The midlower Yangtze shallow lakes have important functions of ecological services. However, these lakes are threatened by multiple stressors such as riverlake isolation and eutrophication. In recent years, conservation and rehabilitation of the ecological environments of lakes have received more and more attentions. However, the strategies of lake management taken are not as effective as expected. The fundamental underlying cause is lack of a systematic understanding on the lake problems which are actually an embodiment of various stresses in the whole catchments. Because of this, stopgap measures have been widely applied to solve the problems of lakes. This paper therefore proposed an environmental-hydrological-ecological-economical synergetic managing strategy to conserve and rehabilitate the ecological environments of Yangtze lakes: to apply environmental engineering in lakes and their catchments to control the pollutant loading to lakes, ecohydrological engineering to recover the natural hydrological regimes, and ecological rehabilitating engineering to strengthen the selfpurification abilities of organisms; to establish an incentive and restraining mechanism for conservation and rehabilitation of lakes based on an economic system of water environment, and establish an assessment system of ecological health for adaptive management. The premise of the synergetic managing strategy is to clarify the subjects of responsibility

Function Oriented Zoning Planning has entered the stage of implementation orderly. According to the plan, Major Function Oriented Zoning Planning needed to be monitored and evaluated continuously. This palnning not only sets higher standards for the methodology, techniques and tools of palnning, but also demands higher qualities of data sources for the planning in countylevel administrative regions or in the spatial scales of even higher precision. Therefore, the vast geographical message obtained by the Geographical Condition Survey supports the monitoring and evaluation. This study systematically demonstrates the feasibility of using Geographical Condition Surveys achievement to monitor and evaluate, and points out that “census and application” project can provide the guarantee. It analyses the requirements by Major Function Oriented Zoning Planning and Geographical Condition Survey. According to the data from Geographical Condition Survey, it considers the representative of index and availability of data, establishes the monitoring and evaluation index system of the optimal development zones, key development zones, agricultural products zones and the key ecological functional zones. It also analyses the direction of survey and assessment for this four Major Function Oriented Zones, discusses the ways and sources to get the thematic data. It has important guiding significance to promote the survey and assessment work for Major Function Oriented Zoning Planning

The spatialtemporal differentiation of regional tourism development is a dynamic and complicated concept, which has been deeply concerned by academics. As an important type of tourism fields, supply field contains 3 features: field attraction aggregation, field structure and field focal effects. This paper focused on the spatial differentiation of regional tourism development in terms of supply field theory of regional tourism. According to previous researches of field theory and basic concepts, the paper aimed to construct tourism economic space and a series of spaces associated with it, quantify the concept about supply filed of regional tourism, and also provide a method using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to simulate the spatial and temporal differentiation of regional tourism growth. Recent developments in spatial statistics and GIS have aroused an increasing attention on quantitative and visualization of this subject. Based on definition and spatial analysis of relevant concepts about supply field of regional tourism, this paper took tourism spatial density as a variable of regional tourism field, and used the technology of GIS to simulate the regional field of tourism development in the study areas of Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces (SJZA). Major conclusions are drawn as follows. (1) Due to the improved traffic conditions and the deepening of tourism cooperation in recent years, the regional division of tourism spatial density is more significant with the development of tourism industry, but the geographic concentration of tourism spatial density is decreasing. In fact, this is not contradictory. Spatial density of tourism field reflects the absolute differentiation in tourism region, while geographic concentration reflects the relative differentiation. (2) The tourism field of the study areas present 3 levels of field structure, and scope of the 3 levels tourism field in SJZA are similar to that of coreperiphery subregions based on coreperiphery theory by previous study. (3) The extent of regional tourism development, in terms of tourism spatial density, reduced significantly with increasing distances away from city proper (which can be seen as regional tourism growth poles), leading to the appearance of different density fluctuationvalley between different cities. (4) The key fluctuationvalley zones between the city of Shanghai and Hefei lies 50-60 km and 300-330 km to the center of Shanghai. It indicates that administrative boundaries have certain influence on tourism development, which should be considered in tourism cooperation of SJZA. In addition, tourism development level in the whole SJZA improved significantly from 2005 to 2011, of which polarized growth was dominant, especially for shanghai. However, as the tourism development engines in SJZA, the pull effects of Shanghai on the whole area seemed to be comparatively weak, except for those on Hefei. As can be predicted, tourism region of SJZA would still be in the stage of polarizing development in the coming several years, and the characteristics of regional differentiation of tourism economy would still be embodied as polarized growth of city. The results above show that it is feasible to study regional tourism differentiation based on the concepts and quantitative definition about supply field of regional tourism. 〖

Waterfront Resources Utilization has played a key role in regional economic development. Scientific management of waterfront comprehensive utilization has an important effect on sustainable development in the area along the Yangtze River. In this paper, based on the comparative analysis of definitions on the types of waterfront utilization，the database consisting of the variation informations about waterfront resources utilization (between 2003 and 2013) has been constructed. Later, the matrix which reflects the waterfront utilization change was set up, and the analysis of relationship between the type of waterfront utilization and the class of waterfront resource was carried out. In the end, the characteristics of waterfront utilization change were explored, the driving factors of waterfront utilization change and their effects were discussed, then the advice on enhancing waterfront utilizations benefits was put forward. Empirical analysis of the waterfront along the Yangtze River in Taizhou City showed that the waterfront resources utilization has rapidly expanded since 2003, but the expanding velocity became lower after 2009. So far, the waterfront resources utilization ratio has exceeded by 50%, and the reserve waterfront resources has become less and less. Between 2003 and 2009, waterfront utilization expansion for manufacture, port and warehouse tended to dominate, and manufacture held a leading post among them, at the same time, waterfront utilization for tourism and ecological protection also increased sustainably. After 2009, waterfront utilization expansion for port was predominant, and the ratio of waterfront utilization for manufacture began to decline obviously. Not only most part of the waterfront which had not been developed but also much developed waterfront was used for ports during the past 4 years. Though the natural conditions has main effect on the variation of waterfront utilization structure, coupling between natural conditions and other economic and social factors such as regional economic development model promotes waterfront utilization transformation which is from manufactureled model to portled model. In recent years, the formulation and implementation of policy on waterfront resources utilization management in Taizhou city has played powerful role in improving waterfront utilization benefits. In the end, we can draw the conclusion that rational policy can provide strong support for encouraging public utilization for port and others, and maximize the waterfront utilization benefits. In the future, the government of Taizhou city should pay much attention to innovation of waterfront resources utilization management policy, and choose the suitable policy which can guide the waterfront resources utilization, and this may be useful to the development of industry and cities in the area along the Yangtze River in Taizhou city. This study may also give some advices on resource utilization to other cities.〖JP〗〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗〖HQ〗

The wetland vegetation is gradually degrading in Poyang Lake due to the influence of climate change and human activities, the area of wetland vegetation have reduced 600 km2 since 2003 when state of low water level remain in the Poyang Lake. Since the soil water content decrease, the xerophytes invade and the plant species increase significantly occupying the lake beach above the elevation of 15 m. The wetland plants and aquatic plants down to the lake center resulting in reduced growth space. The plants which are sensitive to water depth and pollutants are disappearing leading to the reduction of the plant biomass and biological diversity. The plants which are resistant to water pollution rapidly expand because the water in the lake is shallow. The disorder of sand mining, vegetation incineration and animals grazing aggravate this situation. In order to curb the phenomenon of wetland vegetation degradation in the Poyang Lake, the evaluation system and evaluation standard of wetland ecosystem health in the Poyang Lake are establishing. Changes of plant community in the existing cross section will be monitored. The rare species, the species sensitive to water depth and pollutant will be monitored. The vegetation change situation in the lake will be determined using remote sensing image recognition and field survey. Finally, the prevention and control countermeasures are putting forward

Because of reform and opening up, our country has achieved a major breakthrough in the industrialization and urbanization. However, as urban land expanded sharply, it is increasingly significant that the country faces the problem of extensive inefficient of urban land. Urban land is the space carrier of urban economic, society and environment. While the utilization efficiency of urban land is directly related to the urban social and economic development and living environment, it has an important practical significance of the urban land utilization optimizing configuration to discuss the efficiency of urban land utilization spatialtime pattern evolution and the mechanism of driving. To strengthen urban land utilization efficiency spacetime pattern evolution and the driving mechanism, it could help to promote the study practical significance of urban land utilization efficiency. In this study, the Yangtze River economic delta was selected as the research object; the evaluation index system of land utilization efficiency was built up; and DEA model method and ESDA statistics index were used to measure urban land utilization efficiency value of the Yangtze river economic delta. This study analyzed the evolution of the spatial time pattern of the urban land utilization efficiency from 2000 to 2012, lastly using Tobit linear regression model to reveal the driving mechanism of land utilization efficiency pattern evolution in the Yangtze river economic belt. The results showed that on the whole, urban land utilization efficiency was on the rise, and technical efficiency was higher than comprehensive efficiency and scale efficiency since 2000. Urban land utilization efficiency on global presented a positive spatial autocorrelation, the efficiency LL (lowlow) concentrated areas were mainly located in western plateau area of Sichuan where spatial distribution pattern was stable; but the efficiency HH (highhigh) concentrated areas were mainly distributed in Shanghai and the southern of Jiangsu, extending their way to ShaoxingHangzhou and Changjiang in Anhui. Urbanization, economic development, industrial structure, technology level and land market comprehensively drove spatial pattern evolution of urban land utilization efficiency. Meanwhile, it should point out that, the paper also has limitations. The paper only chose the analysis data (2000-2012) to study the basic characteristics of urban land utilization efficiency, so the time scales was shorter, and ignored the evolution of a longer time scales pattern and differentiation characteristics of urban land utilization efficiency. The paper chose the city as spatial analysis scale, and ignored the smaller county scale spatial interaction relations. In addition, the paper needs to be refined on the pattern evolution of urban land utilization efficiency, and the comprehensive effect of driving mechanism

Earths mean surface temperature has increased by about 08℃ since the early 20th century, with about twothirds of the increase occurring since 1980. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicated that the Earths average surface temperature rose by 074℃±018℃ over the period of 1906-2005. The rate of warming over the last half of that period was almost doubles than that for the period as a whole (013±003℃ per decade, versus 007℃±002℃ per decade). During the 21st century, the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 11℃ to 29℃ for their lowest emissions scenario and 24℃ to 64℃ for their highest. Observations as well as most climate model simulations are generally in accord with the hypothesis that the hydrologic cycle should intensify and become highly volatile with the greenhousegasinduced climate change, although uncertainties of these projections as well as the spatial and seasonal variability of the changes are much larger than that for temperature extremes. The likely effects of the warming include a more frequent occurrence of extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts and heavy rainfall, ocean acidification and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. The effects are significant to humans including the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the loss of habitat from inundation, which will change humans living environment. Water resource is an important restricted factor for social and economic sustainable development in the Dry valleys of Hengduan Mountains. By using 24 meteorological stations in monthly precipitation (P) and temperature (t) observation data, on the basis of Taka hashis evaporation equation, the ground evaporation (E) and available precipitation (PE) related to water resources were calculated. The following conclusions were obtained. Short of precipitation and huge evaporation were typical feature in dry valleys in Hengduan Mountains, the annual average rainfall only about 7237 mm, the average annual evaporation capacity up to 4795 mm, more than 8489% of rainfall were evaporated, and only 1511% of annual precipitation were available. For the P, E and PE, the seasonal change was very obviously, from 1962 to 2009, the average value in summer were 4049 mm, 2399 mm and 2399 mm, accounted for 5594%, 5004% and 5594% to a year, respectively, and the proportion of 296%, 406% and 079%, respectively, in the winter. In the dry valley, atmospheric water decadal difference was very remarkable, the available of water resources was rich in the 1960s, relatively less in the 70s, gradually increased in the 80s and 90s, after entering this century appeared as reduced characteristic. In the dry valley, rainfall was likely to shift to reduced trend in the future and evaporation would remain the trend of increase, which make the amount of available water maintain the reduced trend, and the difficulty of water resources regulation would increase.〖JP〗〖HJ1〗〖HJ〗〖HQ〗

To study temporal and spatial variations of precipitation in Jinshajiang River basin, some typical precipitation indices on long time scale and some typical rainy days were analyzed in present research, by applying the MannKendall test and Empirical Orthogonal Function method based on daily precipitation data during 1961-2010 in Jinshajiang River basin. The results shows that annual areal rainfall had a certain increasing tendency without passing the significance test, while annual rainfall in the lower reach of the basin decreased weakly. Precipitation in the flood season had no obvious changes, while monthly rainfall through a year (except rainfall in September and December) had a weak increasing tendency. In addition, annual rainfall showed obvious spatial differences, and the higher rainfall area is located in the lower basin especially in Hengduan Mountain area. Rainfall in the flood season showed more obvious regional characteristics, and the higher value area is also located in Hengduan Mountain area. At the same time, rainy days for light level and moderate level increased weakly in the upper and middle regions, while they decreased weakly in the lower basin, without passing the significance test. Rainy days for heavy rain grade increased in the most of the whole basin, but it had unobvious decreasing tendency in the head region and around Dege station without passing the significance test. The number of no rain days and the number of consecutive no rain days in one year showed the similar spatial change patterns and had obvious decreasing tendency in the upper and middle basin, while they had obvious increasing tendency in the lower basin, especially that the number of no rain days in one year increased dramatically around Zhaojue, Zhaotong and Huize stations with passing the significance test. However, the number of consecutive rainy days in one year almost decreased in the whole basin, and decreased significantly in a small part of the lower basin. Moreover, as far as decadal changes were concerned, the number of no rain days and the number of consecutive no rain days in one year were the biggest in 2000s, while the number of consecutive rainy days was the smallest in 2000s, which was consistent the recent frequent occurrences of drought events in WestSouth China. The temporal changes of the typical precipitation indices may confirm the possible increasing tendency for occurrence of drought events in the downstream of Jinshajiang River basin

As one of the most important greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide (N2O) has been recognized to contribute global warming by 25%. The Global nitrogen enrichment has resulted in increased N2O emission that greatly contributes to global warming and stratospheric ozone destruction. With the increase of upstream nitrogen importation, the uncertainties of N2O emissions also increased due to the complex nitrogen cycles in estuary area. Although some studies have already been carried out to identify the N2O emission fluxes in the Yangtze estuary, the N2O emission flux of water body during the tide movement remains unknown. From February to December 2011, we chose Yangtze estuary intertidal zone (Scripus mariqueter salt marshes and bare tidal flat) as research area to study the natural N2O fluxes between the sediment and atmosphere and also between the tide water and atmosphere during the tide movement. The sedimentair and waterair N2O fluxes were respectively measured using the static closed chamber and static headspace techniques. The study results indicated that both Scripus mariqueter salt marshes and bare tidal flat acted as net sources of atmospheric N2O at the low tide when the sediments were exposed to the air. Considering both N2O emission and absorption, the annual average N2O fluxes of sedimentair interface in Scripus mariqueter salt marshes and bare tidal flat were 060 and 599 μg N2O/(m2〖DK〗·h), respectively. N2O fluxes between the sediment and atmosphere showed large temporal variations. The transformation of N2O sink and source in both Scripus mariqueter salt marshes and bare flat appeared in different time scales including daily and monthly time scale. The fluctuation of N2O emission and absorption was probably caused by the low concentration of active inorganic nitrogen in the sediment, which brought many uncertainties to the N2O production ratio during the denitrification process. The N2O fluxes between the waterair interfaces during the processes of tide rising and ebbing showed that both Scripus mariqueter salt marshes and the bare tidal flat acted as the steady and significant emission sources of the atmospheric N2O. The average airsea fluxes of N2O in summer and autumn were 253 and 207 μgN2O/(m2〖DK〗·h), respectively. The waterair N2O fluxes didnt exhibit significant seasonal change and were also not influenced much by the ambient temperature. In terms of spatial variation, waterair N2O fluxes in Scripus mariqueter salt marshes were lower than that in bare tidal flat and the N2O fluxes were 1966 and 2588 μg N2O/(m2〖DK〗·h), respectively. In addition, the differences of waterair N2O fluxes between the diurnal tide and night tide were also not obvious, which indicated that light condition exerted little impact on waterair N2O emission. The concrete waterair N2O fluxes of the diurnal tide and night tide were 2169 and 2459 μg N2O/(m2〖DK〗·h), respectively. As the main receiver of upstream imported nitrogen, the water body in the Yangtze estuary during the tide movement acted as the more significant emission source of atmospheric N2O, thus the tide water should be paid more attention from the terms of the greenhouse gas emissions compared with the N2O fluxes from the sediment and atmosphere.〖

Druing the growing season of 2013, the eddy covariance method was applied to measure the CO2 flux in the coastal Reclaimed wetland of Chongming Dongtan, and the variation characteristic and the effects of related environmental factors were analyzed. The results showed that: druing the whole growing season of 2013, the accumulated CO2 exchange (NEE) value of the net ecosystem was -1 033257 g/m2, and the wetland was characterized by obvious carbon “sink”. The average diurnal variation of NEE varied among months but all appeared as the typical “U” type curve. All the seven months were manifested to be CO2 uptake, and the minimum accumulated NEE value was in July (-274928 g/m2), while the maximum was in September (-67440 g/m2). As far as the ratio of Ecosystem Respiration to Gross Ecosystem Primary Productivity (Z value), April had the minimum Z, while September had the maximum one. In the whole growing season, 722% of GPP was consumed by Reco. There was a rectangular hyperbolic correlation between the photosynthetic active radiation and daytime net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEEd). The apparent quantum yield (α) and maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax) reached its maximum in June and August, respectively. Compared with the soil temperature(Ts), the 4m air temperature (Ta4) could explain the variation of nighttime net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEEn) and NEEd better. There was a significant exponential function correlation between NEEn and Ta4 in every month of the growing season. In July and August, it showed a significant negative correlation between NEEn and Ta4, which means that the increase of Ta4 lead to the inhibition of NEEn, but in other months, it showed a significant positive correlation. Although the discriminant coefficient (R2) between NEEd and Ta4 was small, all of them obey significant quadratic function correlation. But in April, June and September， there were no significant correlation between NEEd and Ts. As far as Q10 vaule, it showed the order of Q10 (Ta4)

This paper combined the SWAT model of advantage on pollution load and MIKE21 model of advantage on water quality simulation to build coupled models. The coupled models overcome the shortcoming of inaccurate simulation of SWAT in river and inadequate hydrologic computing of MIKE21 in watershed. This study established the connection of SWAT HRUs and MIKE21 boundary in space, and the pollutant load distribution relationship between SWAT model and MIKE21 model. The models were applied to study water pollution in the Pengxi watershed, which consist of Donghe, Taoxi, Nanhe, Puli and mainstream subwatersheds. Based on the data from digital elevation, soil types, vegetation types, meteorology, hydrology, water quality, the Pengxi watershed was divided into twenty five computing subwatersheds and 225 hydrological response units (HRUs). The SWAT HRUs of five computing subwatersheds of Pengxi watershed were taken as backwater area, the SWAT HRUs of twenty computing subwatersheds were considered as the boundary conditions of river terrain grid from MIKE21 model, the SWAT HRUs of two computing subwatersheds were considered as the point sources of Pengxi river terrain grid from MIKE21 model, and SWAT HRUs of three computing subwatersheds were considered as the linear sources of Pengxi river terrain grid from MIKE21 model. The simulated results of monthly sediment, phosphorus and nitrogen discharge in 1994-2010 at the Pengxi watershed outlet showed that average annual sediment discharge was 456 million tons; The maximum and minimum annual nitrogen loads were 11 37558 tons and 3 11420 tons, respectively. The maximum and minimum annual phosphorus loads were 75837 tons and 20761 tons respectively. Nitrogen and phosphorus loads were high from July to September, the mean monthly loads of nitrogen and phosphorus in the flood period were 92867 tons and 17347 tons, respectively. The nitrogen and phosphorus loads from December to February is low, the mean monthly loads of nitrogen and phosphorus in the dry period were 6191 tons and 1156 tons respectively. The simulated results showed that the average concentrations of TP in the sections of Quma, Gaoyang, Huangshi and Shuangjiang bridge were 0012-0191 mg/L, the average concentrations of TN of four sections were 064-324 mg/L， the average contents of Chla of four sections were 019-6108 μg/L. The Pengxi backwater was mesotrophic or mesoeutrophic water type. High concentrations of the TN and the TP were easy to be developed in high water season. The Chla whose concentration was higher than 30 ug/L was easy to be developed from March to May. Soil erosion and nonpoint pollution were important sources of Pengxi backwater eutrophication. The study results showed that the coupled models had high accuracy and reliability, the SWAT and MIKE21 coupled models were suitable for study on watershed pollution

Ecological risk assessment is an emerging area. It is developed with the change of environmental management goal and conception. In addition to the general meaning of risk, it is characterized by uncertainty, intrinsic value, objectivity and dynamic nature. Dongting Lake, the second largest freshwater lake in China, is an important storage lake in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, as well as a worldfamous scenic spot. It plays important roles in controlling flood, keeping balance between flow and sediment and maintaining species diversity. In recent years, the industry and agriculture development around the lake brought about a series of problems, such as water quality deterioration, aggravated eutrophication, sediment accumulation and increasing shortage of water resources. Ecological safety has been a horrible threat to the sustainable development of lake area. Therefore, it is considerably necessary to carry out ecological risk assessment of Dongting Lake. An ecosystembased ecological risk assessment method, which is different from traditional methods, was developed depending on the concepts of system ecology and complex system theory. The Ecosystem Services were selected as assessment endpoints and the “PressureResponse” relationship between external stress on ecosystem and Ecosystem Services was quantified. In this method, the whole ecosystem was taken as the object to analyze. It took account of not only the elements that make up the ecosystem, but also the complex relationship among them. For the ecological risk assessment based on single pressure source and risk receptor, the connection between the ecosystem elements followed a onetoone relationship. However, the ecological risk assessment based on whole ecosystem is the typical of multiple pressure sources, mutipaths, mutireceptors and mutiendpoints. Eventually, it was applied to the ecological risk assessment of Dongting Lake, and the assessment results were analyzed. The results showed that the degree of ecological risk is highest in East Dongting Lake while lowest in South Dongting Lake. The major pressure sources were urbanization, human life and climate change. Organic pollutant, nutritive material and water volume change of the upstream turned out to be the critical stress factors. The ecosystem indicators which were greatly affected were the biodiversity, riverlake connectivity and carbon cycle. The risk degree of nutrient cycle, water quality improvement and biodiversity were comparatively higher. The ecological risk assessment method proposed in this study considered risk resources comprehensively and objectively. Quantitative evaluation facilitated identification of the risk level. It provided basis for wetland management and ecological protection. Management of Dongting Lake should not only focus on the regular indices, like water quality and water quantity, but also biological indicators, such as species diversity. Since the three parts of Dongting Lake are different in landscape, hydrology and economic activity, different measures should be adopt to suit local conditions according ecological risk level

With the rapid development of society and economy, soil and water loss gradually become the main ecological environment problems in China, the development of which is tremendously affected by the conditions of the regional land cover changes. In order to understand the rule of soil erosion, determine the ways of prevention and set up important methods and goals, “3s” technique was applied to dynamic monitor land cover and soil erosion changes, which is able to timely and accurately grasp the soil erosion situation. The middle route of SouthtoNorth Water Diversion Project is the important part of a largescale interbasin water diversion project  in China. With the gradual implementation of the water diversion project, the watershed area is increasingly widespread concerned in the community, and its strategic position and ecological niches draw more special and important attentions. Therefore, the objective understanding of soil erosion status in the entire study area and mastering the implementation of the measures in watershed area can provide a scientific basis for policy research to protect water quality and ecological environment of the watershed area.The ecological environment condition on watershed of the middle route of SouthtoNorth Water Diversion Project directly concerns the water quality. This study analysed the changes of land cover，soil erosion, etc., using remote sensing monitoring technology in the range of the whole watershed area to evaluate the ecological environment condition from a macro scale point, according to the land cover results of 2000 and 2013. This research shows that during over ten years，not only the rate of forest has improved but also the rate of farmland has obviously decreased. Moreover, the area of soil erosion has gradually reduced，and the ecological environment condition of the watershed tend to be better. As the rural population concentrating in the area along the river strip，it is suggested that more attention should be paid on ecological environment protection along the river strip and further plant protection around the hills and mountains. Monitoring results showed good posture tends of the overall ecological environment in the Southtonorth water diversion project area from 2000 to 2013.

There are some sandy hills distributed along Poyang Lake, which belong to typical southern desertification. As located in subtropical climate zone, the sandy hills differed in vegetation and soil from northern deserts. Since carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) stoichiometry are critical indicators of biogeochemical coupling in terrestrial ecosystems, the nutrients stoichiometry has been successfully used in indicating community succession, vegetation restoration and degenerative process in recent years. The C〖DK〗∶N and C〖DK〗∶P of plant leaf can indicate the ability of assimilating the carbon when the plant uptakes the N and P elements, as well as the nutrient use efficiency of plant. The C〖DK〗∶N and C〖DK〗∶P of soil can reflect organic matter decomposition and soil nutrient supply. In addition, the homoeostasis of C, N and P stoichiometry is the important mechanism maintaining ecosystem structure, function and stability. However, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorous stoichiometry of the sandy hills along Poyang Lake were still poorly understood. In this study, leaves of 17 dominant species and soil were sampled along desertification intensity gradient in Duobao sandy hill, Poyang Lake. Subsequently, leaf and soil organic carbon, total nitrogen and total phosphorous were measured. The objective of this study was to clarify C〖DK〗∶N and C〖DK〗∶P stoichiometry of leaf and soil in response to desertification intensity and provide a scientific basis for vegetation restoration. Results indicated that ratio of leaf carbon to nitrogen ranged from 185 to 1273, with mean of 431. The ratio of carbon to phosphorous varied from 1698 to 5071, averaged at 3418. The ratio of leaf carbon to nitrogen in high desertification intensity is 280, the ratio of carbon to phosphorous is 3074. The ratio of leaf carbon to nitrogen in moderate desertification intensity is 595, and the ratio of carbon to phosphorous is 3701. However, the ratio of leaf carbon to nitrogen in low desertification intensity is 390, while the ratio of carbon to phosphorous is 3376. The soil C〖DK〗∶N value ranged from 98 to 463 for 0-10 cm depth, 24 to 465 for 10-30 cm depth and 37 to 450 for 30-50 cm depth, respectively. The soil C〖DK〗∶P value varied from 198 to 759, 30 to 905 and 47 to 765 for the corresponding layers, respectively. Moreover, leaf C〖DK〗∶N and C〖DK〗∶P stoichiometry showed the same pattern in response to desertification intensity, with the minimum occurred in the high desertification area. Soil C〖DK〗∶N and C〖DK〗∶P stoichiometry showed different pattern along the desertification gradient. The ratio of C〖DK〗∶N decreased with desertification intensity, but C〖DK〗∶P value showed the opposite trend in contrast to C〖DK〗∶N. Additionally, according to our correlation analysis results, the variation of leaf C〖DK〗∶N and C〖DK〗∶P was controlled by leaf nitrogen and phosphorous concentration. The soil C〖DK〗∶N variation depended on soil total nitrogen. By comparison, soil C〖DK〗∶P variation was controlled by soil organic carbon.

This research investigated the actuality and regularity of fish passing in ship lock. In addition, the field water quality and hydrodynamic force were monitored by following fleet time when fish passing through ship lock at daytime (the period of 9〖DK〗∶00 to 12〖DK〗∶00) in Gezhouba No.1 ship lock and No2 ship lock from 29th to 30th August. Hydroacoustic was applied to monitor fish passing in place of ship lock and upper lock head section. The investigation was carried out at downstream lock head section by hydroacoustic in all 24 hours (the period of 9〖DK〗∶00 to 9〖DK〗∶00 the next day) during 21th to 27th April, 18th to 22th June, 23th to 28th August, 2013. It is resulted that the ship locks have the ability of fish passing in natural condition, and they may become a new kind of fish passing building which not only has the navigation capacity but also the fish passing capacity by some improvement measures. The fish passing in ship lock performs circadian rhythm, fishes were more active at night compared with daytime, and expressed the tendency that to choose a relative suitable temperature for movement in different seasons, and it has no significant difference in the amount of fish passing in natural condition between the downstream lock head of two ship locks. Due to the suitable condition of water temperature and at the end of the forbidden fishing period of downstream of Gezhouba in June, fishes has mass rearing and the ship locks have the biggest amount of fish passing. In April and August, the water temperature was too low or too high so that it was not good for the rearing of the four major Chinese carps, leading to the comparatively small amount of fish passing, and it has no significant difference on the mean value after being compared. What's more, the change of water level and velocity in different month may have some effects on the amount of fish passing. The downstream fish density in two ship locks satisfied the need of fish passing ability in natural condition, and the difference of downstream fish density in two ship locks is not the key factor which limits the present fish passing ability of two ship locks. The fish can be induced to get in the ship locks from the downstream approach channel by taking fish some luring measures. As a result, the amount of fish passing in ship locks can be improved. A part of fishes keep staying in the ship locks after swimming inside the ship locks, because they did not get out of the ship locks when the water level rose. But they would swim downstream out of the ship locks back to downstream while the downstream ship lock gate opened again. It is explained that the upper lock head is the another key node of fish passing in ship locks, the upper threshold is the natural barrier for fish passing in ship locks. The fishing passing rate at upper lock head section were respective 21% and 42% in Gezhouba No.1 ship lock and No.2 ship lock.

Landslide, which is mainly due to rainfalls, is one of the most harmful geological disasters. The key issue of the early warning and forecast of landslide is to determinate the landslide hazard formative critical rainfall with the traditional method of statistical analyses between disaster and rainfalls. However, these methods always ignore some factors affecting landslide disaster including vegetation cover and geological condition and determinate the landslide hazardformative critical rainfall only standing for a value for regional average but not for a concrete landslide point. Soil erosion caused by rainfall would lead to landslides when it reaches a certain intensity. Therefore, it is feasibility to determinate of landslide hazard formative critical rainfall on the basis of soil erosion model. In view of the problems in existing researches and the hazardformative mechanism of RainSoil erosionLandslides, a novel method based on soil erosion model was tried out in Zigui county of hubei province with the following steps. Firstly, various factors including rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, topographic conditions, such as slope length and slope gradient, vegetation cover and land use types are calculated by employing remotely sensed data, geographic information data and meteorological rainfall data. Secondly, several landslide cases were analyzed using USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) soil erosion model to determinate the soil erosion intensity for landslide critical. Thirdly, the hazardformative critical rainfall amount of the landslide warning sites was calculated on the basis of the relationship between the rainfall erosivity and rainfall amounts. Finally, those determined values of landslide hazardformative critical rainfall were accurately tested. Conclusively, the method based on soil erosion model is feasible to determinate landslide hazardformative critical rainfall. The proposed method shows a clear physical meaning with the considerations of various affecting factors including rainfall, vegetation cover and geological condition for landslide and easy implementation in practical work, thus has a highly practical value in the landslide early warning and forecast.

The meteorological data from 19 meteorological stations of the Dongting watershed during 1961-2009 were chosen. NCC2CI and CInew are improved form of the traditional CI. NCC2CI is an improved form of the traditional CI in the accumulatedrainfallweight, while the CInew is equivalent to change the SPI30 and M30, which are part of NCC2CI, into SPI90 and M90. The calculation principle of this three drought index is simple synthesis of the standard precipitation index and relative moisture index. This study investigates the applicability of three comprehensive meteorological drought indexes (traditional CI, NCC2CI, CInew) in the Dongting Lake basin, from the unreasonable jump point, the statistical characteristics, the process of sitedrought, the process of regionaldrought and spatial distribution, and so on. Results showed that CInew and NCC2CI could be good solution to the problems such as the unreasonable shocks, the unreasonable increased drought and other shortcomings of the traditional CI. The CInew index is more sensitive to NCC2CI and traditional CI in the monitoring of long duration drought, while there is more possibility to leak the short duration of drought. NCC2CI can better monitor short duration drought, and CInew is better in capturing the starting time of drought than CInew and NCC2CI index. For monitoring the large intensity feature drought, the NCC2CI index can better monitor the higher intensity drought but weakly monitor the extreme drought. NCC2CI index can inherit the distribution and spatial characteristics of the traditional CI index. NCC2CI shows that the influence period of a larger precipitation is 20-40 d, which is more consistent with the development process of drought; while the influence period of a larger precipitation, shown through CInew index, is 45-70 d. In addition, the CInew index has larger difference with the traditional CI index in the spatial distribution, so having a poor reliability 〖JP2〗on application. With a comprehensive comparative analysis, the NCC2CI index is more practical in the Dongting Lake watershed; the research results have a certain reference to other similar watershed on the assessment of drought. In addition，one thing to note is that the meteorological drought index evaluate drought is only based on the evaporation, rainfall and other meteorological information. However, the actual drought is often integrated decision by meteorological, soil moisture, water conservancy facilities and water applications. The comprehensive meteorological drought index can not distinguish the difference between the harm degrees which is caused by the same degree of less precipitation in the farming period and the slack period (i.e. winter). Therefore, the evaluation of drought only based on meteorological index may cause 

This study presents a detailed analysis of observed and simulated precipitation and temperature in Yunnan Province using simulated output from the regional climate model COSMOCLM (CCLM) covering the period of 1961-2005 and projected output for years of 2006-2040 under RCP4.5 scenario. Three conclusions could be obtained in this research. Firstly, compared with observational records, CCLM appeared to have a good performance on simulation of mean temperature (T), maximum temperature (Tmax) and minimum temperature (Tmin) with correlation coefficients of 0.58, 0.41, 0.61, temporally, and 0.95,0.93,0.95, spatially (significant at 0.05 level). However, CCLM failed to capture the characteristics and variation of precipitation in Yunnan Province. The bias between the simulated and observed series reached 311.77 mm and their correlation coefficient were -0.18 during 1961-2005. Secondly, T, Tmax, Tmin would show consistently increasing trend over Yunnan province with　increasing scope of about 1.2℃ during years of 2030-2040 compared with baseline period of 1986-2005 under RCP4.5 scenario. Thirdly, the possibility of warm events would increase slightly and cold events might reduce during the period of 2030-2040 in Yunnan Province

Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) method has been developed suitable for nonlinear and nonstationary signal analysis and it has been proved powerful tool in the long time series analysis. Compared with the wavelet analysis, though the scaling mode of the EEMD method is similar to wavelet transform, the signal resolutions in different frequency domains do not decrease by downsampling. In addition, compared with the EMD method widely used in climate change analysis, EEMD method also solves the problem of mode mixing and it is a good method of screening largescale circulation and nonlinear trend. With the EEMD method, the signal is decomposed into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and the frequencies of IMFs are arranged in decrease order (high to low) after the EEMD processing. When the EEMD method applies to the time series of climate factors, the real climate change signal can be extracted. Specifically, the intrinsic time scale of climate change can be gotten with EEMD method, it is helpful to identify the trend of climate change. Furthermore, for nonstationary time series, EEMD method can not only isolated interannual and interdecade trend from several years of observation sequence, but also separated the general trend of climate change from the time series of climate observation. Therefore, it is helpful to explore the problem of global climate change. In this study, based on daily precipitation time series from 5 Meiyu monitoring stations in the middlelower reaches of the Yangtze River basin from 1961 to 2012, the multiscales characteristics of annual Meiyu were analyzed using EEMD method, and oscillation modal structure characteristics at different time scales were also investigated. We propose the EEMD method to decompose the Meiyu series in the middlelower reaches of the Yangtze River basin during 1961-2012 into several IMFs, then extract the information and get the characteristics of multiscales. Results indicated that in the last more than 50 years, Meiyu change in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River have shown the obvious oscillation characteristics of interannual and interdecadal scales. It exited 3 a and 6 a quasiperiodic changes at interannual scale, whereas 13 a and 24 a quasiperiodic changed at decadal scale. The variance contribution rates of each IMF show that interannual oscillation was dominant in longerterm Meiyu change. The Meiyu in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River overall presented inverted “U” shaped trend, that is to say rose first, and then decreased over time. The Meiyu series during 1961-1985 exhibited upward trends, while during 1985-2012 revealed a downward trend, the downward trend after 2000 was most obvious. Therefore, EEMD method can effectively reveal variation of longterm Meiyu sequence at different time scales and can be used for the diagnosis of nonlinear and nonstationary signal change of complexity

The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance and quantitatively assess the current trends on research of water resources management in China .The data come from 2263 papers on online public opinion indexed by CNKI from 1991 to 2013. Knowledge mapping method and Citespace software were used to analyze the distribution of research area, authors' information, main institutions, periodicals, funds and research hotspot and trend. The result of institutions analysis shows that the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Hohai University, Wuhan University, etc., were stronger institutions in study field of water resources management. Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Resource Science, Environment Science and Resource Utilization, etc., were main subjects of water resources management. Resources science, Advance in water science and Resources and environment in the Yangtze basin, etc., were core journals in this area. The National Natural Science Fund, the National Key Basic Research Development Plan (973) and the National ScienceTechnology Support Plan Project funded most studies. The hot research spots were system and policy research of the water resources management in Macro level, the integrated management of river basins, the economic attributes of water resources and so on. The most stringent water management system and the water ecological civilization construction will be the theme in the future for a long period

The ecosystem of paddy field not only serves function of food production, but also the functions of landscape，leisure and tourism. As an important part of the total ecosystem services of paddy field, the value of landscape, leisure and tourism of paddy field should not be ignored. Revealing this value of paddy field can be a good reference for making policies on paddy field protection and utilization. To evaluate the landscape，leisure and tourism value of paddy field in Jingzhou city, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) was used to be associated with a questionnaire. In this study, 500 respondents were surveyed by random sampling method, and 489 valid questionnaires were recovered. In these 489 respondents, the percentages of men and women respondents were 542% and 458%, respectively, and 591% of the respondents were 25 to 55 years old. 663% of the respondents come from urban. Moreover, around 46.4% of respondents had ever received education in university or college, and around 378% of respondents had income levels of 2 000 to 3 000 Yuan per month. This survey indicated that respondents who know the landscape and leisure tourism function of paddy field ecosystem was only 35%. But 738% of respondents would like to pay for the landscape，leisure and tourism value of paddy field. Further, 61.1% of respondents considered that the traveling is their fundamental purpose. At the same time, 787% of respondents believed the landscape, leisure and tourism function of paddy field was endowed with nostalgic feelings. Correlation analysis showed that the willingness to pay (WTP) for landscape，leisure and tourism function of paddy field ecosystem was significantly correlated with the education level (P=0000) and monthly income (P=0004) of respondents, and was not affected by sexuality (P=0065), age (P=0053), living place (P=0968) and occupation (P=0415) of respondents. By stepwise regression analysis, we found that the WTP was significantly correlated with the education level (P=0000) and monthly income (P=0004) of respondents. Calculated by CVM, the mean value of WTP of respondents is 17851 yuan per year, and the total value of landscape，leisure and tourism of paddy field in Jingzhou is 443 million yuan per year, accounting for 0.80% of total output of Jingzhou. Thus, the paddy field ecosystem has great potential values, and protecting the paddy field will create enormous value

Through the project of soil testing and fertilizer recommendation from Ministry of Agriculture, a lot of data about soil fertility were acquired. Based on the data obtained in 2009 and 2010, current situation of the soil fertilities in tobaccogrowing regions in Hubei province were systematic analyzed. Tabacco growing areas were divided into four regions, I. surrouding Shennongjia, mainly including Shiyan; II. the southwest of Hubei around Enshi; III. Shennongjia region; IV. the northwest of Hubei mainly including Xiangyang and Yichang. The purpose of research is to clarify soil nutrient abundant and deficient status in different tobaccogrowing regions and soil types in Hubei province. Results indicated that presently tobaccogrowing soil in Hubei province were 62 on average in pH, 233 g/kg on average in organic matter, 1097 mg/kg on average in alkalystic N, 195 mg/kg on average in available P and 1236 mg/kg on average in available K, respectively. The pH of 569% soil was in range of 50-70 which was suitable for tobacco growth. In addition, the concentrations of soil organic matter of 617% samples were in range of 15-35 g/kg. Among all the soil samples, 481 percent showed alkalystic N less than 100 mg/kg, 363 percent of soils showed available P less than 10 mg/kg and 574 percent showed available K less than 120 mg/kg, and they were at deficient level in alkalystic N, available P or available K. The soil nutrients varied to a varying extent from region to region. Soil pH on average was the lowest in the southwest of Hubei around Enshi and highest in surronding Shennongjia and Shennongjia regions. Soil organic matter was significantly higher in the southwest of Hubei and Shennongjia regions than surrounding Shennongjia and the northwest of Hubei. Soil alkalystic N and available P in the southwest of Hubei averaged 1369 mg/kg and 230 mg/kg, respectively, 〖JP2〗that were obviously higher than in other three regions. Soil available K was just opposite, that in I to IV regions were 1240 mg/kg, 1167 mg/kg, 1339 mg/kg and 1290 mg/kg on average, respectively. It means that available K of soil in the southwest of Hubei was the lowest among these four tobaccogrowing regions. Main soil types of tobaccogrowing areas in Hubei province were yellow brown soil, paddy soil, yellow soil, limy soil, purple soil and brown soil. The six soil types represent more than 90 percent of tobaccogrowing soil in Hubei province. Because of different conditions and soil forming parent materials, the soil nutrients contents in different soil types were significant difference. The results also revealed that soil fertility of brown soil was higher than other five soil types with 343 g/kg on average in soil organic matter, 1403 mg/kg on average in alkalystic N, 256 mg/kg on average in available P and 1751 mg/kg on average in available K, respectively. The average value of soil organic matter and alkalystic N in purple soil were lowest with 175 g/kg and 963 mg/kg. Available P and available K of soil in paddy soil were 176 mg/kg and 1012 mg/kg on average, which is the lowest value among the six soil types. The study aslo showed that by making full use of the data of the project of soil testing and fertilizer recommendation and conducting systematic analysis of the soil nutrient data, it is feasible to obtain the status quo of soil fertility of a region and provide a scientific and reasonable guidance for fertilization. 

Drought is one of the important factors limiting crop production and becoming more and more severe in many regions of the world. Rice (Oryza sativa L.), as a paddy field crop, is particularly sensitive to drought stress. It is estimated that 50% of the world rice production is influenced more or less by drought. Breeding large panicle rice has become one of main targets for super hybrid rice breeding in China, and drought is the direct cause leading to low and instable seed setting rate of them and limits the production potential to full play. Previous research concluded that rice was more sensitive to water stress during meiosis stage. This study was conducted in 2013 cropping season at the Agricultural College of Yangtze University (30°20′N,112°13′E). 21 large panicle rice varieties were selected as materials, and sowing times were arranged according to accumulated temperature and 25 days after sowing, the seedlings were transplanted in to plastic buckets and kept soil water content 40%-50% from the initial of meiosis stage for 10 days as drought treatment. The objective of the study was to screen and identify drought resistant cultivars under the drought stress condition. Seed setting rate and total grains per panicle were investigated and drought resistance index and relative injured rate were calculated and the drought resistance of 21 rice varieties was evaluated by subordinative function value. The results showed that seed setting rate and total grains per panicle of all selection varieties were decreased under drought stress conditions, and the rice varieties with high resistance to drought had lower decreasing extent than the varieties sensitive to drought. Based on the values of subordinate function, 21 large panicle rice varieties were classified into three types, high droughtresistant, resistant and the sensitive. The mean decrease extents in seed setting rate and total grains per panicle of high resistance varieties were 8.69% and 11.48%, and those of sensitive varieties were 5190% and 2815%. R527 and 9311xuan among high resistance varieties showed better performance in the seed setting rate and total grains per panicle under drought stress, and the relative injured rates were 016% and -217%, respectively. R527 and BL006 were selected for further pollination characteristic analysis, the sensitive variety BL006 showed significant decrease in anther length, the pollinated pollens per stigma, the germinated pollens per stigma and the pollen germination rate per stigma and the high resistance variety R527 decreased a little. In this research, the change extent of seed setting rate as not completely consistent with that of total grains per panicle, and these changes were important response to drought stress. Therefore, a joint indicator of seed setting rate and total grains per panicle may be better than only seed setting rate as index for drought resistance screening and identification in large panicle rice, and anther length and pollen germination rate per stigma could be chosen as reference indicators for pollination characteristic analysis, and the difference of drought resistance was closely related with the formation and vitality of male gametes

The experiment was carried out from 2011 to 2013, to study the effects of waterlogging on grain yield in wheat and the effect of spraying 6BA before waterlogging. The results were shown as follows. The precipitation was enough during grain filling both during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 in Jianghan Plain. The accumulated rainfall was 1941 mm from April to May 31 in 2012, and 285.5 mm in 2013, respectively. The above data indicated that there was great risk of waterlogging in wheat. The experimental research indicated that after waterlogging from anthesis to 7 d after anthesis, the plant of wheat aged more quickly, and leaves turned yellow seriously. Spraying 6-BA before waterlogging slowed down the course of senescence. Waterlogging after anthesis decreased photosynthetic rate in flag leaf and spraying 6-BA slowed down the decrease of photosynthetic rate but its photosynthetic rate was still less than that of CK. Waterlogging decreased root activity as well. The root activity of waterlogging treatment was 563 percent of CK, and the activity of root from 6-BA+waterlogging treatment was 629 percent of CK at grain filling stage, which means spraying 6-BA delayed senescence in root. Finally, the treatment of 6-BA + waterlogging improved 77 percent in biomass and 13.7 percent in grain yield, respectively. All of the above, under this experimental condition, the waterlogging from anthesis to 〖JP2〗anthesis of 7 d later decreased photosynthetic rate in flag leaf, root activity, biomass and grain yield, spraying 6-BA before〖JP〗 waterlogging could decrease the effects of waterlogging, improving grain yield filling after waterlogging. As estimated from the data of grain yield during 2011-2012 and 2012-2013, grain yield increased about 427 kg per 6667 m2, which means about onethird of the field was free from waterlogging

Agriculture is a major nonpoint pollution source leading to the Lake Tais eutrophication. A random inhouse survey was conducted to study the fertilizing behaviors of the local farmers in rice planting and their potential influencing factors in 15 villages in the critical protection zone to the west of Tai Lake. Since most of the local farmers are not welleducated, the survey was conducted by means of facetoface interviews based on a preconstructed questionnaire, which included a series of questions on the following six aspects of the interviewed farmers: (1) basic socialeconomic characteristics, such as age, education, farm size, purpose of rice planting, and sale income of crop; (2) the cost of grain production including seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, machine, labor, and irrigation; (3) the fertilizing behaviors including the type, amount, and timing of fertilizer application, and the use of organic fertilizer; (4) fertilizing attitudes, knowledge and decisionmaking basis, such as attitudes towards fertilizer price, estimates of nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency, sources of fertilizing knowledge, the basis for deciding the timing and amount of fertilizer application, and previous  experiences with fertilizerrelated education programs and training; (5) willingness to change fertilizing behaviors, such as their attitudes towards risk, and willingness to follow fertilizing advice of local agricultural extension service; (6) consciousness of water pollution control, such as their assessment of water quality and the impacts of fertilizer usage on ambient water environment, and the acknowledgement of farmers roles in controlling fertilizer usage. Totally, 112 facetoface interviews were conducted. After the exclusion of 2 interviews data due to the incompletion, 110 were compiled for further analysis. Study results are as follows. (1) There is much variation among the farmers in both the amount and types of applied mineral fertilizers under the context of universal overfertilization in the study region. (2) Most of the fertilizer usage of the local famers is subjective and arbitrary. Farmers age and their attitudes towards controlling fertilizer use have shown to be significant impacts on their fertilizing behaviors. (3) Some unexpected results have been obtained in the analysis of the impacts of farmers perceptions towards fertilizer use and environmental consciousness on their fertilizer usage. This reinforces that lack of scientific guidance in fertilizer use has caused some farmers uncertain of the right ways in control of fertilizer usage in practice despite their good intentions. Therefore, there are great potentials for the fertilizer education and training programs which do not require complicated models and calculations to reduce fertilizer usage and nutrient loss in the study region, if these programs are tailored towards the local farmers characteristics of old age, lack of education, and the tendency of risk aversion. In addition, a “guaranteed crop production” program as similar as the United States crop reservation program is suggested to encourage the adoption of the best management practices by obliging the participated farmers to follow specific fertilizing rules while providing insurance against the potential risk of reduced grain production. If successfully implemented, these programs will prove to be costeffective in water pollution control in the region of Tai Lake