry during the loess accumulation period, with weak pedogenesis.Weathering intensity order is paleosol S0＞ Holocene loess L0＞transition Lt＞ Malan loess L1．(5) It was cold and dry, and dust storms occur frequently, forming Malan loess L1 in the late Pleistocene (11 500 aBP). Climate shift from coldwet to warmhumid during the early Holocene (between 11 500-8 500 aBP) and dust storm activity gradually decreased to form a transitional loess layer Lt．It was warm and humid, and dust storm sediments were strongly modified to form paleosol S0 during the midHolocene (between 8 500-3 000 aBP).It tended to be cooler and drier during the late Holocene (since 3 000 aBP), and dust storms were obviously intensified to form loess L0.

Urbanization is increasing worldwide and impacting native ecosystems through disturbance, climatic modification, and pollutant deposition. In order to better understand and quantify the potential effects of human activities on soil properties and its spatial pattern in urban ecosystems, the contents and spatial distribution of pH, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and available phosphorus (AP) in the surface soils (0~10 cm) of urban greenland were studied in central Hefei using GIS technology and geostatistical analysis. A total of 105 sites was sampled over 20 km2 in central Hefei. The results showed that the soil pH was within a range of 67 to 88 with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 50%. The concentrations of TN ranged from 292 to 3 789 mg/kg with CV of 475%. The TP concentrations were from 147 to 2 470 mg/kg with CV of 687% and AP were 56~1064 mg/kg with CV of 657%. The theoretical semivariogram models for soil pH and AP were best fitted by the spherical model, while for TN and TP were best fitted by the exponential model. The spatial variability of TP was mainly resulted from structural factors, and had high spatial correlation. However, the spatial variability of soil pH, TN and AP was caused by both random factors and structural factors. The spatial correlation for soil pH, TN and AP was moderate. In addition, soil total N was significantly and positively correlated with pH. Soil available P was significantly and positively correlated with total P. The spatial distributions of soil pH, TN, TP and AP in urban Hefei were analyzed by the Kriging interpolation method

Transferring a certain number of overload populations to outside is the premise of land ecological construction in the Three Gorges ecological barrier zone. Based on a household questionnaire survey and interviews, sampling investigation to farmers migration willingness at Fuling, Fengjie, Zigui, and Yiling counties of the Three Gorges ecological barrier region were undertaken, and Logistic regression model was applied to analyze the main factors influencing farmers migration decisions, the results showed that: householder culture level, family nonagricultural income proportion, per capita area of farmland, distance between the village and town, and villages environment are the main factors affecting farmers migration willingness. The higher the householders culture level, the greater proportion of nonagricultural income, the bigger the per capita area of farmland, the farther of the distance between village and town, and the worse living environment, then the farmer will have the more strong migration willingness. In addition, the district factor is also affecting farmers migration willingness, farmers migration willingness in Zigui County is significantly stronger than that in Fuling, Yiling and Fengjie, and the odds ratio of the four counties is 5049∶1638∶1166∶1. In order to encourage farmers migration willingness and promote the successful implementation of the Three Gorge ecological construction plan, government should select target migration populations according to the influence factors, and make the optimal migration policy to enhance farmers expectations to income, production and living environment, thereby strengthening the migration willingness