Abstract: Enhancing the sustainable development momentum of Anhui Province is of great significance to promote the higher-quality development of the Yangtze River Delta in the new development stage of the country. This paper constructed a sustainable development level assessment framework and an indicator system, based on the United Nations 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The sustainable development level of Anhui Province and its 16 prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2021 was measured. Coupling coordination degree of sustainable development in the social, economic, and environmental domains was determined for cities, and the spatial-temporal evolution features of sustainable development level for Anhui province were examined. Dagum Gini coefficient was employed to investigate the causes of regional variations in the sustainable development level of Anhui Province. Additionally, the grey correlation analysis method was utilized to uncover the primary factors influencing the sustainable development level of the cities in Anhui Province. The findings indicated a tendency of continual improvement in the Anhui Province’s sustainable development index and the coupling coordination degree of the three subsystems; However, there was a clear regional disparity in terms of the sustainable development level. The spatial differences of sustainable development level in Anhui Province mainly came from the differences between regions, and the inter-regional differences of Central Anhui-North Anhui and Central Anhui-South Anhui were obviously higher than that of South Anhui-North Anhui. The impacts of different indicators in different dimensions on the comprehensive level of sustainable development of each city were significantly different. For Hefei city, the provincial capital, the proportion of R&D expenditure, the proportion of public service expenditure, and the harmless disposal rate of domestic waste were the primary factors affecting the comprehensive level of sustainable development of economic, social and environmental subsystems. The results of this study provided scientific support for accelerating the realization of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals and promoting high-quality development in Anhui Province.