Abstract: Abstract：This paper based on a rural survey in the Yangtze River Basin including 1 027 farm households in Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces, this paper uses Structural Equation Model (SEM) and Bootstrapping methods to analyze the mechanism and effects of aging exerts on green grain production. The findings are as follows. First, the aging of labor force is found to have negative influence on green grain production by the mediating mechanism of absorption capacity. Second, the mediating effects of factor substitution and decision dependence are significantly positive and higher than that of absorption capacity. Therefore, the total indirect effect of aging of agricultural labor exert on green grain production is positive. Third, the total effect of the aging of agricultural labor on green grain production is negative and significant since the direct effect is negative and higher than the indirect effect. Accordingly, the study considers that the aging of labor force is not only a challenge, but also an opportunity for the green transformation of grain production.