To explore urban core built-up area’s influence on construction land growth, newly-increased construction patches from 10km buffer of core built-up area in 77 cities above county level of the Yangtze River Delta were selected as the research object. Characteristics and expansion mode of newly-increased construction land were analyzed through expansion intensity , landscape metrics index and spatial analysis methods. The results showed that:Firstly, from 1990 to 2015, each grade city’ s average area of newly-increased construction land fluctuated in cycle riseand had close relationship with plan of Country or local goverment. Meanwhile, the higher the city grade, the larger the extension scale. Secondly, with the distance increase from core built-up area, expansion intensity of patch samples in each grade city had an overall declining trend andlandscape isolation was on the rise as a whole. Extension intensity kept a decline logarithmic curve relationship with distance from core built-up area. Thirdly, in the research period,there were two obvious stage characteristics of urban expansion mode: Urbanization stage was from 1990 to 2000.the growth of construction land gathered by mainly centripetal infilling type .Suburbanization stage was from 2000 to 2015.The growth of construction land mainly diffused by centrifugal edge-expansion type in spheres structure. Outlying expansion type of large and small cities enhanced significantly. Medium-sized cities maintained a high growth rate by edge-expansion sprawl type. In view of different grade and stage of city development, policy guidance and government planning has important effect to reasonable layout of the land.

Taking a case of the Pan-Yangtze River Delta Region, by using average travel time, economic potential and daily accessibility as the three main evaluation indexes, to explore the influence of high-speed railway on the accessibility of the Pan-Yangtze River Delta Region. In addition, the paper analyses the dynamic changes in accessibility of the Pan-Yangtze River Delta in the presence or absence of high-speed railway exists, and reveals the spatial effect result from the changes. It is conclude as follows:(1) The high-speed railway greatly improved traffic accessibility of the city in Pan-Yangtze River Delta Region, the weighted average travel time was reduced by an average of 50.57%, the average growth rate of the economic potential was 99.62%, and the proportion of the daily exchange area of the provincial administrative center increased to 95.92%;(2) The operation of high-speed railway has led to the effect of space-time compression, location enhancement and the trend of regional integration. Not only it strengthens the social and economic links between cities, but also reshapes the regional spatial pattern;(3) The spatial polarization characteristics of the Pan-Yangtze River Delta region will be further highlighted, because of the spatial imbalance improvement of accessibility. Central cities such as Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hangzhou will exert their regional advantages to generate strong economic growth for neighboring cities, while cities without high-speed railway will be increasingly marginalized due to weaker relative locations, such as Xuancheng and Fuyang. As a result, the “core-edge” pattern after the reorganization of regional space has begun to emerge.

The new industrial division of labor has explained the rational allocation of the elements on industrial level, and shown the effect of industry specialization at regional level. Because labor division would results in the difference of industrial functions across cities, the industrial division and the level of industrial development would also be alienated. Regional industrial division can not be separated from regional industrial cooperation. Regional cooperation also strengthens the complementarity of industrial functions between cities. The industrial specialization index, co-opetition relation model and industrial division index were used to measure the specialization, co-opetition and division of labor status and evolution of manufacturing industry in Jiangsu Province during 2001-2015. Meanwhile, the influencing factors of regional division of labor in manufacturing industry were analyzed by random effect function. The results found that: 1) The evolution of manufacturing specialization in Jiangsu province showed a decrease in the number of leading industries in southern Jiangsu, and a increase in the number of leading industries in northern Jiangsu. 2) The overall cooperation-competition network structure was relatively stable, while the local competing network changes significantly. The regional division of manufacturing in Jiangsu showed the trend of first increase and then decrease. 3) Industrial specialization and regional cooperation promoted the regional industrial division, but it was not conductive for the regional division of labor in manufacturing when there was a significant difference of economic development among regions. At the same time, it was easy to form regional industrial competition between areas that were too close to each other, which was adverse to the formation of regional division of labor.

As a scientific basis for distinguishing urban and rural areas and demarcating the boundary of urban growth, the demarcation of the urban-rural space and dynamic evolution of urban-rural boundaries has always been one of the important aspects of geography research. Based on the data of land use, added value of secondary and tertiary industries, and population density of Nanjing from 1985 to 2016, this paper employs morphological and functional indicators, measured respectively by landscape disorder and construction land proportion as well as Population density and industrial added value, to identify the urban-rural space boundary. By dividing the indicators into kilometer grids, this paper applies “distance attenuation” and "breaking point" method to examine the evolution of the urban-rural space boundary. The results show that: (1) The urban-rural space boundary of Nanjing exhibits distinct expansion within 2000-2016, while the first stage (1985 to 2000) is characterized by infilling expansion and the second stage (2000 to 2016) is mainly dominated by spread expansion, the change rate in the second stage is significantly higher than that of the first stage. (2) The space boundary of urban-rural in Nanjing show different characteristics of expansion and most closely related to the development model at different stages, it’s change slowly in the urban state-owned economy and rural industrialization stage, and change rapidly in the rapid urbanization and open economy stage. (3) As a megacity, Nanjing has a high level of development in urbanization and urban-rural integration, and it is universal to use this area as an example to test the evolutionary identification method of urban-rural space boundary, and that can be applied to the identification of urban-rural space boundary in the rapidly developing metropolitan areas.

To study of the spatial relationship between population and economy in the Central Plains Economic Zone has a great decision-making significance to guide sustainable development and promote the rise of this region. Based on the data of resident population and GDP of each city and county (district) in the Central Plains Economic Zone from 2000 to 2015, spatial dynamic characteristics of population and economy in the Central Plains Economic Zone are analyzed by taking unbalanced index, geographical concentration and other methods from both overall and local views. Results show that: ①From a global perspective, the population and economic unbalanced index in the Central Plains Economic Zone gradually increased during the study period, indicating that the overall population size and economic development scale of this region were unevenly developed, and the internal gap of development kept growing; From a local view, the geographical concentration of population in the Central Plains Economic Zone shows a distribution of low in the middle east and high in the west, while the economic geographic concentration shows a distribution of high in the center and low around. And then, a clear understanding that the distribution of population and economy in the Central Plains Economic Zone tends to be agglomerate can be presented by applying the ESDA method, and the correlation between population and economic space is significant. Finally, on the basis of empirical analysis, policy suggestions and future research direction are proposed.

Multi-center urban agglomeration is a spatial equilibrium formed by the multiplication and diffusion of elements, and it has become the policy goal of urban agglomeration development. The period of urbanization process in our country is relatively short, and there are big differences among regions. Thus, we need to take the development stages of specific urban agglomerations into consideration when studying the spatial optimization problem. Based on the data of the six urban agglomerations in Central China from 2005 to 2014, the paper analyzes the impact of urban spatial structure on regional economic growth in two dimensions; the population distribution and the industrial spatial distribution. The results show that: (1) From the perspective of population, the paper shows the evidence that the agglomerations of Hubei, Jiangxi and Shanxi Province that are single-centered currently are evolved in a multi-centered structure trend. In contrast, the agglomerations of Anhui, Hunan, and Henan Province are in a state of decentralized distribution and agglomerate to the central cities gradually. (2) From the perspective of industry, the average values of SP are higher in the agglomerations of Jiangxi and Shanxi, which means their spatial distribution of industries is more dispersed, while other urban agglomerations are relatively concentrated. In general, the SP index of the urban agglomerations in Central China all increasing at different rates, indicating that the industrial spatial distribution of all urban agglomerations is developing toward a multi-centered orientation gradually.(3) The paper finds an inverse U-shaped relationship between population structure and economic growth, which means a transition from a single-center to a multi-center structure. (4) The industry spatial agglomeration has a positive effect on the economic growth. As a key new urbanization area in the country, Central China will have a large population and industries entering the urban areas in the future. Therefore, it should expand its new development space by guiding the flow of resources such as capital effectively, optimize the new pattern of development, and enhance the efficiency of economic development and the quality of urbanization. In this context, the above conclusion has extremely important policy implications.

By improving the method of measuring accessibility and adopting adjusted gravity model, this paper collected the data of 11 cities of Jiangxi Province in 2010, 2013 and 2016, then measured the urban rail accessibility (URA) and interurban spatial effect (ISE) among cities, and analyzed the evolution of space-time pattern based on GIS. Research findings: (1) From the High-speed rail (HSR) "depression" to the HSR "highland", the layout of URA in Jiangxi Province takes Nanchang as the core, rail hub cities as the sub centers, and spreads to the surrounding areas with the "center-periphery" pattern. The ISE takes the main rail channels as the axes, and take the rail hub cities as nodes with the "point-axis" pattern. Both of them show the gradient differences between the north and south with the radiation diffusion to the suburb of Jiangxi Province. (2) HSR and regional integration are two important drivers to improve the URA. The huge compression of time and space weaken the influence of space distance on ISE, and promote the leap of ISE. URA and ISE show significant zonality and "channel effect", which are greatly affected by the density of operating trains among cities. (3) The impact range of HSR is limited, and its network effect in northern part of Jiangxi is stronger than that in central and southern part. The URA in the channel tends to be balanced, but it also widen the gap with the remote cities outside the channel, and the cities which haven’t been deeply integrated into the HSR network of province are at risk of being marginalized. (4) The ISE in Jiangxi Province shows obvious regional differentiation characteristics, forming three sub-systems in the middle, north and south. The difference of ISE is expanding, so the ISE in the province are in the pursuit of "efficiency". Based on this, Jiangxi Province should accelerate the construction and improvement of the rail and HSR network, design the scale of the stations rationally and distribute the train frequency accurately. Each city should actively be integrated into the HSR network of the province, and strengthen the local connection traffic construction and the integration with the surrounding cities, to enhance urban comprehensive transport accessibility and ISE. Jiangxi Province should co-ordinate north and south with gradient development, steadily promote regional integration, further break the geographical isolation and differentiation, to promote the balanced development between cities.

For the sake of exploring the runoff characteristics of the Jinsha River Basin under different geographical conditions, the basin above Pingshan Station is divided into six sections. A variety of mathematical statistics methods, including linear propensity estimation, Spearman rank correlation test, MannKendall test, ordinal cluster analysis and rank sum test are adopted in this research to analyze the runoff series which cover a range from 1960 to 2015 in each section, and hydrologic factors as well as anthropogenic activities are studied to make interpretation on the drivers of changes. Results show that only the section above Zhimenda and HuatanPingshan section are detected to have obvious trend in runoff change, more specifically the trends are increasing and decreasing respectively, while all the sections in the middle reach and mainstream of lower reach have gone through a descending trend in recent 20 years. It is also illustrated that many of the sections have break points after 1990s. Precipitation is recognized and verified as the most significant driver of runoff change, which is found to be rather dominant in sections above Shigu and section of Yalong River. No conclusive evidence can be found that temperature change exerts considerable effects on the runoff change. Besides, soil and water conservation, serving as a typical aspect of anthropogenic activities, turns out to play an important role in runoff reduction in PanzhihuaHuatan and HuatanPinshan sections in the new century, though the influence of precipitation still cannot be overwhelmed. Additionally, the impoundment of large reservoirs for the first time round can apparently bring down the runoff, with several peculiarities in the figures conforming well to the inference with respect to Yalong River section and HuatanPingshan section. However, the added water losses resulted from either the expanded surface evaporation of reservoirs or the diversion projects are relatively marginal in comparison to the sectional runoff.

In order to achieve the sustainability of agricultural water resource and assure national food security, it is imperative to improve the regional agricultural water efficiency(AWE). In this study, we measure the AWE of 31 Chinese provinces(municipalities, autonomous regions) for the years 1998 to 2015 based on SBM model which considers both undesirable outputs and metafrontier technology simultaneously. Subsequently, taking the factors such as the bearing capacity of agricultural resources, environmental capacity, ecological type and development foundation into account, we divide the sample into three groups: prioritizeddevelopment zone, moderatedevelopment zone, protecteddevelopment zone. Then the regional differences, evolution trend and improvement potential are empirical studied, respectively. The results showed that the average values of AWE with reference to metafrontier of protecteddevelopment zone, prioritizeddevelopment zone and moderatedevelopment zone are 0.632, 0.568 and 0.432. The finding showed that if the potential optimal production technology was adopted, the three major regions would have a large room for efficiency improvement of 37.7%, 43.2% and 56.8%, respectively, indicating the potential for improvement would be huge. Technology and management ineffectiveness were the two major sources of regional AWE loss. The efficiency loss of the prioritizeddevelopment area is mainly caused by the ineffective management, showing that improving both the management system and the management level are of significance strategies to promote the regional AWE. The loss of efficiencies in protecteddevelopment zone and moderatedevelopment zone are mainly resulted from the low level of agricultural water production technology and the ineffective management. Thus, it was necessary to combine the technical and management improvement strategy to improve the efficiency.

It’s helpful to provide industrial competitiveness guidance for industries in different development stages and different development levels for forest parks in different provinces in China by analysis their evolution and influence factors. Firstly, constructed index system of competitiveness of forest parks tourism industry in 31 provinces(municipalities and autonomous regions) in our country, then calculated scores of competitiveness of tourism industry in each province and analyze its temporal and spatial evolution characteristics. Finally, used quantile regression to study the main influencing factors of the spatial differences of forest park tourism industry competitiveness. The research found, the average competitive value of the tourism industry in China's Forest Park is relatively low with large regional differences, showing a decreasing state of the eastern part to the central and western part; In the period of 2004-2014, the competitiveness of the tourism industry in the forest parks in the western provinces has been relatively small, mainly due to the "short board effect", which shows that the western provinces have a large disparity in industrial efficiency with the eastern and central provinces; There are two highlevel forest parks tourism industry competitiveness centers in northeastern and southeast China, and with a trend of gradually spreading to surrounding areas and boosting the development of neighboring provinces; The quantile regression shows that, National support efforts, management inputs, resource endowments, economic fundamentals, brand effects and traffic convenience will affect the competitiveness of tourism industries in forest parks in different provinces at different quantile regression points. The differences of influencing factors on the competitiveness of tourism industry in forest park at different points provide a good reference for improving the competitiveness of each region.

In order to evaluate the ecological carrying capacity more objectively and universally, construct an ecological capacity analysis framework by applying FootprintService Value method based on the value unit, we selected the panel data of 97 counties in Shaanxi Province from 2000 to 2015, analyzed the distribution characteristics, the evolution path, and the driving factors of the ecological carrying capacity index for Shaanxi Province using the global Moran’s I, the LISA agglomeration maps, and the spatial Dubin model. Following findings were obtained in this research:(1) the index of ecological carrying capacity in Shaanxi Province and the three major regions rapidly increased at the beginning, and then decreased slowly, which showed significant spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity, and the lowvalue clustering phenomenon was obvious especially in Guanzhong Region;(2) the value of forest land area and the equivalent factor were the main factors that promoted the increase of the ecological carrying capacity index, while the per capita consumption value was the main factor that inhibited the increase of the ecological carrying capacity index; and(3) there were differences in the driving factors affecting the ecological carrying capacity index in the north of Shaanxi, Guanzhong, and the south of Shaanxi. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the investment in ecological restoration projects in Shaanxi Province, reduce the growth rate of per capita consumption value, and implement a differential ecological carrying capacity policy, so as to achieve the goal of ecological carrying capacity improvement.

In the past 30 years, the North Branch of the Yangtze River Estuary has undergone significant changes in sediment characteristics and transport trend under the influence of natural and human activities. Based on the survey data of grain size of sediment in 2015 and the 1980s, we conducted grain size comparison and transport trend analysis, etc. and discussed sedimentary characteristics and transport trend of the North Branch & offshore area of the Yangtze River Estuary. The results shows that the types of sediments in the North Branch & offshore area of the Yangtze River estuary are dominated by clay silt, sandy silt and sand, and the mean median grain size decreases by about 20% in the past 30 years. Among them, the grain size decreases in the North Branch by 30%, indicating that the entire North Branch is in a siltation environment; the grain size in the zone with the depth of 0 to 10 m outside the mouth increases by about 25%, manifests as the characteristics of erosion under the action of wind waves and tides; in the zone with the depth of over 10m, the grain size decreases slightly and the sediment characteristics are basically stable. From the perspective of sediment transport trend, the sediments from Chongtou to Lingdinggang sections of the North Branch are more coarse，which is mainly effected by runoff; for the sediment transport trend from Lingdiangang to Santiaogang sections, go downward Santiaogang, in addition, the sediments in the main channel from Lingdinggang to Sanhegang are coarse, the sediments in the beach are fine and the intersection of the tidal currents is obvious; In the lower reaches of Santiaogang, there are mainly sands from the sea in the sediments, which are fine and the transport trend goes upward; Outside the North Branch, sediments in the zone with the depth of 0 to 10 m are coarsened and become finer with the increase of the depth. In the zone with the depth of 0 to 2 m, the sand content accounts for more than 90%; and the sediment transport is not significant in the offshore area with the depth over 10 m. The reduction of the sands from the river basin and the construction of the North Branch reclamation result in insufficient recharge of sediment along the coast. Under the action of wind, waves and tides, some sediments in the shallow outside the mouth are transported into the North Branch with the rising tides, others spread towards the open seas with the falling tides, constituting the sediment transport pattern of the North Branch and offshore area.

Bedforms were observed in February 2015 with the acoustic multibeam bathymetric. Chart data and surface sediment samples were collected. Based on these data, the recent morphological changes and microtopography features in the Hengsha Passage of the Yangtze River Estuary were studied in this paper. The correlation between the morphological changes and microtopography in the Hengsha Passage was explored in this paper, and the response of the morphological changes and bedforms of the channel beds to the human activities was also explored. Results showed the channel of Hengsha Passage experienced significant erosion because the construction of Three Gorge Dam, the Qingcaosha Reservoir project and the Deepening Waterway Project may have indirectly affected the morphology of the Hengsha Passage. From 2002 to 2013, net volume loss and average annual net volume loss reached 0.86 × 108 m3 and 0.08 × 108 m3 yr-1 in the Hengsha Passage, respectively. A large amount of the eroded sediment from the south entrance of the Hengsha Passage was trapped, resulting in substantial accretion in the Yuanyuansha Waterway and the upper reach of the North Passage. In addition to smooth bed floors, there were erosive microtopography in the Hengsha Passage, such as hollow and scour mark etc.. Due to the channel experienced erosion will lead to enhanced of bed load movement, which can promote the development of dunes. Consequently, there was a large area of dunes developed in the Hengsha Passage.

The ecological characteristics of phytoplankton community in the littoral zone of Lake Wuli, Lake Taihu were investigate monthly from July 2014 to June 2015 after the comprehensive treatment. A total of 196 species belonging to 8 phyla were identified. 37.76% of the phytoplankton was Chlorophyta, which contained 74 species. 29.08% was Bacillariophyta, which contained 57 species. The dominant phytoplankton contains 30 species of 8 phyla. In July, August, September and October of 2014, and June of 2015, Oscillatoria tenuis has an absolute advantage in the phytoplankton community, the dominant index ranged from 0.567 to 0.879. The averages variations of a month of phytoplankton density and biomass were 1.07×106-2.18×108 ind./L and 0.32-50.52 mg/L, respectively. The density and biomass of phytoplankton were significantly higher in summer and early fall than the rest month of the year due to the largescale proliferation of cyanobacteria. The density and biomass of phytoplankton were notably lower in zone A than in the rest zones. Pearson correlation analysis shows that the density of algae, biomass and species number are significant or notably significant correlated with turbidity(Tur), pH and temperature(T). Redundancy analysis shows that strong correlation was found between water temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and phytoplankton community structure(p<0.01). Moreover, water temperature had the strongest correlation with phytoplankton community structure(r=0.898 2). The index calculated from phytoplankton species and diversity suggests that the littoral ecozone of Lake Wuli, Lake Taihu is suffering from a moderate eutrophication.

The conflict between ecological environment protection and urban economic development remain unsettled. It is of great significance for maintaining regional ecological security and guiding the city to develop in an orderly manner to evaluate the importance of ecological land scientifically. The importance of ecological land is not only determined by the ecosystem service function of its own, but is also strongly related to the ecological needs of human beings. The article chose a set of indexes in terms of biodiversity, soil conservation function, water conservation function, outdoor leisure demand and scarcity of ecological land, and build an evaluation model of ecological importance based on both ecosystem services and human needs. We took the downtown area of Changsha as the study area. The results showed that the spatial distribution of ecological lands in Changsha is unbalanced, and the most important ecological lands are mainly composed of forests, important drinking water sources and highquality farmland. They also include large areas of ecological lands that provide ecological barriers and small areas of ecological lands such as wetlands and rivers in the city. Compared with the traditional evaluation models, the proposed model can reflect the influence of human needs and the results are more in line with people’s actual ecological needs.

Based on land cover database of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in 1990, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015, we analyze the spatialtemporal patterns, changing characteristics, and the main drivers. Results show that:(1) the main land cover types in 2015 are forest(41.45%) and arable land(24.58%).(2) From 1990 to 2015, the acreage of artificial surface, wetland, forest and other land increased significantly, while cultivated land, shrub and grassland decreased.(3) The regional comprehensive dynamic degree of land cover increased and then tended to be stable. Artificial surface changed mostly, followed by wetland and cultivated land. The prominent changes in the first ten years were cultivated land occupied by the artificial surface, and in the last fifteen years were forest, shrub and cultivated land turned to artificial surface and wetland.(4) The construction of the Three Gorges Project, resettlement, economic development and urbanization led to the continuous expansion of the artificial surface. The storage of reservoir contributed to the rapid increase of wetland, and the adjustment of agricultural structure promoted the expansion of garden. In summary, the ecoenvironment of this area tended to be improving, under Grain for Green ecological policy in the past 25 years, and the acreage of forest increasing significantly. Meanwhile, the acreage of sloping cultivated land continuously decreased, resulting in the contradiction between human and land. These results will support the ecoenvironmental protection and coordinated development of social economy in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

After the impoundment of Three Gorges Reservoir, aquatic environment of the tributaries in this reservoir has been subject to algal blooms.  The ecological operation can change the hydrodynamic condition of the reservoir tributaries, and help to control algal blooms. A nested prediction model of reservoir operation with ecological constraint was proposed. The back propagation neural network algorithm(BNN) was used to construct a model for forecasting the algal biomass in the tributaries. The input variables of this prediction model are water level(H), water level frequency conversion(HF) and water level Range(HR).The output variable is chlorophyll concentration. The prediction model is embedded into the reservoir operation model and constructing the ecological operation model which considering the water blooms in the tributaries, then using the discrete dynamic programming(DDDP) to solve the ecological operation model. The results show that the correlation coefficient between the observation and simulation calculated by the prediction model is R = 0.853 6. That means this model can predict the chlorophyll concentration well. Under the condition of 100% control guarantee rate for extreme water bloom. The calculation shows that the ecological operation power generation is 0.89% less than the real power operation. Carrying out the ecological operation in the Three Gorges Reservoir can effectively control algal blooms in the tributary without losing the overall economic benefits.

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) plays an important role in ecosystem. Little is known about the dynamics of riverine DOC exports and their responses to climate change and permafrost degradation. To examine the seasonal variations of concentrations and exports of DOC and their responses to changes of air temperature and precipitation, we collected monthly river water samples from 8 catchments under alpine meadow in the Three Rivers’ headwater regions on the QinghaiTibet Plateau from August 2016 to July 2017. The discharges in these rivers were monitored, and DOC concentrations of water samples were analyzed in the laboratory. The results showed: (1) The annual average DOC concentrations of these streams varied from (4.05±1.20) mg·L-1 to (6.55±2.86) mg·L-1, with an mean value of 5.30 mg·L-1. The DOC concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with the coverage area of alpine swamp meadow (ASM), but significantly correlated with the coverage of alpine meadow (AM). The average DOC concentrations in the rivers in permafrost regions were significantly higher than those in nonpermafrost regions. (2) The DOC concentrations showed a great variations with seasonal changes of air temperature. From the spring to the beginning of summer, DOC concentrations increased sharply. During this period, the monthly mean air temperature increased from -8℃ to 2℃. The DOC concentrations decreased rapidly as the air temperature increased from 2℃ to 13℃. From summer to winter, the temperature decreased from 13℃ to -8℃. Meanwhile, the average DOC concentrations decreased gradually, and the lowest value was recorded in December. (3) The seasonal changes of DOC export varied greatly, ranging from (0.006±0.0005) kg·km-2·d-1 and (3.01±0.74) kg·km-2·d-1 among the rivers, with an average value of（1.12±0.81）kg·km-2·d-1. DOC export fluxes were positively correlated with the discharges. The highest DOC export was recorded in the spring snowmelt period and the rainy summer. Since the climate change may lead to a thicker active layer in permafrost regions, our results showed that the DOC export increased along with temperature, indicating that climate warming can cause a higher DOC export in alpine meadow in the permafrost regions on the QinghaiTibetan Plateau.