Abstract: Soils were collected from Zanthoxylum armatum plantation（2, 5, 9 and14 year-old were represented by QHJ2, QHJ5, QHJ9 and QHJ14, respectively), farmland（CK) and abandon farmland（14 year-old, QGD) in hill areas of Eastern Sichuan Province for physical properties, nutrient content, microbe number and enzyme activity determination. Membership function method was used to soil fertility comprehensive evaluation, and to explore the effect of planting years on soil fertility after farmland converted to Zanthoxylum armatum plantation, and provide guidance for Zanthoxylum armatum planting and soil improvement. The results showed that soil water-holding capacity, porosity, nutrient content, microbe number and enzyme activity in Zanthoxylum armatum plantations and abandoned farmland were higher than that in farmland, and those increased with Zanthoxylum armatum plantation planting years; on the contrary, soil bulk density in Zanthoxylum armatum plantation and abandoned farmland were lower than that in farmland, and that decreased with Zanthoxylum armatum plantation planting years. Soil fertility comprehensive value（CVSF) ranked as QHJ14＞QHJ9＞QGD＞QHJ5＞QHJ2＞CK, the values of Zanthoxylum armatum plantation and abandon farmland were significantly higher than that of farmland. The CVSF was significantly related to soil physical properties, nutrient content, microbe number and enzyme activity（P＜0.05). The results indicated that planting Zanthoxylum armatum could significantly improve soil properties, and play an important role in soil fertility improvement and farmers enrichment; The CVSF could be used for soil fertility comprehensive evaluation.