Abstract: Under the background of the shortage of agricultural resources, China’s agriculture shows the phenomenon of production agglomeration. From the perspective of agglomeration effect, the formation of agricultural production agglomeration is the result of the interaction of resource endowment and external factors. This paper systematically combs the intrinsic mechanism between resource endowment characteristics, externalities and agricultural production agglomeration, and uses panel data of 31 provinces in China from 1996 to 2015 to process empirical data by means of fixed effect model and generalized moment estimation. Through theoretical analysis and regression analysis, it is found that: (1) agricultural capital Agricultural labor force, agricultural capital stock, agricultural technology level and cultivated land resources have a significant role in promoting the level of production agglomeration. However, natural disasters and topography play a significant role in restricting the level of agricultural production. (2) From the impact of the trend, the number of agricultural land, agricultural technology level on the level of agricultural production concentration showed a “U” type of development trend. The number of agricultural labor force and agricultural capital stock showed a trend of “U”.