In this paper, Eco-efficiency of Urban Agglomerations of Yangtze River Economic Belt during 2005~2015 was calculated by non-radial and non-oriented DEA model with undesirable out-put. The impact on Eco-efficiency of green technology innovation and of which in correlation effects with industrial agglomeration was analyzed by Tobit Model. The results showed that the Eco-efficiency of Yangtze River Economic Belt had significant cascade differences and the positive impact of green technology innovation could only be seen evidently on the whole level and particularly within downstream area. With industrial cluster growing, green technology innovation had a growing positive impact on Eco-efficiency on the whole level and downstream area, and hardly affected on upstream area. It might have been the strategic difference that led to such situation, which was low-level industrial agglomeration conducted by authorities tended to perform low-cost strategy while high-level market oriented industrial agglomeration tended to perform differentiation strategy inspired by innovation. Based on the results and the analysis, some policy suggestions was proposed to balance the Eco-efficiency of the Yangtze River Economic Belt.

Environmental regulation, which is the sum of policies and measures to be implemented for the purpose of environmental protection, has a complex impact on green economic efficiency. At the same time, a reasonable environmental regulation level is an important way to promote green economic efficiency. In this paper, the super-efficiency model is used to measure the green economic efficiency of China, and the Moran’s Index is applied to measure the spatial correlation of green economic efficiency and the environmental regulation level in China. Furthermore, the Spatial Econometric Model is used to analyze the environmental regulation level and other related factors’ impact on green economic efficiency. The conclusions are as follows: (1) The green economic efficiency and environmental regulation level in eastern, central and western China show a fluctuating upward trend accompanied by significant spatial differences. However, the gaps of green economic efficiency and environmental regulation level among these regions would be reduced, showing a trend of convergence. (2) The level of green economy efficiency and environmental regulation shows spatial differences, and the difference in eastern region is more significant than central region, then western region. Over time, the spatial structure would be optimized and the regional differences would be converged. (3) The impact of environmental regulation on green economic efficiency is an inverted-U shape, and the influences in eastern, central and western regions are at different stages. Economic growth, industrial structure and scientific research have a significant positive effect on green economic efficiency, while the use of foreign capital has a significant negative correlation with green economic efficiency.

The complex pollution problem represented by O₃ and PM_2.5 in Shanghai has been highlighted recently, and it is of great significance for environmental policy decision to rationally assess the impact of atmospheric environment on residents. This study attempts to apply the contingent valuation method to conduct a survey on the willingness to pay for the improvement of atmospheric environmental quality in 500 Shanghai residents. The results show that Shanghai residents pay more attention to the quality of atmospheric environment, and take a positive response, it is estimated that the city in the purchase and use of air purifiers and fog masks in the expenditure of about 2.3 billion yuan/year; 56 percent of the respondents have a willingness to pay to improve the quality of the atmosphere. Income, the degree of education and morbidity are positively correlated with the probability of being willing to pay, while the age is negatively correlated; From the amount of payment, the respondents who have the willingness to pay will be 74 yuan/households to reduce the average daily haze, and the total payment will be about 20 billion yuan by 2016. Education, income, family population, the severity of the disease and protection awareness show significantly positive correlation with the amount of payment, while the age is negatively correlated. To further compare the cost of reducing emissions and the willingness of residents to pay for the major pollutants in Shanghai, it is cost effective to further develop pollution reduction.

Land development degree (LDD) has been a useful approach for measuring the extent to which human activities have influenced the land development. The analysis of spatiotemporal differences and driving factors of land development degree contribute to a deeper understanding on the relationship between human activities and regional land utilization, which provides mechanistic information for formulating different regulation policy for regional land use. The study analyzed the spatial pattern of land development in 345 cities and discovered the driving factors of LDD by using geographical detector. The results showed that China’s LDD has increased from 4.1% to 4.47% between 2009 and 2015. The LDD of 345 cities have increased generally and presented significant spatiotemporal differences among the three economic regions. Cities with high LDD were concentrated mainly in megalopolis, which grew faster in Yangtze river delta and the Silk Road Economic Belt. The main driving factors for LDD have changed from investment and population to industry and population at the national scale. The influence of these factors also varies in different regions. In eastern region, population and industry have driven the LDD instead of investment and industry; population was the main driver of LDD in central region; while the investment played an increasingly important role in western region.

With the growth of population and the degree of urbanization become more and more high，as one of the urban land use types，the nature and the use of public green space is most easily changed. Carrying out the value evaluation of urban public green space，it is an urgent problem to be solved in the current urban planning，green space protection and construction. This paper reviews the main problems existing in the public green space of the three provincial capitals of Gansu，Qinghai and Ningxia as typical cities of urban agglomeration in the western area，and evaluations the services value of urban public green space by means of CVM. The research shows that total value of ecosystem services provided by the public green space in Lanzhou is about 33 240-37 610 thousand; analysis the influence of social factors on the willingness to pay，the positive effect of occupation，income，gender and other variables on the willingness to pay is relatively large; Xining and Yinchuan，because of the scale of city is relatively small，the total value of ecosystem services provided by public green space is slightly lower than Lanzhou， comparison ecosystem services value output of unit public green space area can be found， the output of ecosystem service value of unit public green space area in Lanzhou up to about 1.57-1.77 yuan/m²， output efficiency of ecosystem services value in Lanzhou public green space is relatively high.

Taking Nanjing as research area, based on the new type of low-carbon travel mode, walking and bicycle sharing and subway, combines the network analysis with the grid analysis method of accessibility calculation by ArcGIS, and chooses 22 tourist attractions of 3A level or above, it analyzed the average time, the shortest time and the change time of residents reached to scenic spots, based on the current and future construction of Nanjing subway. The paper found that the second construction of subway reduced the average time accessibility of tourist attractions by 3.96 minutes; Based on the current subway, 8 tourist attractions’ accessibility is good, 14 tourist attractions’ accessibility is common, after the second construction is completed, 16 attractions’ accessibility is good, only 6 is common; The old city has a small difference on the average time, which residents reached to the scenic spots, while Qixia district, Jiangning district, Pukou district and Yuhuatai district have big differences; In the second phase of the subway construction, 62.87% of the area changes the accessibility within 5 minutes and the area with large changes in accessibility basically coincide with the areas that the newly added subway lines of the second phase pass through.

Quantitative evaluation of ecosystem service is the basis of reasonable use of natural resources, promoting the coordination of the man-land relationship and socio-economic sustainable development. The variations of water yield function and water conservative function in Jiangsu Province between 2000 and 2015 were analyzed through InVEST water yield model, and the relationship between water conservative function and social economic factors was further established by using regression analysis and principal component analysis. The results showed an average water yield of 571×108 m³/a, and a total water conservative of 78.39×108 m³/a. The water conservative function of Jiangsu Province had been a downward trend between 2000 and 2010, and seems to start to pick up from 2000 to 2015, which, considered the precipitation condition, is actually a steady decline. The declined water conservative function, obviously reduced 15.2×108 m³ during the nearly 15 years and lowered as much as 16.9 percent, is mainly a result of the land use change.There was probably a weak correlation among water retention function and the socio-economic factors in basin scale. The research results may provide a scientific guide and theoretical reference for optimizing land use and water resource management.

Water environmental system vulnerability has gradually become a hot topic in water resource utilization and eco-environment,  by inherent mechanism study of water environmental system,  an evaluation index system based on DPSIRM model is established,  which comprehensively takes the influences including resources,  environment,  economy and society into consideration. On that basis,  weight-varying gray cloud model is put forward. The model is used to evaluate the water environmental system vulnerability of Jiangsu province from 2004 to 2014. In conclusion,  from 2004 to 2014,  the vulnerability index of the was increased rapidly,  rising from 47.056 to 63.210. In 2004,  the stayed at IV grade. After 2004,  the water environmental system vulnerability downgraded to Ⅲ grade level and remained at Ⅲ grade level,  and it shows an improvement trend. Then this paper analyzes the impact degree of each subsystem on water environmental system vulnerability,  the result shows that,  from 2004 to 2014,  the influence of impact subsystem and responses subsystem on water environmental system vulnerability is increasing. On the contrary,  the influence of pressure subsystem and management subsystem on water environmental system vulnerability presents a downward tendency. The influence of other subsystems on water environmental system vulnerability is maintained at a certain level with minor fluctuation.

Urban Growth Boundary (UGB) is an effective tool to control urban sprawl,and protect ecological space.The study selected 11 factors such as population density,residents’ activity distribution and infrastructure layout,to quantify the expansion potential of residential activity space.Constructing ecological constraint based on vegetation coverage,and develop coordination rules.Combine both as CA model constraints to simulate urban construction,then delineate urban growth boundary.The results show that the delineation of urban growth boundary is consistent with the framework of urban spatial development in Changsha’s “13th Five-Year Plan”. Moreover, the delineated boundary avoids occupying important ecological resource and guides the city to expand in suitable area. Generally, the goal to balance the urban development and ecological protection is achieved.

It is important for regional land use planning and management to study the characteristics of land use change. Based on GIS spatial analysis techniques and land-use data of Chongqing in 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 which were interpreted by remote sensing images, this study analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics of land use changes in Chongqing during 2000-2015 from three sides including the rate of land use change, the direction of land use transformation and the degree of land use. The results showed as follows: (1) Cultivated land, grassland and unused land decreased continuously while forest land, water area and construction land increased in Chongqing from 2000 to 2015.（2) The relative change rate of each land use type in different districts and counties was quite different, and the relative change rate of grassland is the biggest, followed by water, farmland and woodland. Districts with the most obvious change of cultivated land were concentrated in the main urban area of Chongqing city while construction land had a great change almost in all districts and counties. Great changes in water area are related to the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects. (3) The most dramatic change of land use occurred during 2000-2005 and then the intensity of change gradually weakened. There was significant differences in the intensity of land use change among different districts and counties, but this difference was developing in the direction of narrowing. （4) The conversion among cultivated land, woodland and grassland in the northeast and southeast Chongqing was frequent, but the frequency reduced with time. Arable land was one of the most important sources of other types of land use all the time while construction land became the main exit of other types of land gradually. (5) The degree of land use in Chongqing was generally in the period of development. The regional distribution pattern of the degree of land use remained almost the same from 2000 to 2015 while the regional difference of land use degree was obvious—the degree of land use was becoming more and more low in the direction of southeast and northeast. The distribution pattern of the variation of land use degree in Chongqing could be characterized as loop expansion: the “Yuzhong District” as the core, from inside to outside was “weak change, intense change, strong change, weak change” in order.

A thorough understanding of current land use is needed in order to optimize the development of regional land, increase the efficiency of land utilization, and provide a sound basis for planning sustainable regional development. This paper investigates land use functions in Jiangsu Province over recent years by constructing a rating system for the multi-functionality of land use, combining economic, social and ecological aspects, and analyzing these data using an entropy weight TOPSIS model. The results reveal that, from 2006 to 2016, the development of the comprehensive functions of land use in Jiangsu Province has trended from average to good showing continuous optimization. The development of the economic function has gone from poor to average to good to excellent to good this is an overall growth trend despite its fluctuations. The social function went from poor to average to good to excellent showing a sustained and steady improvement, whereas the ecological function went from average to good to average, with an overall downward development trend. The barriers to the sub-goals of improving the economic and social functions of land use have been reducing year by year, making the ecological function the main constraint on increasing the efficiency of land use in Jiangsu Province. To address this issue, it is necessary to reduce the ecological damage caused by pollution such as wastewater discharge and industrial solid waste and to better protect water resources. Furthermore, narrowing the developmental disparity between urban and rural areas and promoting urban-rural integration will be essential to ensuring a more balanced development of the economic, social, and ecological functions of land use.

Green water resources indicate that the precipitation infiltrates into the soil unsaturated layer and returns to atmosphere by the plant transpiration and soil evaporation through hydrologic cycle, which is an important basis for the production of agricultural crops, however, it is usually ignored by traditional water resources management in the river basin. Based on the basin-wide water balance and concept of blue and green water，this paper proposes a method of taking green water resources into the basin water resources management. In the framework of the green water credit concept and game theory analysis, SWAT distributed hydrological model in combination with the multi-objective optimization and scenario comparison analysis, optimizes the allocation of watershed blue and green resources and coordinate interest conflicts between upstream and downstream through green water management and green water compensation. Accordingly, the game theory framework of basin green water management is exploratory proposed. This method can identify and analyze game space, game structure and Nash equilibrium of basin green water management by game modeling and can calculate green water compensation standards and Pareto optimal in different green water management scenarios by the improved optimization method and its cooperative game theory constraint conditions. Moreover, the game theory framework of green water management has been applied to the Lianshui river basin, and the simulation and uncertainty analysis results of NSE, R2, PBIAS, p-factor as well as r-factor indicated good performance of blue and green water simulation for the constructed SWAT distributed hydrology model in the Lianshui river basin. The game analysis results of revenue change between upstream and downstream, green water compensation standard and Pareto optimal solution set show that the overall socio-economic and ecological benefits of the Lianshui basin improved significantly. Its Pareto-optimal income increased by an average of 272 million yuan/a, and the average annual green water compensation standard was 1.94 yuan/m³ and 1 253.7 yuan/hm², which proved good applicability and feasibility of the proposed game theory framework of green water management in the Lianshui river basin. Consequently, this method can provide relevant theoretical basis and technical reference for the future river basin pilot study of blue and green water management and its green water compensation standard estimation, which has a certain degree of application value and practical significance.

Based on the data of hail, gale, thunderstorm and lightning of 2481 weather stations in China from 1961 to 2016, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, periodicity and climate abruption characteristics of four kinds of severe convective weather in China were analyzed by various mathematical statistics methods. The results show that: In time, the days of four kinds of severe convective weather in China are decreasing, and hail and thunderstorm days are characterized by "first increasing and then decreasing". Hail, gale, thunderstorm and lightning days respectively present oscillation cycles of 35 years, 23 years, 12 years and 14 years in China, and the hail and thunderstorm days mutated in 2002 and 1992. In space, the QinghaiTibet Plateau and western Sichuan are the high value distribution areas of the number of hail, gale and thunderstorm days. The South of the Yangtze River are also the high value distribution areas of the number of thunderstorms. Southern China and the southwest region with the same latitude are the high value distribution areas of the number of lightning days. In terms of the trend, the number of hail days is decreasing mainly in the QinghaiTibet Plateau.The trend of gale days is in the spatial pattern of a decrease in the east region, invariability in the central region, and an increase alternating with  a decrease in the west region. The number of thunderstorms is increasing in Tibet, north China, Chongqing, Zhejiang and the northwest of Heilongjiang and that  of lightning days is decreasing in the south of the Yangtze River. In terms of the fluctuation, hail days fluctuates markedly in the southeast and gale days fluctuates wildly in the east of Hu Huanyong line. The fluctuation characteristics of thunderstorms days are large in the northwest and small in the southeast . In addition to the small fluctuation in the Northern Xinjiang and Southern China, lightning days fluctuates widely  in other regions in China. 

The western Hubei province is a national water source protection zone and important ecotourism areas. To understand ecological health status of river ecosystem, a field survey on the macrozoobenthic community structure and water quality bioassessment was carried out in Juanqiao river (J), Lichuan reach of Qingjiang river (Q), Huangbo river (H) and Yunxi reach of Tianhe (T) from October 2014 to January 2017. A total of 61 families were observed in four rivers, including 5 phyla, 8 classes, and 18 orders. Leptophlebiidae, Atyoidae and subfamily Chironominae are the dominant group in J1, J2 and J3 sites, respectively. Heptageniidae accounts for 55.0% of total abundance caught in Q1, and Corbiculidae for 83.8% and 64.8% in Q2 and Q3, respectively; Viviparidae is the most dominated group in Q4 while strong tolerance Tubifex occurred. Tubifex and subfamily Chironominae account for 49.5% in Q5. Tolerance sensibility along water flow direction was decreased in J, Q and T rivers, indicating water quality degradation. However, all seven sampling sites were dominated by the sensibility macrozoobenthic group in H River, indicating a good water quality. The analysis of environmental variance with the principal components analysis showed the first axis could represent pollution gradient with 65.1% explanation．The linear regression analysis results further revealed a significant relationship between FBI and SIGNAL indices and the first axis. The correlations between both indices were significant which showed consistent results in river health assessment. The results indicate FBI and SIGNAL index are suitable for river health assessment in Western Hubei Province.

This study were carried out based on the daily air quality data, ground meteorological data, NCEP / NCAR reanalysis data and Lband radar sounding data of Wuhan city in November, 2013. The WRF model was used to simulate the change of local meteorological conditions in the air pollution process, and the influence of boundary layer structure and local flow in the whole process of pollutant generation and elimination were also discussed. The results show that: (1) when the background largescale circulation is strong, the influence of the local flow caused by the terrain on pollutant diffusion will be weak in Wuhan; on the contrary, when the background largescale circulation field is weak, the local flow caused by the topography is found to have a large contribution to the diffusion of pollutants in Wuhan. Since Wuhan is surrounded by mountains on three sides, the impact of the topography on the flow field is obvious. When the background circulation field is weak, wind field is dominated by mountain wind at night and by valley wind in the daytime. At night, mountain winds, northwest airflow and easterly airflow converge in Wuhan and the surrounding areas, forming a convergence zone of airflow, which has been continually contaminating Wuhan. (2) When air pollution occurs in Wuhan, the humidity of earth surface is high, and the boundary layer is dry in the high altitude and wet in the low altitude. Moreover, the boundary structure features warm and dry air with easterly breeze which contributes a lot to the continuous accumulation of pollutants and the formation of heavy pollution process.

Karst groundwater is one of the crucial water resources to karst area. Because of its sensitivity and vulnerability, the karst hydrology system is difficult to recover once it is polluted. In this study, by taking the Shuifang spring of Jinfo Moutanin in Chongqing as an example, the variation of hydro chemical parameters and its geochemical sensitivity in 2008 and 2016 were compared and analyzed. Results indicated that groundwater in study area was controlled by waterrock interaction and characterized by Ca-HCO₃ type. The sewage from tourism activities has been divided into accommodation and kitchen sewage since 2013. The former was discharged into underground after precipitation and degradation of septic tank, which made concentrations of K⁺, Na⁺, PO₄^3- reduced in 2016 compared with 2008. This reveals the effective regulation role of septic tank to contaminant. However, unprocessed sewage from accommodation was directly recharged the karst aquifer, increasing the concentrations of Cl^-, NO₃^- and deteriorating the groundwater quality. Meanwhile, the concentrations of HCO₃^-, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ elevated due to the dissolution of carbonate rock. In addition, because the tourist numbers in peak and offpeak was narrowing, the geochemical susceptivity indices of chemical parameters in 2016 were generally lower than 2008, and the time of groundwater influenced by tourism activities was longer. The geochemical susceptivity index of chemical parameters was largely consistent with normal concentration in 2008, but was disorderly in 2016. It maybe indicates that the groundwater system in study area gradually turned from order to disorder, with a destroyed stability and elevated entropy.

Satellite precipitation products, as a new data source for estimating rainfall and runoff in watersheds with sparse or no data, still require extensive experiments to evaluate their applicability. This study systematically evaluated the accuracies of 4 satellite precipitation products, i.e. TRMM(3B42V7), TRMM_RT(3B42V7), PERSIANNCDR, and CMORPH, in calculating catchmentaveraged rainfall and simulating runoff for the Huanshui RiverHuayuan watershed; the applicability and reliability of each precipitation product were thoroughly examined by postulating multiple plans and hydrological scenarios. Results indicate that: (1) None of the 4 tested satellite precipitation products is consistently optimal in all plans/scenarios during the study period 20022013, whilst the performance of PERSIANN product is always the worst; (2) Differences in the accuracy of satellite precipitation products in different years and statistical periods are distinct, and the accuracy in flood period is higher than that for the whole year. The correlation coefficients between satellitebased rainfall data (derived from the most accurate satellite precipitation product in each year) and the gauge rainfall data are higher than 0.9 at annual and floodperiod time scales; (3) Satellite precipitation products present good performance in rainfall estimation during rainy days, though with relatively high nohitting rates. All satellite precipitation products show relatively bigger error in estimating annual maximum 1day, 3day, and 7day precipitation amounts, failing to meet the required precision for applications; (4) For runoff simulations, calibrating hydrological model parameters based on the corresponding product would achieve higher accuracy. TRMM_RT and CMORPH products are more accurate in daily runoff simulations, while CMORPH product outperforms in monthly runoff simulations. In conclusion, CMORPH product is more applicable for runoff simulation. As suggested by the simulations of 3 typical flood events, TRMM_RT and CMORPH products are of higher accuracy in simulating flood peak and volume (runoff depth).

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is an active component in the peatland carbon cycle. While previous studies mostly focus on the northern peatlands, knowledge of the DOC dynamics in peatlands located at the subtropical monsoon region is quite limited. In this study, we investigated the DOC concentration and chemistry in the peat pore water extracted from 15 longterm monitoring sites in the Dajiuhu peatland, a typical subtropical peatland in central China, using ultravioletvisible spectrum (UV-Vis) and PARAFAC modeling of excitation emission matrix (EEM). EEM data are fitted into three humiclike components. The UVvisible and fluorometric indices reveal that the peat pore water samples have relatively small apparent molecular size and high aromaticity. The vertical patterns further indicate that DOC in deeper layers has a relatively important contribution from microbederived fresh organic matter that is less humified. These results highlight that microbederived or microbeprocessed organic matter is an important component of peat pore water in subtropical peatlands, and vertical transport or selective preservation of DOC is an important factor affecting the carbon dynamics in this subtropical subalpine peatland.

In order to study the variations of dissolved carbon in Jiulongjiang River, the water samples were collected in July 2017 and January 2018, respectively, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in rivers waters were also analyzed. The concentrations of DIC in river water are between 7.50 and 49.04 mg/L in the wet season, and the average value is 22.12 mg/L. The DIC concentrations in the dry season are between 8.84 and 84.912 mg/L and the average value is 41.17 mg/L. The DOC concentrations in the river water during the wet season are between 0.54 and 2.89mg/L, average concentration is 1.04 mg/L, dry season water DOC concentrations are and 1.343.56 mg/L, average concentration is 2.34 mg/L.The results show that the dissolved carbon in Jiulongjiang River has significant temporal and spatial characteristics. On the base of the discharge of Jiulongjiang River, we also calculated budget of dissolved carbon to the sea. This paper analyzes the dissolved carbon data from different tributaries in the Jiulongjiang River, combines with previous dissolved carbon data from other rivers in China， we disclose the controlling factors of dissolved carbon in river waters. And we also understand the effects of weathering of carbonate rocks, climate change, phytoplankton in rivers, and human activities on dissolved carbon concentrations in rivers.

Nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted considerable attention because of their wide range of applications. Interactions between NPs and heavy metals (eg., lead) in the aquatic environment may modify toxicant bioavailability and consequently the toxicant’s environmental fate and toxicity. Therefore, we investigated the influence of silicon dioxide nanoparticles (nano-SiO₂) on the bioavailability and toxicity of Pb, and also its effects on the thyroid endocrine system of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae. Zebrafish embryos after postfertilization of 2 hours were exposed to Pb alone (0, 5, 10 and 20 μg/L) or in combination with nano-SiO₂ (25 μg/L) until 144 hours. The results showed that the bioconcentration of Pb significantly enhanced when combined with nano-SiO₂ than without (P<0.05). The exposure of zebrafish embryos/larvae to either Pb or nano-SiO₂ alone did not cause any significant difference in the thyroid hormone contents (T4 and T3) (P>0.05), whereas the contents of both T4 and T3 significantly decreased under the co-exposure of Pb and nano-SiO₂(P<0.01 and P<0.05). The considerable upregulation of tshβ gene were observed in Pb groups no matter with or without nano-SiO₂ treatment, while the transcription of ttr and tg genes were remarkably downregulated by Pb treatment alone, and even further down-regulated under the co-exposure (P<0.05). These results indicate that nano-SiO₂ enhances the bioconcentration of Pb, thus leading to thyroid endocrine disruption in zebrafish larvae. 

The farmers are the ultimate beneficiaries of Mechanized Straw Returning service(MSRS).Evaluating MSRS performance based on farmers’perspectives and the diagnosis method of obstacle indicators can provide a basis for improving MSRS performance. Here,an evaluation index was built using the economic man attribute and social human attribute of famers,and the service process stage and service results stage based on farmers’perspectives.Based on entropy weight improved TOPSIS method and obstacle degree model, through the questionnaire survey of farmers in Hebei, Shandong, Anhui and Hubei provinces, the paper evaluated the performance level and obstacle factors of Mechanized Straw Returning service performance in four provinces.The results show that the performance level of Mechanized Straw Returning service in Shandong province is”excellent”, the performance level of Hebei province is”general”, and the performance level of Hubei province and Anhui province is “poor”.The most important factor affecting the service performance of Mechanized Straw Returning is the farmers'evaluation of MSRS results stage, followed by farmers’ evaluation of the MSRS process stage;The main factors affecting the service performance level of Mechanized Straw Returning are the social development after straw returning, the situation of farmland diseases and insect pests, the evaluation of subsidy policy for straw returning,and the entropy situation of cultivated land after straw returning.Therefore, in order to improve the overall level of Mechanized Straw Returning service, strengthening propaganda and popularization of MSRS, improving the Mechanized Straw Returning subsidies and other policies and measures,improving the supporting facilities and service supply after straw returning, should be the focus of the current policy.

Water fluctuation zone is an important riparian zone in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Eutrophication could be exacerbated as the spontaneous and disorder reclamation of water fluctuation zone by local famers likely induce substantial soil phosphorus loss into receiving water bodies in the Three Gorges Reservoir. However, phosphorus loss characteristic via overland flow and interflow from sloping cropland in the water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir is unclear. In this study, plot experiments were conducted to study the characteristics of phosphorus loss via overland flow and interflow from sloping cropland in the water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir from 2011 to 2013. Results showed that the average concentration of total phosphorus in overland flow and interflow per runoff event were 0.848±0.153 mg/L and 0.140±0.006 mg/L in the conventional fertilization treatment, respectively. Particulate phosphorus was the main form in overland flow, while bioavailable phosphorus dominated in interflow. Annual phosphorus loss flux via overland flow for the conventional fertilization treatment was 0.236±0.004 kg/hm2, accounting for 70.2% of total hydrological phosphorus loss flux. By contrast, annual phosphorus loss flux via interflow for the conventional fertilization treatment was only 0.100±0.003 kg/hm2 that only accounted for 29.8% of total hydrological phosphorus loss flux. Our results indicated that overland flow was the main way of phosphorus loss from slope croplands in the water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir. However, phosphorus loss via interflow could not be ignored because its dominant form was bioavailable phosphorus. Moreover, compared with conventional fertilization, the optimized fertilization treatment reduced phosphorus losses of overland flow and interflow by 45.3% and 40.0%, respectively, which could represent an important practice of controlling phosphorus losses from sloping cropland in the water fluctuation zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir via reducing nitrogen fertilizer.

To study the scaling effect on spatial variation of farmland soil organic carbon in different geomorphic units in Jiangxi Province, using a combined method of classical statistics, geostatistics and a geographic information system, the scale was divided into geomorphic units, county scale corresponding to different geomorphic units and provincial scale. Results show as follows: ① The means of soil organic carbon in farmland was significantly different at different scales but the coefficient of variation was basically unchanged. ② From the county scale to the geomorphic unit, and to the provincial scale, the nugget/sill ratio and range are increasing. ③The spatial distribution level and proportion of soil organic carbon in different scales were significantly different and the spatial distribution in small scale was more abundant. ④Analysis of variance and regression analysis results showed that straw incorporation, parent material, soil type, elevation and soil erosion had a significant influence on the spatial variation of soil organic carbon, but the level between different scale influence degree. Straw incorporation and soil type have not scale effect on the spatial variation of soil organic carbon but parent material, elevation and soil erosion have. The results can provide some reference for understanding the spatial variation of soil organic carbon and estimating the density of soil organic carbon in different scales.

This paper analyzes the influence path and effect of institutional performance of supervision and maintenance for rural land consolidation project by borrowing structureconductperformance paradigm, based on 568 questionnaires in Hubei province. It aims to provide the useful support for the perfection of the institution and improvement of institutional performance. Methodically, structural equation model and mediating effects model are employed. The main results are as follows. Firstly, the proposed SCP model is verified. The institutional structure could not only affect institutional performance directly but also indirectly through the supervision and maintenance behavior, and the indirect effect is greater than the direct one. Secondly, contributions of the informal institution variables are greater in the institutional structure, while the path coefficients of inrole behaviors variables are higher in supervision and maintenance behavior. Furthermore, reputation influence, destructiondiscourage, subject selection play the most important roles in the institutional structure, supervision and maintenance behavior, institutional performance respectively, with the effect values of 0.56, 0.79 and 0.84. Lastly, the mediating effect of supervision and maintenance behavior is significant in the studied areas, including document area and contract area. Moreover, the mediating effects of contract area is higher than the document area. In conclusion, we should pay more attention to the incentive and restraint function of informal institution, and guide the villagers to form the tradition of actively participating in supervision and maintenance gradually. Thus, the enforcement of infrastructure of supervision and maintenance should be strengthened, especially preventing destruction of facilities timely to avoid the “broken window effect”. Also, the market mechanism should be introduced to promote the diversification of subject selection procedure.