The spatial-temporal quantitative analysis of the economic, environment, social and regional development level of 130 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Zone in 2003, 2008 and 2013 by means of the comprehensive evaluation model. Studying on spatial-temporal distribution pattern of regional development difference of the Yangtze Economic Zone by exploratory spatial data analysis and hot and cold point analysis. The results showed: spatial pattern of economic development level in Yangtze River economic zone was downstream area higher than midstream area higher than upstream area, economic development gap of Inter-regional first increased and then narrowed. Spatial pattern of social construction level in Yangtze River economic zone was downstream area higher than midstream area higher than upstream area. Spatial pattern of environmental protection level in Yangtze River economic zone was upstream area higher than midstream area higher than downstream area, environmental protection gap of Inter-regional gradually narrowed. Spatial pattern of regional development level in Yangtze River economic zone was downstream area higher than midstream area higher than upstream area, regional development gap of Inter-regional first increased and then narrowed. Regional development level of high value areas and hot spot areas gathered in the downstream areas, showing the tendency expand to the midstream area; the low-value agglomeration areas and cold spot areas were gathered in the upstream area, showing the tendency contraction to the upstream area. Finally, according to the above-mentioned conclusions, we put forward some corresponding policy recommendations.

Taking 5 years as interval, this paper uses the average growth quantity and rate of foreign exchange earnings from tourism, applying the ESDA method, to study the spatial evolution characteristics of inbound tourism economic in 126 city-regions of Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2000 to 2015. Moreover, the spatial heterogeneity of influencing factors of inbound tourism economic is examined by the GWR method. The results show that:（1) Global Moran’s Index of tourism foreign exchange income’s average growth quantity in Yangtze River Economic Belt has experienced the changes from 0.164 6 to 0.164 1,then to 0.057 2. The agglomeration of the city-regions that share the similar increment becomes reduced. The increase of regional tourism economic tends to balance. The hottest area is always located in coastal regions in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, while the coldest area that was situated in middle region moves to the north of Jiangsu, narrowing the space.（2) Global Moran’s Index of tourism foreign exchange income’s average growth rates of Yangtze River Economic Belt has experienced the changes from 0.098 6 to 0.293 1, then to 0.198 9. The correlation of tourism economic growth among city-regions is increased. And the global difference is gradually narrowing. Both coldest and hottest areas are significant changed, with the space of hot area is remarkably expanded. Finally, the number of city-regions in hot area is much more than that in cold area.（3) The growing speed of Hunan and Yunnan provinces which are used to be the most underdeveloped region is the most highest. The city-regions in Yangtze River Delta city group have always been the most active areas of inbound tourism economic growth.

Competition among the ports is not only the competition for the supply of land to the hinterland but also that to the foreland, especially contending for shipping routes. Therefore, the routes become a kind of important data for statistical analyzing, which can visualize the shipping network and perform the statistical change of Ports by social network analysis software, such as Gephi and Arcgis. This paper chooses Shanghai port and Ningbo port as the cases to analyze and compare, the results as follows: 1) The network centrality and betweenness centrality of Shanghai Port are highest in China shipping network in recent years, those indexes of Ningbo Port are ranked the second, only behind Shanghai in mainland China.2) The port coverage of two ports continue to enlarge. Shanghai port is larger than Ningbo ports in the port coverage of near-sea shipping line, but Ningbo port is nearly close to Shanghai port in the port coverage of ocean shipping line to Mediterranean Sea, north-western Europe , South Asia, North America, South America and Africa.3) The primate ports are almost same which have close connectivity with Ningbo port and Shanghai port in each navigation areas, but the main connection between Shanghai port and Eastern America such as New York port has been replaced by the connection between Ningbo port and Eastern America port since 2015.

Considering the Ministry of Water Resources’ demands on controlling water use efficiency in the procedure of implementing the most stringent water management, the water use efficiency evaluation indicator system and the appropriate evaluation criteria, covering agricultural, industrial, households and ecological water use, were established in this paper. The entropy weight-based fuzzy matter element evaluation method and the DEA（Data Envelopment Analysis) were applied to the study of water use efficiency evaluation in the Hanjiang River Basin for 2010, 2012 and 2014. The results indicated that both methods generated identical conclusions. Compared to 2010 and 2012, the water use efficiency of 2014of all administrative regions of the study area increased remarkably, reaching the grade of medium to high. Most regions were identified as DEA invalid except Wuhan city, whose water use efficiency reached the best level. The results implied that, although these regions were implemented effective measures to improve water use efficiency, there still exists great water saving potential. Advanced water saving technology and industrial restructuring are probably needed to further improve water use efficiency. This study provided a useful management basis for effective water utilization and saving measures in Hanjiang River Basin.

SWAT, a distributed hydrological model, is used to simulate and analyze spatiotemporal characteristics of blue and green water resources in the Lianshui basin under the long-term climate change effects of 1996-2015 and 2020-2079. Climate change have been divided into three climatic background periods of 1996-2015, 2020-2049, 2070-2100, and into 9 climate change scenarios according to inputs of the future climate conditions, which were generated from HadGEM2-AO atmospheric model in typical concentration path of the rcp2.6, rcp4.5, rcp6 and rcp8.5. PSO particle swarm optimization algorithm in combination with Kling-Gupta efficiency coefficient KGE objective function is introduced to calibrate the model parameters based on Xiangxiang station measured discharges and MOD16 evapotranspiration data. Moreover, p-factor, r-factor, R２, NSE and PBIAS are also performed to evaluate the model simulation results and uncertainty, and the results indicated good performance of simulation for blue and green water both in the calibration and validation period. Consequently, scenario analysis result shows that Lianshui river basin has different-varied levels of decrease in blue water（1.4%-17.3%) and green water storage（7.8%-19.7%) while the green water flow（3.5%-12.4%) increases in different RCP concentration path scenarios during the climatic background period of 1996-2015, 2020-2049 and 2050-2079.Even taking parameter prediction uncertainty 95ppu range into consideration, the future growth trend of green water flow is also obvious. Hence, taking green water resources into the future water resources evaluation strategies to achieve blue water and green water comprehensive planning and management is indispensable for the Lianshui river basin.

This paper aims to reveal the spatial distribution and influencing factors of various land price such as industrial, commercial and residential land, etc. in Yangtze River Delta Agglomeration. Both spatial auto-correlation model and geographically weighted regression model were used to enrich and develop the theoretical study on spatial distribution of land price in urban agglomeration. The results showed that industrial land prices were generally lower, commercial and residential land prices were higher. It was in accord with the laws of urban land differential benefit, whereas it appeared the phenomenon of inversion between commercial and residential land price. The industrial land prices descended from the southeast of Zhejiang Province to the north of Jiangsu Province, and it showed a significant spatial agglomeration with low values. There is a strong spatial correlation in the residential land prices differences. The first and second tier cities showed high-value clustering, whereas commercial land prices showed a weak spatial correlation. The impact of disposable personal income and public finance expenditure on the industrial land price showed significant spatial differences, the spatial difference of influencing factors, including urban grade, GDP and disposable personal income on residential land price was obvious, and the commercial land price was mainly affected by total social consumer goods, number of buses per million and public finance expenditure.

Excessive expansion of the construction land caused by industrialization and urbanization has been a hot issue of the land resources research. In this study, based on Shapley value decomposition method of the semi-logarithm regression equation, we investigate the driving factors of construction land expansion of 26 cities in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, which is based on Shapley value decomposition method of the semi-logarithm regression equation. In the meanwhile, we investigate their contribution rate to the regional differences. The sample data range from 2006 to 2015. The results showed that:（1) these factors, which include the amount of reserved cultivated land, the adjustment of the industrial structure, the utilization efficiency of the construction land and the ecological pressure, etc., have a negative driving effect on the construction land expansion. In contrast, the factors, including the speed of economic development, the speed of population urbanization, the deficit and the government’s policy execution, etc., have a positive driving effect. However, the driving effects of the amount of reserved cultivated land and the ecological pressure on the construction land expansion are not significant.（2) the driving effect of the following factors on the regional differences of the construction land expansion are significant, which include the utilization efficiency of the construction land, the deficit and the government’s policy execution, etc. Therefore, in order to slow down the excessive expansion of the construction land, strategies such as resource constraint, ecological protection, the promotion of the adjustment of industrial structure, the implementation of the structural reform of land supply side, and the enhancement of the construction land efficiency, etc., should be taken into consideration.

The choice of evaluation method of land intensive use is the key factor for comprehensive and objective reflection of intensive land use in development zones. In order to explore a more suitable evaluation method, this paper evaluated 12 development zones in Nanjing City, by using matter-element model and comprehensive evaluation method to analyze the land intensive use level and efficiency. The results showed that: The main limiting factors of intensive land use in Nanjing development zones are different due to the main factors like volume ratio of enterprise land, building density of enterprise land, input intensity of construction land, and output intensity of construction land and so on; There are significant differences of intensive land level among Nanjing’s Development Zones. For example, the intensive level of National Development Zone is higher than Provincial Development Zone, and the Hi-tech Development Zone is higher than the traditional economic development zone. Compared with the comprehensive evaluation method, the matter-element model can not only response comprehensive information of the research object, but also can reflect the distribution of single index and the stability of research object. The rank of intensive land use is different from the land intensive use efficiency, it showed that the development zone should not only improve its intensive utilization level, but also improve the intensive use efficiency.

：Quantitative identifications of functional urban built-up land dynamic characteristics and patterns are the important foundation to promote the national strategies, which including the sustainable urban built-up land use and facilitating neo-urbanization and initiatives. . This study developed an index system and corresponding models for estimating urban built-up land function from three aspects, namely population capacity, production and consumptions, and public services. In this paper the functional evolution and pattern of urban construction land are explored in central China（Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces) at multi - scale during the period from 2000 to 2014. The results are as follows:（1) the trend of the population capacity, production and consumptions, and the integrated function of cities located in Hubei, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces showing a growing trend, and the temporal processes were relatively complex（2) varied dynamic characteristics of urban built-up land functional changes were observed in districts at different scales, especially in metropolitan areas. Specifically, cities located in areas along the Yangtze River and metropolitan regions generated high values of development index of urban built-up land, and spatial heterogeneity is strong in metropolises;（3) it was dominated by the mixed evolution pattern for the dynamic functional urban built-up land which made the landscape of urban built-up land functional conversions much more complex. In addition, the large types of dynamic urban built-up land function in population containing were gained with significant trend dominated by decreasing patterns. It was discovered that relatively ordinary dynamic of urban built-up land function in production and consumptions, public services and comprehensive function which were contiguous in space. Significant increasing improved dynamic mode in comprehensive urban built-up land function was also discovered particularly in Wuhan. Studies on the mechanisms of dynamic patterns of urban built-up land function and the sustainable multi-level urban land management strategies are desired for approaching ne-urbanization and beautiful China.

The eco-efficiency of urban construction land is the ratio of output and input of ecological construction, which is an important content to measure the quality of urban development. This paper calculated the eco-efficiency of construction land using the SBM-DEA model and Malmquist index model based on the panel data of Wuhan City Circle during 2006 to 2015. The influence degree of various factors on the eco-efficiency of construction land was analyzed in Wuhan City Circle using the Tobit model. The results showed that:（1) The ecological comprehensive efficiency of Wuhan City Circle construction land during 2006 to 2015 showed a spiral upward trend in general, and the pure technical efficiency was the key factor affecting the comprehensive efficiency in decomposition efficiency.（2) The ecological evolution of urban construction land was divided into early inefficient stage, rapid returned stage, unstable transition stage.（3) The growth of eco-efficiency of construction land in Wuhan City Circle was mainly due to the improvement of technological progress.（4) The ecological pressure， the industrial development level and the ecological technology have a  significant negative impact on eco-efficiency of urban construction land, and the ecological input and industrial structure had a significant positive impact on the eco-efficiency of urban construction land.

Research on spatial heterogeneity of cropland is an important basis for ensuring food security and ecological security. This study analyzed spatio-temporal variations of cropland quantity and cropland quality during 1985 to 2015 based on Remote Sensing（RS) and Geographic Information System（GIS). The results showed that the cropland decreased by 38.87% in the past 30 years. It was characterized with high level of urbanization in the suburbs, where had a special pattern as ‘marginal spreading’ to the loss of cropland, whereas the area of underdeveloped villages featured a pattern of ‘scattered points’ to the loss of cropland. The intensive urban areas and spatial extension areas along the Yangtze River and the Taihu Lake were identified as the hot spot with a huge cropland loss. The reduction of cropland and the expansion of construction land showed a significant consistency in space. It was highly related to the spatial overlay of the rapid-economic-development areas and the concentrated cropland areas. Urban land expansion was the major driver force to cropland loss. Due to the impact of economic development level and agricultural development policy, the adjustment between cropland and other land use types varied in different stages. The roll-in and roll-out of cropland did not match both in surface area and quality. Generally, the change pattern of cropland shifted from a slow-scattered loss to a rapid-agglomeration loss. The distribution pattern of cropland with steep variation（in both quantity and quality) had shifted from dispersion to centralization, which was also showed in the cropland with slowly variation. It drives the dominant area of cropland shift from the plains surrounding Taihu Lake to the hilly area in the southwest.

Soils were collected from Zanthoxylum armatum plantation（2, 5, 9 and14 year-old were represented by QHJ2, QHJ5, QHJ9 and QHJ14, respectively), farmland（CK) and abandon farmland（14 year-old, QGD) in hill areas of Eastern Sichuan Province for physical properties, nutrient content, microbe number and enzyme activity determination. Membership function method was used to soil fertility comprehensive evaluation, and to explore the effect of planting years on soil fertility after farmland converted to Zanthoxylum armatum plantation, and provide guidance for Zanthoxylum armatum planting and soil improvement. The results showed that soil water-holding capacity, porosity, nutrient content, microbe number and enzyme activity in Zanthoxylum armatum plantations and abandoned farmland were higher than that in farmland, and those increased with Zanthoxylum armatum plantation planting years; on the contrary, soil bulk density in Zanthoxylum armatum plantation and abandoned farmland were lower than that in farmland, and that decreased with Zanthoxylum armatum plantation planting years. Soil fertility comprehensive value（CVSF) ranked as QHJ14＞QHJ9＞QGD＞QHJ5＞QHJ2＞CK, the values of Zanthoxylum armatum plantation and abandon farmland were significantly higher than that of farmland. The CVSF was significantly related to soil physical properties, nutrient content, microbe number and enzyme activity（P＜0.05). The results indicated that planting Zanthoxylum armatum could significantly improve soil properties, and play an important role in soil fertility improvement and farmers enrichment; The CVSF could be used for soil fertility comprehensive evaluation.

Total catch in the main river declined from 43×104 t to 8×104 t in 2011, with a reduction of 81%, while in contrast, since 1950s, total catches in Lakes Dongting and  Poyang fluctuated between 2-4 104 t, respectively. The impact of the Three Gorges Dam on discharge of the three outlets into Lake Dongting was limited, but it decreased the days  and amount of backward flow from the river to Lake Poyang. The inflow of water from the Yangtze River accounts for 30% of the total runoff of Dongting Lake, but only 0.1% in Lake Poyang. Therefore, for the maintenance of fishery resources (especially those fishes with drifting eggs) of the main river, Lake Dongting is much more important than Lake  Poyang. The decline of fishery resources in the main river was mainly the result of obstructions between the river and lakes, although overfishing has also contributed to this,  thus, it is difficult to have a fundamental improvement on the fishery resources in the Yangtze River even fishing is forbidden for ten years. If Lakes Poyang and Dongting are  isolated by dams, the fishery resources in the river will further decline, the extinction of the finless porpoise can hardly be avoided. Therefore, it is crucially important for  the maintenance of biodiversity in the Yangtze River to keep ecological connections between the river and both lakes.

The wetlands of Poyang Lake and Dongting Lake, both of which were naturally connected to Yangtze River, are of irreplaceable natural and cultural significance. In  recent years, especially after the operation of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), wetland landscape patterns of the two lakes have changed, which has significant impacts on the  regional ecological balance and social economic development. Based on the datasets derived from Landsat 7, we quantitatively assessed the changes of the wetland patterns before  and after the operation of TGD and identified the differences between the two lakes, by employing the Decision Tree Classification and Gauss Regression method. This study aims  to better understand the ecological effects of large water conservancy project and to provide a scientific basis for wetland protection and reconstruction. The results suggested  that there was barely change of the Dongting Lake water level during the dry period between 2000 and 2014. The historical evolution patterns of Dongting Lake wetland indicated  that although a small part of vegetation occupied the region of mudflat and water body, there was little change in area of these three typical wetland landscape types. By  contrast, the lake level of Poyang during the dry period dropped significantly after the operation of TGD. Moreover, the water body has shrunk by nearly 14% and vegetation coverage has increased by around 8%. Compared with the situation in 2000, the evaluation of vegetation distributed in the wetland of Poyang Lake in 2014 has decreased more than  1 m. The different evolution patterns in the wetlands of the two lakes were mainly attributed to the different extents of drought stresses.

This study collected the core sample from the Tian’e Zhou and Chiba Oxbow Lake from the Jingzhou section of the Yangtze River Basin, analyzed the sediment size, 210  Pb, pollen and charcoal compositions, and established the highresolution time frame of the core samples. Combining the core analysis and the historical climate data and  recorded fire events between 1955 and 2012, the present study results show that the cores’ pollen and charcoal characteristics are able to well record the environmental changes  ver the past one hundred years. There are quite differences before and after the oxbow lake formation. The total pollen concentration and tree, shrub pollen concentrations were relatively low, but the aquatic plant pollen and spores of ferns are higher in the former period. After the oxbow lake formed, the tree pollen concentrations were still turning lower, but the shrubs, aquatic plants pollen concentrations were increasing. This study demonstrates that the C/P ratios of sediment charcoal and pollen concentration could well  record the natural fires and humancaused fires or other fire burning events in sediments. Those sediments C/P ratios and characteristics may also help to record the basinwide or regional flood events.

The dynamic flux chamber and high time resolution technique (RA-915+ automatic mercury analyzer) were applied in this study to screen the mercury exchanging flux in  situ at the interface of sediment / atmosphere in the fluctuation zone when the water level of Three Gorges Reservoir was low. At the same time, the influencing factors were  analyzed. The results showed that the mercury exchanging flux was from -6.80±12.35 ng/(m2·h) to 28.17±36.17 ng/(m2·h). In the sunny days, mercury exchange flux showed the  same trend, the flux increased gradually from the early morning to the noon and the peak was appeared at noon, then, decreased gradually. But the trend was not obvious in the  cloudy days. In the warm season, mercury released from the sediment to the atmosphere in the daytime, the mercury exchanging flux showed a significant positive correlation with  air temperature, sediment temperature and light intensity and had a negative correlation with the relative humidity. While in the cold season, mercury deposited from atmosphere  to sediment in the daytime. Whether it was sunny or cloudy, there was a negative correlation between atmospheric mercury concentration and mercury exchanging flux at the  interface of sediment/atmosphere. During the daytime, light intensity and atmospheric mercury concentration were the major factors affecting the mercury exchange flux at the  sediment / atmosphere interface, while at night, the sediment temperature and atmospheric mercury concentration were the major influencing factors.

Soil samples were collected from a cement plant in the city of Xuzhou (Jiangsu Province, China), and the soils black carbon (BC) and organic matter (OM) are analyzed  in this study. The results show the mean BC and OM in soils are 12.35 g/kg and 112.33 g/kg, respectively. The forest soil BC and OM contents have both significantly positive  correlations with frequency magnetic susceptibility(χfd) (p < 0.001), whereas the farmland soil BC and OM contents exhibit both significantly negative correlations with  frequency magnetic susceptibility (p < 0.001). The findings indicate the soils BC and OM are quite different in different soil types, and human activities greatly influence on  the soils chemical properties. The BC contents in various soil types consistently have significantly positive correlations with magnetic susceptibility (χ), the susceptibility  of anhysteretic remanent magnetization (χARM), saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM) and soft isothermal remanent magnetization (SOFT). The soils OMs have  significantly positive correlations with χ, SIRM, and SOFT. This study suggests that these magnetic parameters (χ, SIRM, and SOFT) can be used in soil analysis instead of BC 
and OM contents.

The rapid urbanization and global climate change have brought many urban environmental problems, in which the urban heat island effects and urban flooding are two 
serious ones. Green roof provides a potential solution for these issues by vegetating the current barren roof surfaces, and has particular significances for cities with extreme 
shortage of green spaces. Many previous studies analyzed the microclimatic and hydrological impacts of a singletype and smallsize experimental green roof under one 
particular weather condition. This study aims to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of five typical types of green roofs, with different scales, plant species and soil 
depths over different weather conditions. The five experimental green roofs, namely grass, bare soil, vegetable land, smallsize and largesize sky gardens, were installed on 
five office buildings in an industrial park of Nanjing city. Firstly, the daily dynamics of air temperature (10 cm and 150 cm above the roof surface) differences between the  green roofs and the control roof were studied. Secondly, two of the five roofs, representing the extensive and intensive roof greening respectively, were selected for stormwater  runoff analysis under four rainfall conditions. The results indicate that on a typical sunny summer day, green roofs can reduce the air temperature up to 5.3℃ and 2.5℃ at 10  cm and 150 cm heights above the roof surface, respectively. On cloudy and rainy days, some green roofs can even elevate the air temperature. The largesize sky garden has the  greatest air temperature reduction ability, and other four types of roofs cooling abilities can be ordered as: grass > smallsize sky garden > bare soil > vegetable land. The  stormwater runoff control abilities of the roofs are most related to plant and soil configuration and rainfall types. The sky garden can reduce runoff by 50.8%, 78%, 100% and  100% of the extremely heavy, heavy, middle and light rainfall events, respectively. The equivalent values for the extensive green roof were 24.3%，58.6%，98.2% and100%,  respectively. These findings can shed light on greenroof design and management for cities in similar climate zones as Nanjing. 
Key words：Green roof; urban heat island effects; urban flooding; microclimate amelioration; stromwater runoff reduction

Since the reform and openingup, China has made remarkable achievements in economic development. However, the rapid economic growth resulted in the environmental 
destruction to a certain degree. Thus, the government has taken some corresponding measures in order to change this situation. Then the emission permits gradually aroused 
people's attention, and has consequently grown in prominence as an important policy for environmental pollution control. The proper evaluation of its implementation effect is  not only conducive to the policy implementation itself, but also instructive to the development of similar policies in other regions. Based on the panel data of 30 regions in  China between 2004 and 2014, this paper established the measurement model of environmental technology progress, and discussed the effects of emission permits by employing the most internationally popular method (namely, DifferenceinDifference, DID) which can quantitatively evaluate policy implementation. In this study, we found that the  generation of emission permits did not bring about a dramatical enhancement on China's provincial environmental technology progress immediately. Nevertheless, after 2 years, the  implementation of emission permits did limit the pollution emission to a certain extent and presented a positive affect on pollution control. Thus, we can conclude that the establishment of emission permits can actually improve environmental technology progress and is conducive to the healthy and sustainable development of China's economy in the 
long run. In addition, policy recommendations were made at the end of this paper.
Key words：emission permits; environmental technology progress; superefficiency SBM model; differenceindifference

The grassland of YunnanGuizhouSichuan Province serves as an important part of grassland in China, which plays an important role in the construction of ecological civilization and global climate change. It is of great significance to analyze the change of net primary productivity (NPP) of grassland. This study calculated the NPP of  grassland using the improved CASA model, and analyzed spatiotemporal characteristics and influencing factors of grassland ecosystem productivity in YunnanGuizhouSichuan  from 1996 to 2015 based on the remotesensing image data of AVHRR and MODIS, and the meteorological data of the surrounding areas. The results showed that: (1) The NDVI values  of grassland in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan Province obviously showed a regular pattern during the past 20 years, and the annual average value of  NDVImax showed an increasing  trend in 97.18% of the grassland area. (2) The NPP of YunnanGuizhouSichuan grassland showed a spatial pattern of ‘low value in the northwest, high value in the southwest  and medium value in the east’. The annual average NPP was 420.85 gC·m-2 in the past 20 years. (3) The annual average NPP value of YunnanGuizhouSichuan area had a certain  fluctuation, and it increased at the rate of 7.232 2 gC·m-2·a-1 in the past 20 years. The NPP was the highest in summer with an average value of 160.25 gC·m-2. It showed an  average NPP value of 109.10 gC·m-2 in spring and 106.10 gC · m-2 in autumn. The average value in winter was 54.03 gC·m-2, which is the lowest.
Key words：grassland; net primary productivity (NPP); vegetation index (NDVI); spatiotemporal characteristics; YunnanGuizhouSichuan Provinces

The spatial characteristics of mountain ecosystems are affected by terrain factors. Clarifying the spatial differentiation characteristics of mountain ecosystem 
services is the basis of regional land use and ecosystem management. This study took the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River (URMR) as study areas. The terrain gradient  characteristics of ecosystem service value under landuse change were identified using terrain index, relative rate of change and sensitivity coefficient based on landuse data and DEM data. The results showed that: (1) The landuse types in the URMR were dominated by woodland and grassland, which accounted for 60% and 30% of the total area,  respectively. During 2000 to 2010, the change of terrain index was obvious in 1- 4 terrain areas. (2) The total value of ecosystem services and the value of individual ecosystem  services in the URMR showed an inverted Vshape change with the increase of topographic area. During 2000 to 2010, the ecosystem service value (ESV) increased in 1-12 terrain areas and reduced in 13-20. (3) During 2000 to 2010, the trend of ESV in each terrain was consistent with that of the study area. In 1 terrain area, the change of ESV in the  topographic level was slightly higher than that of the study area. In 2-20 terrain areas, the change was nearly consistent with the study area. (4) The sensitivity coefficient  of the ESV in per unit area of landuse types in the study area was less than 1 and the change of the ESV in per unit area was lack of flexibility. It showed that the results  were credible. During 2000 to 2010, the sensitivity coefficient of the water, grassland and desert kept rising in each terrain area, whereas woodland and cultivated land kept  declining. Based on the quantitative measurement of the terrain gradient effects of the ESV driven by landuse change, the spatial differentiation and its change of ESV with  the change of terrain gradient were clarified. The results can provide the theoretical basis for protecting regional ecosystem and rational use of land resources in the future.
Key words：land use; ecosystem service; topographic index; terrain gradient; the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River; eastern edge of Tibetan plateau

China is one of the most serious countries suffering meteorological disasters in the world. Based on datasets from the Management Division of Ministry of Agriculture,  we analyzed the agricultural meteorological disasters of China in the past 45 years. The results show that the largest covered and affected areas were mainly concentrated in  Heilongjiang province, Shandong province and Henan province; Shan Xi province and Inner Mongolia province experienced the highest hazard rates. Among other disasters, drought is  the main meteorological disaster in China. There is an obvious fluctuation for the flood disaster. The typhoon disaster continues to rise in coastal areas. The percentage of  drought disaster has increased and low temperature has been reduced in Northeast of China. The percentage of low temperature and hail disaster has risen in East of China. There has been an upward trend of typhoon disaster in South of China. The percentage of hail and low temperature disasters show a smaller growth in the Northwest of China. The trend  of drought and flood disasters are opposite in the Southwest of China. Drought disaster has eased and flood has increased in the central of China. The relation between  meteorological disasters and food production were examined using the partial correlation method. The meteorological disasters directly influenced the grain yield especially  during 1990-2009. The relationship between meteorological disasters and food production showed firstly an increasing trend then followed by a decreasing trend.
Key words：meteorological disasters; food production; disaster affected area; partial correlation

With the advent of rapid industrialization process induces climate change and variability, flooding has become one of the most common natural hazards in the world,  there by attracting growing public concern. To understand the spatiotemporal variation of precipitation and flooding in southwest China better, this study used 98 meteorological  stations in the region during 1961-2015 to calculate precipitation intensity, precipitation persistence and precipitation degree, and further analyzed their spatiotemporal  change. The main conclusions reached are: (1) The spatial patterns of Index of total annual precipitation (PRCPTOT) and extreme precipitation indicator (R95PTOT) in southwestern  China were ‘high in the southeast and low in the northwest’. However, the spatial pattern of the CWD (Consecutive wet days) was shown to be ‘high in the southwest and low in  the northeast’. Also, the PRCPTOT decreased at the rate of 13.12 mm/10 a, and the CWD decreased at the rate of 0.29 mm/10 a while the R95PTOT increased at the rate of 1.34  mm/10 a. (2) The spatial pattern of precipitation at different level were similar, showing that ‘higher values in the southeast and lower values in the northwest’, Besides,  most highvalue concentrated in the south Yunnan, south Guizhou and near the southwest of Sichuan basin. Nevertheless, the tendency of several indices showed different trends,  the R25 (Heaviest rain days) and HD (Continuous heavy rain days) in most regions increased, while the RD (Continuous rain storm days) reduced in most of the region.  Specifically, the spatial pattern of continuous heavy rain days and rainstorm days were ‘high in the southeast, while low in the northwest’. (3)The flood intensity index in the region decreased from northeast to southwest, and for most of the study area, the rate of flood intensity tended to increase. Evidently, the area saw a negative correlation  between the flood intensity and precipitation. From the beginning of the 21st century, particularly since 2010, this region was experiencing heavy flooding. In addition,  precipitation in the southwest China declined, but the intensity of flooding was still severe. This work may help to understand regional climate change, and provide suggestions  for mitigating regional disaster.