Green innovation, as the combination of the two national development strategies of innovation-driven and green development, has gradually become the focus of attention of all sectors of society. Regions are carriers of green innovation. Accurate evaluation of regional green innovation capabilities and analysis of the spatial characteristics of interregional green innovation capabilities will help close-knit regions achieve higher-quality integration. This article comprehensively uses collinearity-variance coefficient analysis method to screen the evaluation indexes involved in the existing literature, and establishes evaluation system of regional green innovation capacity, which consists of three first level criteria layers as green innovation input, green innovation output, and green innovation foundation, and 46 evaluation indicators. Then, it is based on the data of 26 cities in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations in 2015, using exploratory spatial data analysis methods, using ArcGIS 10.2 and GeoDa1.12 software tools to analyze the spatial pattern and spatial relationship characteristics of the green innovation capacity of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations. Empirical results show: (1) The regional green innovation capacity evaluation index system constructed based on the collinearity-variance coefficient index screening model, reflects 92.1% original information by 62.2% index, and can objectively test and measure the level and problems of green innovation capacity in the research area. (2) The green innovation capacity of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations is generally low and unevenly developed. The average score of the 26 city indexes is only 0.225. The Shanghai city with the highest score is 7 times as much as the last one Tongling city. The urban green innovation capacity and regional synergy innovation needs to be improved. (3) The cities with relatively high green innovation capacity are mostly distributed along the Yangtze River or along the coastline, and have a zigzag distribution in space. The green innovation capacity of the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations shows a certain spatial dependence and spatial connection, which confirms the feasibility of green coordinated and innovative development among cities in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomerations to achieve higher quality integration.

Under the background of the national ecological civilization strategy, It is great significance to explore the relationship between the intensity of tourism resource development and ecological capacity for the sustainable development of tourism. Took 11 provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt as an example, according to the statistical data of 2009-2018, used entropy, super-efficiency DEA, coupling model and other research methods to deeply explored the relationship between tourism development intensity and ecological capacity and the degree of matching, and used GIS geographic software analyzed the spatial heterogeneity of the coupling degree of tourism resource development intensity and ecological capacity. The research finds that: （1)The evolutionary trajectory of tourism resource development intensity in 11 provinces and cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt generally shows the trend of “rise-down-rise”. However, during the study period, the development intensity of tourism resources in all provinces and cities showed an overall growth trend. （2)The ecological capacity of the Yangtze River Economic Belt has gradually been strengthened, and its value has increased from 0.692 in 2009 to 1.169 in 2018.(3）During the sample period, the development intensity of tourism resources and ecological capacity are extremely coupled. There is strong and stable relationship between the two, and the coordination degree of the eastern Yangtze River Delta is significantly better than that of the western Yun-Gui plate. There is a coupling and coordination relationship between the development intensity of tourism resources and ecological capacity in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and the interactive development of tourism resources development intensity and ecological capacity is in a highly matching stage, which is conducive to the sustainable development of the tourism industry.

This paper analyzes the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of the intangible cultural heritage of Huizhou by using mathematical statistics method and GIS spatial analysis method. The research reveals the following: first, Huizhou’s intangible cultural heritage is complete in structure and is differentiated in distribution, among which traditional skills, traditional dances, and folk customs are well developed and protected; second, the spatial distribution of Huizhou’s intangible cultural heritage is more concentrated in core area and thinly scattered in marginal areas, forming two high-density core circles, the Tunxi District and Sexian County; third, the number of cultural heritage inheritors is relatively enriched in the Huizhou area, but the distribution of inheritors within the area is unbalanced. Inheritance and learning bases are also unbalanced in geographical distribution. At last, the paper has analyzed the influencing factors of the spatial distribution of Huizhou’s intangible cultural heritage from the perspectives of economic development, local culture, geographical environment, and governmental protections and management.

Studying the spatial-temporal driving mechanism of urban land expansion is of great significance to the scientific sustainable development and national spatial planning of urban agglomerations. Based on the General Additive Model (GAM), this paper selects socio-economic factors, natural factors and neighborhood factors to analyze the spatial-temporal differentiation pattern of the urban land expansion driving forces in urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River from 1990 to 2015. We then explore the core driving force of each sub-urban agglomeration and identify its function. The results show that: (1) In the past 25 years, the spatial and temporal differences of driving factors of urban agglomeration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze river were significant. The core cities Wuhan, Changsha and Nanchang had obvious polarization effects and gradually appeared as the trickle-down effect. However, the urban agglomeration still had not broken the administrative division barriers. (2) The core driving factors of the three sub-urban agglomerations manifested significantly different. Among them, the population and GDP per area had the greatest impact on the urban land expansion in each sub-urban agglomeration. The spatial spillover effect of the Wuhan metropolitan area and the urban agglomeration around Poyang Lake was higher than that of the Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration, and the expansion of urban land use changed from a single-core development mode to dual-core development mode. (3) There was a significant non-linear relationship between the core driving factors and the urban land expansion of urban agglomerations, and the characteristics of regionalism and stage were presented. (4) The GAM model can explain the nonlinear relationship between various factors in the process of urban land expansion, which had higher goodness of fitting and verification accuracy than Logistic and Nonliner-Logistic models, indicating its advantages in exploring non-linear driving forces.

The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of farmer differentiation and urban housing on farmers’ willingness of rural residential land paid-exit by the investigation of 483 rural households in 16 administrative villages of Wuhan Metropolitan Area. The methods of descriptive statistical analysis and Logistic model analysis are used. The results show that (1) farmer differentiation has a positive effect on farmers’ willingness of residential land paid-exit, and the more the degree of farmer differentiation is, the more obvious the positive effect is. (2) The impact of the urban housing residential effect on rural households’ willingness has significant positive impact, and the urban housing wealth effect has a significant negative impact. The overall impact is positive. (3) The impact of urban housing on farmers’ willingness of residential land paid-exit with different levels of farmer differentiation is significantly different. From the pure rural households to non-agricultural households, the promotion of urban housing has gradually strengthened, while the impact of urban housing has a “bottleneck period” in some farmer differentiation sample groups. In conclusion, in order to promote rural households’ participation in rural residential land paid-exit, the government should continue to promote the development of rural non-agricultural economy, and improve rural households’ non-agricultural employment level. Besides, the present quittance policy should be long-term matched with house-site security policies. Only if the basis of providing non-agricultural economic bases and social security conditions for rural households through social overall institutional arrangements is formed, the work of rural residential land paid-exit will be carried out in an orderly manner.

It is helpful to protect high-quality farmland and permanent basic farmland by accurately identifying the influencing factors and spatial distribution characteristic at the urban-rural fringe. In this paper, we take Shanghai Pudong New Area as a typical example of urban-rural fringe. Based on the difference between the conversion probability and the conversion rate on patch scale, a hurdle model is constructed to identify the key influencing factors of farmland conversion. Furthermore, based on the estimation results of the hurdle model, we improved the risk assessment model to evaluate the risk of farmland conversion, and analyzed the possible spatial distribution of farmland conversion by hot spot analysis. The results show that: (1) The farmland conversion process in Pudong New Area is not complete, the average conversion rate is about 19% on patch scale, and there is obvious spatial distribution characteristics for these converted plots, such as the form of block or strip. (2) The farmland conversion process is very complicated, only the key influencing factors have significant dual impacts on it, including the nearest distance between the plots and water source, rural road, town, whether the plots in basic farmland conservation area or within urban development boundary or not. (3) According to the results of risk assessment and hot spot analysis, the farmland is divided into four types: risk area, fragile area, sensitive area and safety area. Based on the division results showed above, about 2 426.86 hm2 farmland are at risk of large scale conversion, about 5 449.7 and 3 793 hm2 farmland are located in fragile area and sensitive area, about 15 253.5 hm2 farmland are left in agricultural production safety area with low farmland conversion probability, which could be used as the permanent basic farmland of the city for key construction. The study attempts to identify possible farmland conversion plots and their spatial distribution in Pudong New Area, hoping to provide reference for local governments to strengthen farmland protection and agricultural infrastructure investment.

On the basis of synthesizing several empirical studies on the value of urban ecosystem services in China, this study constructed the value transfer database of urban forest ecosystem services in China and the corresponding meta-analysis model. The influencing factors of value transfer assessment were discussed comprehensively, and the validity of out-of-sample value transfer of the meta-analysis value model was tested. The results show that: (1) the average value of urban forest ecosystem service function in China is 58 thousand and 680 yuan per hm2peryear, and the order of value is water conservation > carbon fixation and oxygen release > soil conservation > biodiversity protection > atmospheric environment purification > forest recreation > nutrients accumulation, and which mainly shows the regional distribution characteristics of Western > Eastern > Central areas; (2) the assessment methods and types of urban forest ecosystem services, urban location, population, economic factors, and area factors are the main factors affecting the value change of urban forest ecosystem services; (3) the average transfer error of out-of-sample value transfer of Meta-analysis value model constructed by this study is 18.54%, which shows that the validity of this method is good.

The research on the input-output efficiency and influencing factors of forestry ecological security is conducive to rationally allocate the resources of the forestry ecological security construction and the promotion of the symbiotic development of forestry ecology industry system. Based on the spatial-temporal analysis of forestry ecological security efficiency of 31 provinces in China from 2005 to 2014 by using DEA-SBM model and Malmquist index model, the influencing factor system of forestry ecological security efficiency is constructed by using PSR model and regression analysis is carried out by using Tobit model. The results show that the development of forestry industry depends more on the expansion of scale than on the improvement of technical level, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of ecological security. Because the dynamic fluctuation of the efficiency of forestry ecological security is large and the index of technological progress is low, it is difficult to coordinate the development of forestry ecology and forestry industry. In the influencing factor system of forest ecological security efficiency, urbanization level, forest growth and decline ratio, ecological forest area, forest accumulation per unit area, environmental protection and ecological construction fiscal expenditure play an obvious role in improving the efficiency of forest ecological security; the total amount of per capita resources, the intensity of scientific research investment have a greater impact on the development of forest ecological security. Finally, the paper puts forward some countermeasures, including optimizing the structure of forestry industrial to promote the intensive and efficient development of forestry industry, strengthening innovation and improving technical efficiency to promote the integrated development of forestry ecology and industry, realizing the coordinated development of the total amount of forestry resources and the construction of public ecological culture.

Taking case of Anhui’s 72 counties, the paper is based on PSR model. Forest ecological carrying capacity is evaluated and compared from 2001 to 2016 by entropy weight and expert method and comprehensive index to analyze spatial variability of the the forest ecological carrying capacity, and gravity analysis model is used to explore evolution law of the forest ecological carrying capacity gravity center in Anhui province based on GIS.The results show that government forestry investment intensity, the proportion of natural forest protected area,proportion of converted farmland to forest area and forest structure index weight are bigger.Anhui forest ecological carrying capacity index is better overall, most counties in the province are in the loading grade.however, its distribution is unbalanced in the different counties and the southwest forest ecological carrying capacity is the highest, the north is lowest.The forest ecological carrying capacity gravity center shifted from northwest to southeast from 2001 to 2006, and thereafter moved from the southeast to northeast from 2006 to 2009,at last it migrated to the southeast again until 2016 and the speed of migration was obviously accelerated.

Reasonable compensation standard is the core of watershed ecological compensation, and it is also the key content of stimulating the enthusiasm of ecosystem service providers, reflecting the value of ecosystem service improvement and realizing regional coordinated development. Based on the cost-benefit perspective and taking Wei River Basin as an example, this paper calculates the cost-benefit of ecosystem service protection by using the full-cost method and choice experiment respectively, and then calculates the ecological compensation standard by using Rubinstein bargaining model. The results show that: (1) in order to improve the ecological condition of the river basin, the direct cost of Gansu Province in the upper reaches is about 350.212 7 million yuan /year, the indirect cost is about 1 071.122 6 million yuan /year, and the full cost is about 1 421.335 3 million yuan /year; (2) the benefits of improving the ecosystem services in the river basin can be 2 529.129 6 million yuan for Shaanxi Province in the middle and lower reaches; (3) on the premise of cost-benefit of ecosystem service protection, if upstream area has complete patience or downstream area has no patience at all, upstream area will get all net income, and the compensation standard is 2 529.129 6 million yuan /year; if upstream area is completely impatient and the patient level (discount factor) of middle and downstream area is 0.5, both sides will share the net income equally, that is, the compensation standard is 1 975.232 5 million yuan /year. Generally speaking, this study provides a feasible idea for cost-benefit analysis of ecosystem services protection and transboundary ecological compensation standard accounting. In practical application, discount factors can be reasonably set for both sides of the bargaining process according to specific conditions.

A multi-scale information entropy (EEMD-ME) method based on ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) was proposed to quantify the stochastic characteristics of monthly precipitation across the different time scales during 1961-2016 at 138 meteorological stations  in the Yangtze River Basin. Then, the spatial categorization of meteorological stations was performed using the fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM) algorithm in the basin. Finally, the lag-time correlation between average monthly precipitation series in each sub-region and NINO1+2 index was discussed. The results are as follows: (1) The monthly precipitation in the Yangtze River Basin exhibits remarkable seasonal, interannual and interdecadal variation characteristics. (2) The randomness of monthly precipitation in the east of the basin is higher than that in the west under the different time scales. The randomness of IMF component of monthly precipitation decreases with the increase of time scale, and the difference of randomness among different regions is more and more obvious. (3) The stochastic characteristics of each IMF component of monthly precipitation increases gradually from west to east along the latitudinal direction, and shows quasi uniformity along the longitudinal direction. (4) The monthly precipitation in the basin can be divided into six homogeneous sub-regions: the western plateau region, the Hengduan mountain region, the northern low mountains and basin region, the southern low mountains and hills region, the southeast Poyang lake plain region and the eastern Yangtze River Delta region. (5) The optimal time lags of average areal monthly precipitation responding to NINO1+2 are diverse across the different sub-regions, and the lag period increases gradually from 2 months to 4 months from the southeast coast to the inland area.

The Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent waters are important ground for spawning, feeding and growth and migratory path for many fish species in the coast of China, and effective monitoring on fishery resources in this area is the basis for stock assessment and resource conservation. Based on the four common approaches to fisheries monitoring framework, i.e. registration, questionnaires/interviews, direct observations and reporting, the development and deficiencies of various monitoring programmes in this waters were reviewed in this paper. In particular, for the fisheries-dependent and independent surveys, the level of fisheries observers, research vessels, sampling designs, acoustic survey, mark-recapture methods, eggs and juvenile surveys were reviewed in detail. Finally, some suggestions were raised for the improvement of current monitoring projects in order to provide the fundamental information for establishing a reasonable and reliable fisheries monitoring system in Yangtze River estuary in the future.

Based on the annual ichthyoplankton surveys under the Gezhouba Dam (GD) in the middle Yangtze River from 2007 to 2018, the assemblage of fish eggs and its temporal variation were studied using multivariate statistical analysis. This research aimed to investigate the change between the dominant species and the succession process in the species abundance and richness after the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Over the past 12 years, 49 species belonging to 5 orders and 9 families were collected, and of which 28 species were drifting fish eggs. The species abundance varied from 18 to 30 between years and the egg richness increased significantly year by year. For the four major Chinese craps, the number and density of their eggs increased after an initial decrease. The diversity index of the fish egg community exhibit a slow downtrend, and three groups were identified using CLUSTER and nMDS. They were group A (2007-2008), group B (2009-2013) and group C (2014-2018). The SIMPER showed that the difference between groups was significantly and was mainly attributed to the turnover of the dominant species. Before 2013, The dominant species of fish eggs varied among Hemiculter Bleekeri, Squalidus argentatus, Xenocypris macrolepis and Ctenopharyngodon idellus. Since then, the eggs of Hemiculter. Bleekeri became the only dominant species. The results in our study showed that the species turnover became weak after the impoundment of the TGR, which indicated a structural decline in the fishery resources.

Identifying spatial heterogeneity of agricultural low-carbon development is of great significance for improving agricultural production efficiency and protecting agricultural ecological environment. In this paper, planting industry is taken as the research object, the evaluation index system of agricultural low-carbon development level is constructed with the help of the theory of low-carbon agriculture, and the entropy method and geographical weighted regression model are used to explore the spatial heterogeneity of agricultural low-carbon development level and influencing factors in China under the scale of 357 cities. The results show that: (1) there is spatial heterogeneity and correlation in the development level of low-carbon agriculture in China. The spatial heterogeneity show that the comprehensive level of China's agricultural low-carbon development decreases from southwest to northeast to southeast and northwest at the city scale, while the carbon production level index has the greatest impact on the comprehensive level. The spatial correlation shows that the low-carbon development level of agriculture in southwest region and Daxinganling region shows high-high aggregation, while that in other regions shows high-low aggregation. In addition, the indirect effects such as social economy caused by topography are greater than their direct effects. (2) In space, the influence of labor productivity and agricultural scale on agricultural low-carbon development level is U-shaped and inverted U-shaped, and the influence of labor productivity on agricultural low-carbon level changes in a U-shaped trend from west to east. Agricultural scale is characterized by inverted "U", which is low in the north and south and high in the middle. The impact of urbanization level on agricultural low-carbon development level gradually decreases from west to east.

Understanding dynamic changes in climate extremes is important in forecasting extreme climate events and reducing their associated impacts. The objectives of this study were to analyze the spatiotemporal variations in temperature extremes and their association with atmospheric circulation, based on daily maximum (TX) and minimum temperatures (TN) collected from 24 meteorological stations in the Poyang Lake Basin (PLB) from 1960 to 2018. Eight extreme temperature indices were used to quantify temperature extremes. The Mann-Kendall method and linear trend analysis were used to examine the trends, and Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the temperature extremes and each atmospheric circulation. The results showed that: warm indices, including the number of warm nights, warm days, and summer days, and extreme indices, including minimum TN and maximum TX, showed increasing trends in the PLB from 1960 to 2018; on the other hand, cold indices, including the number of cold nights, cold days and frost days, showed decreasing trends; The spatial variation of temperature extremes were similar with its temporal variations, which shows that warm indices and extreme indices increased, whereas cold indices decreased. On the other hand, the variations of temperature extremes were differences in different regions. The decreased trends of the number of frost days and cold days were more significant in the northern of PLB than other part of the basin. The number of warm night days, summer days and minimum daily minimum temperatures increased significantly in most stations (23/24); Variations of temperature extremes were related to the changes of atmospheric circulations. Western Pacific Subtropical High Intensity Index, the summer East Asian monsoon, the Asian Polar Vortex Intensity Index and the Arctic Oscillation showed significant correlations with temperature extremes. These findings will provide reference information in forecasting extreme climate events and taking measures to reduce their associated impacts.

The expansion of citrus orchard is the most important land use change in the Xunwu River Basin in the past 20 years, which has an impact on the hydrological process in the basin. In this study, land use dataset of three periods were used as scenarios, runoff and sediment was simulated with SWAT model at three different land use scenarios. The annual citrus orchard mapping results were used to analysed the impact from citrus orchard expansion together with sediments loadings in Xunwu River. Results showed: The SWAT worked for runoff (Re=-0.05; R2=0.79; Ens=0.72) and sediment (Re=0.75; R2=0.8; Ens=0.71) simulation ; The change rate in runoff and sediment from 2005 to 2015 was 2.57% and 4.27% respectively; The the area of forestdecreased by 36.83% and the area of citrus orchard increased by 42.48% during 1990 and 2015; The area of newly reclaimed citrus orchard has a uncertain influence on the sediment content. This is because river sediment transport is not only related to soil erosion, but also to the location of the soil erosion plots. And the soil erosion can be kept down with the vegetation coverage increasing and the water conservation measures such as back-and-slope ground.

The Three Gorges Project (TGP) is the largest hydroelectric project in the world, whose water environment safety concerns not only on the water supplies safety in the reservoir area, but also on the ecological security of the Yangtze river basin as well as the sustainable development in China. Based on the PSR (Pressure-State-Response) model, the classification assessment index system and quantitative method of water pollution potential risk for Three Gorges Reservoir was constructed, in which the risk sources, the risk receptor and the acceptability of regional environmental risk were considered. The quantitative potential risk zonation maps of water environment pollution at the county level was created with the geo-statistics method, namely the spatial autocorrelation analyzes and the optimized hot spot analysis. The results show that：1) Yunyang County had the largest number of risk sources, while Wanzhou District had the largest number of risk receptors. However, there are the most intensive highly risk sources and highly sensitive receptors in and near Chongqing main City as well as the lowest level of acceptability of regional environmental risk. 2) The statistic of risk sources and receptors of each county showed the clustered distribution patterns. The hot spots were concentrated in and near Chongqing main City located in the upstream of the reservoir area where the acceptability of regional environmental risk showed as cold spot. While the statistical values of other counties were more balanced where there were no focused hot or cold spots areas. 3)The high-risk areas were concentrated in Jiulongpo District, Yubei District, Shapingba District Yuzhong District and Nan'an District; and middle-risk areas were located in 7 Districts including Changshou District, Beipei District, Jiangbei District, Dadukou District, Fuling District, Shizhu County and Badong County; while the low-risk areas were mainly located in Jiangjin District and the lower and middle reaches of the study section. Finally, according to the distribution characteristics of potential water pollution risks in different regions, the corresponding measures were proposed, which included the optimal disposition of industry, the alert and response capability and the technology upgrades of industrial sewage.

By using dendrochemistry method of tree rings, the variation characteristics of eight heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Sr and As) in the tree rings of Abies fabri in the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during the past 150 years were discussed, and the possible sources of heavy metal were also discussed. The results showed that Mn, Cu and Zn, as the essential elements for plant growth and development, their contents were significantly higher than the other five heavy metals. Among the eight heavy metals, except Mn and Cu, the content of the other six heavy metals showed a complex change trend. The correlation analysis and cluster analysis show that Cr, Sr, Pb, and As in the tree ring are one type, which are mainly affected by the combined effects of human and natural sources; Mn, Zn and Cd belong to the same category and are mainly affected by man-made pollution sources; Cu elements are classified separately and largely derived from crustal sources. The heavy metal content in tree rings in the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is relatively low, but with the increase of industrial production activities, the heavy metal content has increased. Through the analysis of the heavy metal content in tree rings in this area, it is helpful to reconstruct the history of heavy metal pollution in this region.

The impact of agricultural technology training on farmers’ green production behavior is a major concern in terms of promoting the governance of rural ecology and the environment. Based on the analytical framework that farmers’ household endowment affect their participation in agricultural technology training and thus leading to the disparity regarding implementing green production behavior, this paper adopts an endogenous transformation regression (ESR) model which accounts for the sample selection bias to investigate the disparity regarding farmers’ implementation of green production behavior under the two situations of participation and non-participation in agricultural technology training by constructing a counterfactual scenario and using a micro-survey data of 1063 households from Hubei province. The results show that: (1) The degree of implementation of green production behavior of farmers participating in agricultural technology is significantly higher than that of farmers not participating, and the average treatment effect shows that participation in agricultural technology training can improve the expected degree of implementation of green production behavior by 40.13%. (2) The treatment effects of participating in agricultural technology training on different types of green production behavior are fertilizer reduction, water-saving irrigation, pesticide reduction, agricultural film recovery and straw comprehensive utilization, from large to small. (3) Whether or not participating in agricultural technology training, farmers’ household endowment have a significant impact on their implementation of green production behavior, but different types of endowment have different effect for those farmers who participate in the agricultural technology training or not. Furthermore, the household endowment also plays an important role in farmers’ participation in agricultural technology training. The government should actively expand the channels for agricultural technology promotion and accelerate the transformation of technology promotion mode meanwhile taking into account both “agricultural production” and “ecological and environmental protection”, and further carry out environmental-friendly agricultural technology training.

As an environmentally friendly means of agricultural production, applying organic fertilizer can improve the current situation of agricultural environmental pollution. In order to explore the reasons for the paradox existing between farmers’ pro-environmental behavior and willingness, taking the application of organic fertilizer as an example, based on the data of farmers’ field investigation, this paper uses binary Logistic model to analyze the reasons behind the inconsistency between the behavior and willingness of farmers in the process of applying organic fertilizer from the perspective of cognitive characteristics, psychological characteristics and external situational factors. The results show that there is a paradox existing between farmers’ organic fertilizer application behavior and willingness, and farmers’ understanding degree on organic fertilizer, perceptual behavior control, social responsibility, social norms, the body situation, educational level, family income, the block number of land and the income of organic fertilizer are the causes of this phenomenon. Besides, the results show that for some farmers whose educational level is higher, their cognitive level on agricultural pollution is higher and their cognitive level on agricultural pollution’s harm on their health is higher, the possibility of the existing of paradox between their organic fertilizer application behavior and willingness is lower. For some older farmers and female farmers, when their living place is further away from their land and their land’s transportation is worse, the possibility of the existing of paradox between their organic fertilizer application behavior and willingness is higher. According to these results, this paper suggests that we should improve the whole cognitive level of farmers whose educational level is higher, strengthen the propaganda of the application of organic fertilizer, make proper social norms about organic fertilizer’s application, increase subsidies for the application of organic fertilizers, adjust land under the situation that taking older farmers and women farmers into consideration, and then reduce the land’s fragmentation degree and other policy recommendations to promote the transformation of farmers’ organic fertilizer application willingness into behavior.

It is of great significance to study apple growers' replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer for making the incentive policies of chemical fertilizer reduction in China. Based on the survey of apple growers in Shaanxi Province, this paper analyzed the effect of different social networks on the different modes of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer. Research shows that different social networks have different effects on the adoption of different modes of replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer. Horizontal social network which is denoted by the communication degree between apple growers and their relatives or neighbors had a significant positive effect on the adoption of the organic fertilizer plus formula fertilizer mode by apple growers. Forward social network which is denoted by the communication degree between apple growers and fertilizer retailers and oblique social network which is denoted by cooperative membership separately had a significant positive effect on the adoption of the organic manure plus integration of water and fertilizer mode by apple growers. Backward social network which is denoted by signing the sales contracts with apple dealers has a significant positive effect on the adoption of the organic fertilizer plus formula fertilizer mode and natural grass plus green manure mode by apple growers. However, the influence of social network on the adoption of livestock-biogas-fruit mode was not significant. Therefore, the paper suggests that developing contract production mode, promoting mutual assistance and cooperation among apple growers, promoting communication between apple growers and organic fertilizer retailers and apple retailers, and extending organic fertilizer use by web media or other information channels are important to promote the organic fertilizer use.

The introduction of social learning into the study of the adoption of modern agricultural technology is not only the expansion of the theoretical research paradigm of the adoption and popularization of traditional technology, but also the key to understand the dynamic process of farmers ' technology adoption. Based on the microscopic data of 498 households in Zhangye, Gansu Province, this paper used the experimental economics method to measure the degree of risk aversion of farmers, and made an empirical analysis by using the Heckman sample selection model with modified selective deviation to explore the influence of risk aversion and social learning on the adoption and adoption degree of modern irrigation technology for farmers. Interactive items were introduced to test the mitigation effect of social learning on risk aversion. The results showed that: First, the proportion of peasant household adopting modern irrigation technology account for 66.06% of the total number of sample households, and the average adoption degree of the sample households is 47.26%. Secondly, risk aversion and social learning have a significant impact on the adoption and adoption degree of modern irrigation technology for farmers, and the higher the risk aversion of farmers, the less likely they are to adopt modern irrigation technology; social learning can significantly improve the adoption and adoption degree of modern irrigation technology for farmers. Thirdly, from the perspective of the influence of social learning in different dimensions, mutual learning has a significant positive impact on the adoption and adoption degree of modern irrigation techniques for farmers, and learning from others has an impact on the adoption and adoption degree of modern irrigation techniques for farmers, but it is not significant. Fourthly. social learning helps to mitigate the inhibitory effect of risk aversion on the adoption behavior of modern irrigation techniques for farmers.

The phenomenon of farmers concurrent business is widespread in Wuling Mountain Area, which has a profound impact on land use activities such as cropland planting and abandonment. Based on the 551 household survey data in Youyang, Wulong and Yanhe counties in Wuling Mountain Area, Tobit analysis and Logistic analysis are used to discuss the effect of farmers' concurrent business degree on cropland abandonment, furtherly   households are divided into four types according to their livelihood types and non-agricultural income proportion, and then the characteristics and influencing factor of cropland abandonment of different types of concurrent business farmers are discussed. The result shows that: (1) The phenomenon of farmers' concurrent business is widespread in the study area, and the proportion of concurrent business farmers accounts for 75.14%. (2) Cropland abandonment in mountainous areas is serious. The proportion of households abandoning cropland is more than 40% for each type of rural households, and type I has the most farmland abandoned, followed by type II household. (3) Concurrent business will aggravate cropland especially dry land abandonment, the higher the degree of concurrent business, the greater the possibility of cropland abandonment. However, the effect of concurrent business on paddy field abandonment is not significant. (4) The increase of non-agricultural income brought by concurrent business has a significant positive impact on cropland abandonment, but the affected degrees of different types of concurrent farmers are different, and the increase of concurrent business degree will speed up the expansion of cropland abandonment. (5) Concurrent business also changed the impacts of other factors on cropland abandonment, resulting in a different effect of the influencing factors on cropland abandonment between different types of concurrent farmers. According to the research conclusion, differential policies have been proposed to guide farmers' farmland utilization.