Based on the spatial panel data from 2005 to 2014, taking 26 cities of Yangtze River Delta as the research unit, adopt the Global Moran’s I and Moran scatter plot to test and analyze the spatial autocorrelation and cluster characteristics of city innovation output in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration, and build the Standard panel model and Spatial econometric model to make positive researches on the effects and mechanism of spillover effects of city innovation output in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration. The results show that: 1) The city innovation output of Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration shows a significant positive spatial autocorrelation and an obvious spatial agglomeration characteristics, formed an agglomeration pattern which takes Shanghai as the core and takes Hangzhou, Nanjing, Hefei and Ningbo as important fulcrums, and this pattern diffused from coastal areas to the inland. 2) The city innovation output of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration has a significant positive spatial spillover effect in the geographical space, the increase of innovation output in neighboring cities will promote the innovation capability of the city. 3)The spatial effect has a significant effect on urban agglomeration and innovation output,ignoring the influences of spatial effect on the city innovation output will lead to the deviation of the estimation result. 4)The innovation elements have different effects on the urban agglomeration city innovation output, human capital,investment level and innovation platform can not only improve the innovation level of the city and the neighboring city, but also have significant effect on the innovation and development of city group; The level of economic development and foreign exchange ability of the learning have an obviously positive effect on the city innovation output, but have an obviously negative spillover effects on neighboring city, and have not significant effect on the city group of innovation output; Government support has a promoting effect on the city innovation output, no significant effect on the adjacent city of innovation output, weak effect on the city group innovation output. Finally, the paper puts forward some policy suggestions to improve the urban innovation and development level of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration and the directions in the future research.
Key words：city innovation output; spatial agglomeration; spatial spillover; spatial econometric model;  Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration

Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which provides the characteristics of social and economic development, is the most widely used socioeconomic indicator for the politic agency to develop strategies and assess disaster risks. However, there often exists a spatial mismatch between socio-economic data (at administrative unit level) and environmental data (at pixel level). In this paper, a Human Settlement Index (HSI) was developed by combining the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS) nighttime light imagery data and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data. The input of EVI can effectively decrease the information loss of population distribution caused by the saturation effect of nighttime light imagery. A threshold method (Digital Number<9) was used to remove the potential nighttime light blooming areas to reduce the error caused by the overglow effect of DMSP/OLS nighttime light imagery and classify the different types of GDP. The land use and land cover data was used to map the agricultural GDP, and the non-agricultural GDP was mapped based on the linear relationship between the cumulative HSI and the GDP of secondary and tertiary industries (R2=0.823). Then the GDP density across the coastal area of China in 2010 was mapped at a spatial resolution of 250 m. The results showed that the application of HSI can improve the accuracy in simulating the GDP of secondary and tertiary industries than the single nighttime light model, and the highest GDP density mainly located in the regions with a high urbanization level, especially in the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta. The method developed by this paper to map GDP at pixel level can compare the GDP value within and between the study units. This method can provide an effective application in developing economic strategies, regional planning, and natural disaster risk assessment, etc.
Key words：GDP spatialization; DMSP/OLS; EVI; land use; coastal area

This study selects 19 key indicators influencing the urbanization quality from six aspects, including economic and social development quality, efficiency of urbanization,environmental development quality,urban-rural gapandresidents living conditions. An evaluation index criterion of urbanization quality in the Economic Zone on the West Coast of the Taiwan Straits (EZWCTS) of China is built based on above 19 key indicators by using factor analysis method.The spatial and temporal evolution characteristics and driving factors of urbanization quality are analyzed. The results show that the urbanization quality in the EZWCTS presents an overallincreasing trend from 2005 to 2014. The growth of urbanization quality for most of the cities are at the positively accelerating trends in the EZWCTS , while the development gap among different cities is gradually enlarged.The spatial interaction amongthe cities is relatively largefrom 2009 to 2014,presenting a dramatic spatial spillover effect and spatial heterogeneity. The polarization center mainly focuseson the east coast. Economic and social development quality, environmental development quality and efficiency of urbanization are the main driving factors.Economic and social development quality and efficiency of urbanization of majority of the cities show a similar development trend, but Economic and social development quality and environmental development quality of themshow an opposite one. The elasticity to each driving factor is relatively smaller for the developed cities, while the sensitivity to each driving factor is relatively higher for the small-medium cities.
Key words：urbanization quality;spatial evolution;driving factor;Economic Zone on the West Coast of the Taiwan Straits

The land use efficiency of urban agglomeration comprehensively manifests the allocation and utilization of urban land elements as well as urban management. This article analyzed the variation tendency and spatial correlation of the urban land efficiency values of 28 cities in the Urban Agglomeration in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River from 2003 to 2015, which is obtained by using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method. Then, the study built spatial Dubin model (SDM) to analyze spatial spillover effects of urban land use efficiency. The results showed that: (1) From 2003 to 2015, the urban land use efficiency in general shows fluctuating trends and spatial heterogeneity; (2) Foreign direct investment and per capital gross regional product are the main drivers of urban land use efficiency; (3) The spatial spillover effect of urban land use efficiency is weak, which to a certain extent, reflects the weak spatial interaction and economic ties between cities. Therefore, the urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River should build up further urban cooperative mechanism, to improve the integrity and linkage of urban land use system and promote synergetic development of regional economy.
Key words：urban agglomerationin the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River; urban land use efficiency; SDM

The differentiated performance control of urban construction land is not only one of the important embodiments of national spatial governance ability to modernization but also the basis of targeted land policy implementation. This paper built a performance evaluation system of urban construction land multi-function in economic production, social services, ecological protecting, political just iceguarantee and cultural inheritance based on the basic value of urban construction land. It evaluated the performance and multifunctional coordination of urban construction land in Hubei province using entropy weight method and improved coordination degree model. Cities in Hubei province were classified into different types and madetargeted control policy according to the difference of performance-coordination. The results showed that the spatial pattern of comprehensive urban construction land performance presented a spatial difference like ‘the highest performancein central city, the higher performancein deputy center cities and the worst performance in other cities’.The five-dimension functional performance of urban construction land was also significantly different.All cities in Hubei province could be classified into three control zones which are called multifunctional coordination optimizing zone, multifunction potential mining zone and Multifunction moderately strengthening zone. Based on the control zones, the urban construction land can be differentiated controlled and managed by the measures with structure optimization, the function coordination, total amount control, additional supply and stock of potential mining. This study could be used to provide a new approach for double control action of construction land and land resource optimal allocation.
Key words：land use; urban construction land; performance;multifunctional coordination;differentiated control

Under the background that Central Government vigorously promotes the new type urbanization and optimizes the strategic pattern of territorial development, urban agglomeration area has become the core carrier of interregional competition. Quantitative cognition of the long-term spatio-temporal pattern of urban expansion of urban agglomeration area and the pattern variation law of cities at different scales is of important significance for improving the urban governance capacity and formulating appropriate spatial control strategy. Based on the land use data in four stages(1990-2000、2000-2005、2005-2010 and 2010-2015) of Wuhan Urban agglomeration during 1990-2015, this research on spatio-temporal pattern of urban expansion of Wuhan Urban agglomeration and pattern variation law of cities at different scales could be conducted by indexes including the urban land sources, urban expansion rate, urban expansion index, center of gravity coordinates, fractal dimension and expansion intensity equal fan analysis. Results show: the main source of urban land expansion in Wuhan urban agglomeration is farmland, followed by water, woodland, other construction land and rural settlements, which tends to change from a single source to diverse sources. Urban land expansion rate shows obvious characteristics of fluctuation and stage; the expansion appears spatial heterogeneity and spatial agglomeration. Regions with medium and fast expansion speed in different periods exhibit different shapes, such as a fan or “U” type. According to the radar chart, expansion pattern of urban land use could be summarized into three modes, one-wing mode, multi-wing mode and fan-shaped mode. The main expansion directions of each cities show no uniformity and emerge a feature that small cities gather towards big cities. The shape of Wuhan urban agglomeration is regular, the fractal dimension appears a characteristic of fluctuation. The barycentric coordinates of Wuhan, Huangshi and Xianning develop towards the southwest; that of Ezhou, Huanggang and Xiaogan develop towards the northwest. There are differences among the urban expansion patterns and modes at different scales. The expansion speeds of the small and medium-sized cities are larger than that of the big cities, and the urban morphology tends to be stable.

With the deterioration of urban thermal environment, the frequency of extreme heat events in cities is increasing. The conceptual planning strategy at the city scale cannot alleviate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effectively due to the lack of practicality. However, the strategy at local scale is difficult to be put forward,sinceone of the significant reasons is lack of a standard framework for urban microclimate study. This research took Wuhan as the case study. Based on the concept of the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) put forward by OKE’s team, a workflow was proposed to optimize the urban thermal environment at local scale through quantitative measurements. Technically, we coupled Arcmap and ENVI to extract 9 land surface indicators, which are used most frequently as land surface sensitivity of Land Surface Temperature (LST), from the satellite image products of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and the shape file data of buildings in Wuhan. The K-means clustering was applied to classify LCZ based on the 9 indicators. Furthermore, the relationship between the land surface indicators and LST was analyzed using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Taking LCZ as the framework, the mitigation process was organized in a manner of hierarchies and priorities combined with the correlation between the land surface indicators and LST. The results show that Wuhan is divided into 7 LCZs and the hotspots with the highest temperature in each LCZ are found out. At the same time, it is discovered that the land surface indicators have unique correlations with LST in different LCZs. And it is necessary and effective to optimize the urban thermal environment of hotspot in its LCZ by adjusting the land surface parameter values. The method in this research can reduce the temperature of local UHI to a certain extent, and the contributions to the study of urban microclimate and planning are at least two aspects: 1) the study scale of the urban thermal environment is optimized; and 2) the workflow of adapting urban thermal environment is proposed from the perspective of urban planning.
Key words：heat island；climate zone；land surface temperature； local scale；hotspot

As an important natural factor, terrain affects land use change and the formation of land use pattern remarkably.  We analyzed the terrain gradient characteristic of land use change and land use pattern of Banan District, Chongqing in 2000, 2010 and 2015 by using terrain niche index, distribution index and land use degree composite index. GIS(Geographic Information System), Landsat TM images and DEM images were used in the study. We explored the relationship between land use change and land use pattern and the terrain gradient, in order to provide reference to the studies on man-land relationship in the fringe of mountainous cities with rapid urbanization and industrialization. The results showed that: (1) land resources of Banan District mainly distributes in the medium and high level of terrain niche, while land in the low level, the most suitable terrain for human production and living (i.e. the land located at the attitude of 200m below and the slope of 8° below), is relatively scarce; (2) during the study period, amounts of cultivated land has been changed to construction land in the low and medium level of terrain niche. As a result, the dominant distribution extent of both cultivated land and construction land  has shifted into the higher level of terrain niche due to the land distribution structure change; (3) the land use degree composite index of Banan District showed as an inverted V curve, in which the peak approached to the medium level of terrain niche. It proved that the land use intensity in the  hillside area has been increased gradually.
Key words：terrain gradient; terrain niche; distribution index; land use pattern and change; mountainous cities; Banan District

Under the concept of ecological civilization construction, how to realize the coordinated development of the New-type urbanization and ecological environment has become a major problem need to be solved urgently. This paper selected Sichuan Province in rapid urbanization as the research object, analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution of New-type urbanization and ecological footprint in 2005-2015 by the model of gravity coupling model. The results showed that: ①The level of New-type urbanization and ecological footprint both showed a sustaining growth, but the spatial and temporal differences between them were obvious. The New-type urbanization level presented a Circle layered distribution pattern, high in the middle of the basin and reducing from inside to outside. The ecological footprint level presented a symmetrical distribution pattern, Pan(zhihua) Cheng(du) Mian(yang) as the axis, low in the northwest half and high in the southeast half ;②The gravity center of New-type urbanization continued moving northward, slightly and regularly. While the gravity center of ecological footprint shifted southward and then retreated to the north, dramatically but unregularly; ③The spatial overlap of the New-type urbanization and ecological footprint presented a fluctuation of separation and approaching, the change consistency was from opposite to convergence, and the spatial coupling trend was significant.
Key words：gravity transfer; new-type urbanization; ecological footprint; spatio-temporal differences; coupling relationship; Sichuan Province

This paper analyzes the social path to governance farmland fragmentation and its effect and benefit under the background of the separation of land ownership rights, contract rights and land management rights, which based on the case of Shayang county of Hubei province. The results indicate that: (1) the farmers have strong demand for farmland fragmentation governmence. The separation of rural land ownership, contract rights and the right to manage the land activates farmers’ sense of gain and land adjustment ability, which makes them not only be the “beneficiaries” of the result of farmland fragmentation governmence, but also be the “dominant players” in the process of farmland fragmentation governmence.(2) by separating “contract rights” and “land management rights”, both “contractors” and “managers” can obtain their expected property reasonably, which reduces the transaction costs of land adjustment.(3) both local government and village collective play an important role of coordination and integration in the process of adjusting the land, which can effectively improve the efficiency of farmland fragmentation governance through the local characteristics strategies, such as rational calculation and long-term planning. The study found that: the social path to governance farmland fragmentation can achieve better governance effect and has significant economic and social benefits. It helps to maintain social stability and sustainable development in rural areas. This paper concludes that: with the confirmation of land right currently, there is a favorable opportunity for farmland fragmentation governance. For the rest of the whole country, it is necessary to combine with the village reality, the grass-roots social resources and farmers’ different needs, then select a variety of appropriate land adjustment forms, such as “management right” transfer or exchange. Only in this way can we solve the problem of farmland fragmentation effectively and further improve the efficiency of farmland resource allocation.
Key words：farmland fragmentation governance; confirmation of land right; separating rural land rights; land adjustment; farmers’ sense of gain

To use the weighted moisture index (WMI) as an indicator of waterlogging, which is based on two sub-indices: the effective precipitation and potential evaportranspiration, combined with the duration and cumulated intensity of WMI during a wet period can identify a waterlogging process and determine the corresponding grade levels. Its application can be tested by comparing the frequency, spatial pattern, typical years and typical processes that identified by soil moisture and crop yield. The findings suggest that WMI is highly relevant to soil relative moisture, that the frequency and spatial pattern of waterlogging processes identified by WMI are consistent with those identified by soil relative moisture, that the years with heavy waterlogging in the spring identified by WMI is collaborated by the largely reduced yields in winter wheat and oilseed rape. In addition, the correlation stands firm between the monitoring on typical water logging processes identified by WMI and precipitation and soil moisture in temporal distribution. Relying on low input requirements, requiring few optimization parameters, employing easy dynamic calculation and participating in a wide range of applications, WMI is suited for operational waterlogging disaster monitoring and early warning.
Key words：waterlogging; weighted moisture index; soil moisture; application test

The nutrient balance can be served as an effective indicator of the environment performance of agricultural production.To estimate environmental impacts of agriculture production in Zhejiang Province, temporal trend of nutrient input, use efficiency and surplus intensity, together with the regional difference in nutrient surplus among cities, were analyzed based on agricultural data derived from statistic yearbook from 2000 to 2014. Chemical fertilizer was the primary source of nutrient input. The nitrogen (N) input intensity basically remained stable, while the phosphorus (P) input intensity increased by20.5%.Simultaneously, the N use efficiency increased by 1.4%, while the P use efficiency decreased by 17.5%. The average use efficiencies of N and P were low and had a value of 0.36 and 0.28, respectively. Results of GIS and temporal trend analyses showed that pollution risk of P input was higher than that of N in terms of risk magnitude andinfluence sphere. Jinhua and Wenzhou suffered the most from nutrient surplus, and Huzhou was the only city exhibiting significant positive trends of both N and P surplus ratios. This work suggests that reduction in chemical fertilizer application and enhancement of nutrient use efficiency, should help reducing the risk of non-point source pollution. Reduction of P input and nutrient management in key areas such as Jinhua, Wenzhou and Huzhou should be given higher priority. This work provides more targeted evidence of agricultural non-point source pollution control in Zhejiang Province.
Key words：nutrient balance; nutrient use efficiency; agricultural non-point source pollution; spatial analysis; time-series trend analysis