How to deal with the relationship between economic growth and environmental protection plays an important role in the regional integration of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD). Based on the database of industrial pollutant emission and socioeconomic development, this paper analyzes the changing spatial pattern of the relative size and intensity of industrial pollutant in the YRD. We also pay particular attention to the impacts of economic transitions on the restructuring landscape of industrial pollution at city level. The result indicates that the relative emission size and intensity of pollutant emission presented a declining trend in the YRD. The volumes of industrial waste water and SO2 discharged have decreased by 13% and 24% respectively. The emission intensities of industrial waste water, SO2 and soot (dust) have decreased by 87%, 88% and 71% respectively. Second, the emission of industrial pollutants has still concentrated in the developed regions and some resource-based cities, such as cities along the “Hu (Shanghai)-Ning (Nanjing)” highway, “Hu-Hang (Hangzhou)-Yong (Ningbo)” highway, and Yangtze River. But, industrial pollution tended to relocate from the core to the peripheral areas, such as Northern Jiangsu and Central Anhui. However, the decreasing trend and spatial pattern obviously varied across different industrial pollutants. Third, the emission intensity of industrial pollutants was much higher in the peripheral YRD, and that of some core cities (e.g. Nanjing and Hangzhou) also presented an increasing trend during recent years. Forth, our modeling results suggest that the continuing economic transition plays an increasingly important role in the changing spatial pattern of industrial pollution in the YRD. In particular, industrial upgrading, firm innovation and the adjustment the structure of foreign investment have contributed to the pollution control and environmental protection. However, due to the different stages of economic transformation in various regions, there are significant spatial differences in the mechanisms of the above factors affecting industrial pollution. This study has uncovered the changing distribution of industrial pollution and its driving forces in the context of economic transition and region integration, and our findings will contribution to the intergovernmental cooperation about environmental protection in the YRD.

Abstract：Based on the basic research units of 336 prefecture-level-and-above cities in China from 2009 to 2017，this article uses the spatial regression trend surface and the exploratory spatial data analysis(ESDA) to simulate and estimate the spatial distribution of urban housing price-to-rent ratio of China, and uses the geographical probe model to explore the influence mechanism of the price-to-rent ratio’s spatial-temporal variance from four main aspects: The city’s economic factors, population factors, social factors and expectational factors. The results showed that: the housing price-to-rent ratio in China is in a fluctuating upward trend. The spatial distribution shows the staircase pattern of “high in the east and low in the west” and “hot in the east and cold in the west”. Meanwhile, there exists an obvious spatial positive correlation and a strong regional agglomeration in housing price, rent and price-to-rent ratio. Income level and wage level are the most important factors affecting the price-to-rent ratio. Residential expectations, population attractiveness, proportion of tenants, family size, and economic expectations are also important factors affecting the price-to-rent ratio. The explanatory power of economic factors, population factors, expected factors and social factors is weakened in turn. The four factors are interrelated and interact to form the temporal and spatial distribution pattern of price-to-rent ratio in China.

Abstract：The rational development of urban agglomeration transportation network is of great significance to promote the integration and coordinated development of regional resources. Based on the spatial syntax model, this paper analyses the evolution characteristics of traffic network accessibility in the Central Plains urban agglomeration from 1995 to 2015, and puts forward corresponding suggestions for traffic network optimization and improvement. The results show that: (1) From 1995 to 2015, the traffic network of the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration has evolved from the initial “divergent” shape to the “tree-ring” shape, and the accessibility center has expanded from Zhengzhou in the initial stage to Luoyang, Xuchang, Zhoukou, Shangqiu, Kaifeng and other surrounding cities. The axes with higher accessibility have developed from the regional linear distribution to the central area. (2) From 1995 to 2015, the accessibility of all cities in the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration has increased, and the increase of accessibility in Beijing-Guangzhou Radiation Area is significantly greater than that in Longhai Radiation Area; the growth rate of accessibility in core cities such as Zhengzhou City and Handan City is slowing down, while the growth rate of accessibility in border cities such as Bozhou City and Huaibei City is rising. The traffic network construction of Central Plains urban agglomeration shows a trend of spatial convergence, but the level of inter-city accessibility is still increasing. (3) Based on the above analysis, this paper proposes to cultivate the transportation system of the Central Plains Urban Agglomeration as a whole into a “multi-core and multi-directional” network structure with Zhengzhou as the center and Longhai and Beijing-Guangzhou lines as the “ten” development axes. The improved road network can improve the accessibility of the cities in the Central Plains urban agglomeration, and fully reflect the basic functions of the urban agglomeration center to drive the marginal and urban linkage development.

Abstract：To promote the regional coordinated development of elderly care service industry is the basis for achieving its high-quality development. Based on the method of comprehensive index evaluation，Theil index and ESDA，this paper analyzes the spatial-temporal evolution and spatial correlation of the elderly care service industry in Jiangsu Province within 2005-2015，and explores the driving factors of the development of Jiangsu’s elderly care service industry using spatial econometrics. Results shows that，（1）The development level of the elderly care service industry in Jiangsu Province is generally low and unbalanced，showing a significant difference of ‘high in the south and low in the north’.（2）The regional differences show a Mshaped evolution trend of ‘expansion-reduction-expansion-reduction’，and intra-regional differences are greater than inter-regional differences.（3）The development of elderly care service industry among different counties in Jiangsu Province has positive significant spatial autocorrelation，and the development level of adjacent county has spatial distribution of similar agglomeration effect. The spatial agglomeration pattern presents a steady north-south difference.（4）Various factors such as population aging，economic development level，urbanization level，market power，industrial structure，pension security level and government policies have exerted different degrees on the development and regional differences of the elderly care service industry in Jiangsu Province.

Abstract：Evaluating the effects of economic developmental zones (EDZs) on regional economic development and revealing the spatial heterogeneity and mechanisms of these effects can provide useful guidance for coordinated development and optimization-upgrading of EDZs. Previous literature sparsely focus on the effects of EDZs on regional economic developments at the county level. Based on the panel data of the county-level regions of Hunan Provinces in China from 2001 to 2016, this paper uses the fixed-effect estimated models to examine the impacts of EDZs on the county-level regional economic development and spatial heterogeneity of these impacts. The results show that the establishments of EDZs have improved GDP and per capita GDP of the county-level regions, which mainly result from the two mechanisms of multiplier-effects and agglomeration-effects. More specially, the effects of the EDZs on the county-level regional economic development appear a feature of “increasing marginal effects”, that is, the higher the levels of economic development of the regions are, the stronger the role of EDZs to promote regional economic development becomes. The extent of the impacts of the EDZs relies on regional economic base.

Abstract：This paper discussed the effect of urban construction land scale on economic growth based on the nonlinear Smooth Transition Regression Model and data of China from 1982 to 2016. The results showed that: (1) There is an obvious nonlinear feature between China’s urban construction land scale and economic growth. It is most appropriate to establish a non-monotonic transfer function model by using two-order economic growth as a transition variable. (2) When the transition variable is between the critical value of 30 542.404 billion yuan and 375 595.954 billion yuan, the transfer function is 0 and the model is completely linear. When the transition variable is equal to the critical value, the transfer function is 0.5 and the relationship between the scale of urban construction land and economic growth is converted from a linear mechanism to a nonlinear mechanism. (3) When the transition variable is less than 30 542.404 billion yuan or more than 37 595.594 26 billion yuan, the value of transition function is rapidly converted to 1, and the nonlinear impact of urban construction land scale on economic growth will appear. At this time, the scale of urban construction land changes by 1%, which will cause current economic growth of 1.829 03%. 

Abstract：Exploring regional inequality, spatial-temporal pattern and dynamic evolution of carbon emission intensity from agriculture has important theoretical and practical significance for formulating a reasonable agricultural carbon emission reduction policy.In this paper, 31 provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) in China were taken as the research unit to measure carbon emission intensity from agriculture during 1997-2016, through an integration of Theil index and exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and R/S, we examine the regional inequality, spatio-temporal pattern and dynamic evolution characteristics of carbon emission intensity from agriculture.The results are shown as follows: (1） The carbon emission intensity from agriculture in China and the three major grain functional zones showed a downward trend, and the spatial distribution of different types carbon emission intensity from agriculture in province was larger, the high-intensity provinces of carbon emissions remained stable, while the low-intensity provinces are expanding; （2) The regional inequality of carbon emission intensity from agriculture presented an extending trend in 1997-2016, Among this, the agricultural carbon intensity inequality between regions is not obvious, but that within a region presented an expanding trend, and the growing rate of inequalities in the grain balance area tends to rise, the main production area rises first and then falls, and the main sales area tends to converge; （3) By observing the change of Moran’s I in 1997-2016, we found that the spatial agglomeration range of carbon emission intensity presented a narrowing trend, hot spots remain unchanged, but cold spots presented a shrinking tendency, Qinghai and Xizang formed a stable cold spot, and Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shannxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong formed a stable hot spot; (4） The performance of carbon emission intensity from agriculture in China, the three major functional areas and the provinces had an obvious fractal characteristic, and carbon emission intensity value will show an evolutionary trend that continues to decline in future, especially with the downward trend of the grain sales area.

Abstract：The soil is the most fundamental means of production for human survival and life. It is of great significance to identify the factors of the potential risk because of heavy metals spatial variation in typical agricultural land for the safe utilization of heavy metals contaminated agricultural land. Normal Score Transformation was used to transfer six heavy metals data into Gaussian distribution. In this study, we identified the potential risk factors of six heavy metals spatial variation in typical agricultural land of Taihu watershed by using GeoDetector Model(GDM). Factor detector results showed that the top five potential risk factors of these six heavy metals distribution included both natural factors and social-economic factors. Interaction detector results showed that interactions of potential risk factors all enhance nonlinearly. In other words, the influence of these six heavy metals distribution were an enhance nonlinearly interaction effect, which were based on potential risk factors. The specific categories of each potential risk factor could be identified by risk detector for each heavy metal. GDM results can help identify and monitor the heavy metal contaminated areas.

Abstract：Taihu Basin is one of the fastest growing economies and the most densely regions in China. Affected by changes in land-use/coverage and precipitation conditions, the relationship between water supply and demand in Taihu Basin has been changed. In this paper, we set the following scenarios to evaluate the water supply quantity and demand quantitatively, and analyze the spatio-temporal changes of the supply and demand deficit and surplus areas: one is that we kept the precipitation unchanging and only the land-use changed in Taihu Basin from 1995 to 2015;the other is that we set different precipitation conditions with other parameter unaltered in 2015. The results indicate that: first, the proportion of water demand in the supply increased from 73% to 90% and the proportion of county area relying on foreign water increased from 19% to 33% with the rapid change of land use and coverage during 1995-2015, especially the expansion of construction land up to 106% in the past 20 years. Second, in 2015, the change of supply and demand relationship was more obvious under different precipitation conditions. The lower the precipitation, the more counties with supply and demand deficit. Third, in the drought years, the proportion of water demand in the supply was up to 117% in the whole basin . It showed that, the water supply failed to meet the demand in the drought years. In both cases, the relationship between water supply and demand in the northeast of the taihu basin is more tense than that in the southwest. As the major factors influencing the relationship between water supply and demand in Taihu basin, the changes of land-use affect demand and the changes in precipitation conditions impact supply.

Abstract：Biodiversity conservation is an essential part of delimitation and strictly execution of ecological protection red line. How to accurately identify the most important areas for biodiversity conservation is the key to delineate the red line for biodiversity protection scientifically. In this study, Qinling Mountains was selected as a case study example. According to the special richness patterns along the elevational gradient in Qinling Mountains, with the recognition results of the most important areas for biodiversity conservation in nature reserves, a scientific and reasonable biodiversity protection red line management plan in this area was put forward. The conclusion can be drawn as follows: first, it shows that revised NPP method improves the accuracy of identification of important areas of biodiversity conservation function, which can be applied to mountainous areas where species richness changes as medium peak type or monotonic incremental type with the elevational gradient in eastern-central China. Second, the red line area of ecological protection in Qinling Mountains is 24 688.33 km², accounting for 39.11% of the total area of Qinling mountainous area. Spatially, it can infer that the red line areas are concentrated in western Qinling Mountains, scattered among the eastern Qinling Mountains, and appears on a diminishing scale from south to the north; Third, forest ecosystem is an significant supporting system for the red line of biodiversity conservation in Qinling Mountains, accounting for 96.12% of the total area. In this study, the amendment of the delimitation method is reasonable and feasible, which improves the accuracy of identification of important areas of biodiversity conservation function. At the same time, the research results can be taken as an important reference to the Boundary optimization and Implementation of the red line for biodiversity protection.

Abstract：Under the background of rapid urbanization, the risk of damage to the ecological environment will increase, which will definitely affect the stability and security of the social economy and ecosystem. Based on RS and GIS, this study used the evaluation methods of NPP quantitative index, spatial conflict measurement and disjunction algorithm to comprehensively evaluate the ecological environment in Northern Shaanxi from the following aspects: ecosystem service importance, ecological sensitivity and spatial conflict. Under the framework of “Importance-Sensitivity-Conflict”, we identified key areas of ecological protection in Northern Shaanxi and put forward management recommendations. Results show that: (1) The key ecological protection region in northern Shaanxi were mainly distributed in Huanglong Mountain, Ziwuling area, the Loess Hilly and Gully Region in the Middle and Maowusu Desert; (2) High value and high sensitivity of ecosystem was found in Yan’an city, which was also a hotspot of space conflict with high ecological risks; (3)The level of spatial conflict in Yan’an City was stronger than that in Yulin City. Energy exploitation activities, topographic fluctuations, road expansion and ecological engineers brought pressure and ecological risk to the local ecological environment. Our study showed that the "Importance-Sensitivity-Conflict" framework could provide a new way of idea for ecological protection and identification of the key ecological protection areas. It is of great significance not only to coordinate the contradiction between the construction of towns and ecological environment protection, but also to identify the key ecological protection areas, which will provide meaningful policy reference.
Key words：importance of ecosystem services; ecological sensitivity; spatial conflict;key areas of ecological protection

Abstract：Quantitative research on the equilibrium state of man-land relationship in Qinba Mountains is conducted through constructing a supply and demand matching model, the interaction relationship and the influence mechanism between the spatial supply capacity and the spatial demand intensity are analyzed by means of OLS least squares method and GWR geographical weighting method, and hence space control model of pertinence and differentiation is put forward on these basis. The main conclusions include: (1) There is obvious spatial dislocation of supply and demand in Qinba Mountains, the supply capacity is high in the middle and low in outskirts. The supply index of districts and counties in the middle with high value is mostly between 0.72 and 1.16, while the supply index of districts and counties in outskirts is mostly less than 0.6. However, the demand intensity is basically opposite to supply capacity. The demand intensity of districts and counties in the middle areas is all less than 0.14, while the demand intensity of the peripheral and eastern areas is generally high, and the highest value mainly appears in districts and counties at the northern and eastern foothills of Qinling Mountains and at the middle reaches of Han River; the unmatched supply and demand is originated from ineffective space resource allocation separated by complex terrain. (2) There is an interaction between the two ends of man-land supply and demand, and there exists clear spatial differentiation in the interaction degree under the influence of terrain; (3) The equilibrium index of man-land relationship is generally low, and extremely uneven in distribution, which is clearly characterized by ‘being low in the middle and high in the periphery’. The quantity ratio of districts and counties that are of inefficient equilibrium, coordinated equilibrium, and spatial disequilibrium is about 11:3:2; (4) The research areas can be divided into four control subareas: development-controlled area, development-promoted area, development-optimized area and development-dispersed area, and the man-land regulatory countermeasures are formulated on the basis of the equilibrium state.

Abstract：Scenic accessibility is an important basis for the development of tourism. On the basis of systematic analysis of the scenic spot accessibility’s subject and object connotation, and considering the subjective priority of tourists to scenic spot selection caused by the difference of tourism traffic service level, a scenic spot accessibility measurement model is constructed from the perspective of scenic spots’ accessibility of external traffic and urban traffic transfer. Take 76 scenic spots above 4A level in Yunnan Province as an example, and put forward some optimized strategies of scenic accessibility. The results indicate that: (1) Spatial distribution characteristics of external traffic accessibility is greatly different, about 60% scenic spots’ external traffic system development lags behind, and they distribute in the county discretely; intra-urban traffic transfer efficiency of scenic spots is great, the average transfer time is 0.472 h, some scenic spots’ level don’t match their accessibility level. (2) The accessibility level of scenic spots is overall poor-about 33% scenic spots’ accessibility level is average or worse, and the spatial distribution of accessibility has a high or low value concentration phenomenon. The hot spots of accessibility have obvious decreasing laws from east to west, and external traffic accessibility of scenic spot is the main reason for that. (3) We should take the "tourism point axis structure" as the development concept, give full play to the core node function, and improve the construction of tourist transport corridors by connecting important dots into lines to increase the external accessibility of the scenic spot. Enhance the connection between scenic spots and major transport hub, and achieve the coordination of external traffic accessibility and intra-urban traffic transfer efficiency. The construction of recreational roads according to local conditions can ease the intra-urban transfer disadvantages of natural scenery scenic spots.

Abstract：land use efficiency Varies a lot in different regions and at different times and in different periods.Based on the calculated data from 2007 to 2016,this research aims at investigating factors of urban land use efficiency as the research object,the method of DEA was used to calculate the land use efficiency of these cities in Jilin Province.Factors affecting urban land use efficiency were analyzed in across time and space.The result showed that:(1)The overall urban land use efficiency was relatively low in Jilin province,featuring a spatial distribution pattern of high efficiency in the central region and relatively low ones in western and eastern regions.Besides,the land use efficiency showed a downward trend Showed a decline;(2)Factors affecting the urban land use efficiency of these 9 cities:In terms of input,the number of employees in the secondary and tertiary industries was particularly redundant,and there was a relative surplus in fixed assets investment;In the aspect of output,insufficient fiscal revenue and income of urban residents had became important economic factors, The effect of ecological factors on land use efficiency began to appear during the research period.(3)Countermeasures:By rationally allocating labor resources while paying attention to improving the economic efficiency and ecological efficiency of land use is a realistic way to improve the land use efficiency of Jilin Province.

Abstract：Soil carbon pool plays a decisive role in maintaining the carbon balance of the ecosystem, and soil organic carbon is an indispensable part of the carbon pool in nature. Therefore, the study of soil organic carbon is of great significance for the carbon balance of the global ecosystem. This paper uses semi-variance function and kriging interpolation to analyze the vertical characteristics and spatial differentiation of mountain soil organic carbon, and uses geographical detector to conduct correlation analysis on the environmental factors affecting the distribution of soil organic carbon based on the measured data of soil organic carbon in Baotianman. The results showed that: ① the soil organic carbon of Baotianman is between 0.31 and 7.7 g/kg, which is a low level. The highest value (7.70 g/kg) appears at 987 m of the north slope; ② for different soil depth of semivariance function model, 0-20 cm and 40-60 cm of gaussian model fitting effect is more apparent, 20-40 cm of the spherical model fitting effect is good, and the linear model for 60-80 cm and 80-100-cm soil depth better fitting effect. Kriging interpolation showed that the depths of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm share similar space differentiation characteristics，increasing from the southwest to the northeast, and 40 to 60 cm around space differentiation in soil organic carbon is low in the southwest and high in the northeast;③ different soil depths in Baotianman are influenced by a single environmental factor in a different degree. The explanatory power is between 0.127 to 0.407, in which the NDVI shows the most significant explanatory power of soil organic carbon (0.407) in soil depth between 0-20 cm and elevation in soil depth between 40-60 cm (0.373). Interaction detection results show that the NDVI and slope explanatory power topped the list, elevation and and other factors increased significantly after interaction detection, indicating that soil organic carbon in Baotianman is influenced by many environmental factors, rather than a single factor.

Abstract：The water quality of Danjiangkou reservoir is good on the whole, but the problem of excessive total nitrogen is prominent. To clarify the distribution and output characteristics of nitrogen in different types of small watershed, and optimize the formulation of nitrogen control measures in the reservoir area, typical watershed around the reservoir was selected to carry out observation and analysis of nitrogen concentration in water. The results showed: (1) The average total nitrogen content in Yujiawan (hoggery type) was 21.23 mg/L, and that in Wulongchi (village type) was 4.00 mg/L, higher than that in Qianjiagou (natural type) and Zhanggou (farmland type). Wulongchi had the highest nitrate nitrogen, with an average of 2.37 mg/L, while Zhanggou had the lowest, with an average of 1.06 mg/L. The content of ammonia nitrogen in Yujiawan is much higher than that in Qianjiagou and Zhanggou. (2) The downward trend of ammonia nitrogen along Qianjiagou was significant (p<0.05), and the nitrate nitrogen (p<0.01) and total nitrogen (p<0.01) increased significantly in Zhanggou. The micro-topographic structure such as the pit wetland may be the main factor affecting the nitrogen change along the small watershed. (3) The concentration of nitrogen in Qianjiagou and Wulongchi was higher in winter (from December to February), lower in summer and autumn (from June to November), and fluctuated the most in spring (from March to May). The high value of nitrogen in Zhanggou appeared in June, while the high value of nitrogen concentration in Yujiawan appeared in August. (4) In Yujiawan, ammonia nitrogen was the main nitrogen. In Wulongchi, Zhanggou and Qianjiagou, nitrate nitrogen dominated. Based on the above conclusions, the distribution and quantity of different types of small watershed should be systematically sorted out for subsequent nitrogen control in danjiangkou reservoir area, with the emphasis on ammonia nitrogen pollution in hoggery type small watershed and nitrate nitrogen pollution in village type small watershed.

Abstract：River is the channel of the terrestrial carbon cycle and an important carbon exchange place, particularly, with the small watershed as a hotspot. In order to explore the characteristics of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export in karst catchments under the effect of human activities, the water samples were collected in Youyu River, Baiyan River and Jinzhong River of Aha Lake. The main physical and chemical characteristics and DOC concentration were analyzed from December 2017 to February 2018, and then calculated the DOC export flux. The DOC concentration of Youyu River, Baiyan River and Jinzhong River were 4.78±2.11, 5.61±2.27, 7.40±2.51 mg/L， respectively, and the DOC flux were 2.71, 2.91, 3.82t/(km2. a). The result showed that the temporal and spatial variation of DOC concentration in the Aha Lake was obvious. The DOC concentration was related to the precipitation，land-use types and water quality indexs, and the human external input did significant impact on DOC. The small-size watershed usually possessed higher DOC export flux than that of large rivers, especially the rivers impacted by municipal wastewater. Thus, the role it played in the global carbon cycle could have been underestimated.

Abstract：Water temperature is an important factor affecting the effect of crop irrigation. In order to clarify the effect of low-temperature water at the intake of a specific reservoir on irrigation and the effect of various low-temperature water mitigation measures in the irrigation area, taking the first phase of the North Main Canal of Xiangjiaba Irrigation Area as the research object, quantitatively analyze the effect of low-temperature water mitigation measures in the irrigation area. The results show that compared with the natural water temperature of the dam site, the maximum decrease of water temperature in irrigation area can reach 2.1℃ during the operation of single reservoir (in the near future), and it can reach 3.1℃ after combined operation of cascade power stations (in the long term). The long-term low-temperature water effect of the dam construction is greater than that of the near future. The irrigation water temperature of nearest ditch (Baixi Ditch) decreases by 3.1℃ in April, while that of the far ditch (Liangmu Ditch) decreases by 1.3℃.The farther the irrigation canal is from the intake, the smaller the decrease of irrigation water temperature, the effect of low-temperature water in front of 38 km of the main canal in the north of Xiangjiaba is significant, while less effects beyond 38 km. The temperature increase effect of stoplog gate is similar to that of sunning water pool, the temperature increase effect is about 0.4 ~0.9℃ in April. Using existing water conservancy facilities such as ponds, pits to supplement the sunning water pools to increase the temperature of low-temperature water has a significant improvement effect, the range of temperature increase in April is about 1.3-1.7℃. The research results can provide decision-making basis for the management departments of lake and reservoir to make short-term and long-term operation plans.

Abstract：This paper based on a rural survey in the Yangtze River Basin including 1 027 farm households in Sichuan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces, this paper uses Structural Equation Model (SEM) and Bootstrapping methods to analyze the mechanism and effects of aging exerts on green grain production. The findings are as follows. First, the aging of labor force is found to have negative influence on green grain production by the mediating mechanism of absorption capacity. Second, the mediating effects of factor substitution and decision dependence are significantly positive and higher than that of absorption capacity. Therefore, the total indirect effect of aging of agricultural labor exert on green grain production is positive. Third, the total effect of the aging of agricultural labor on green grain production is negative and significant since the direct effect is negative and higher than the indirect effect. Accordingly, the study considers that the aging of labor force is not only a challenge, but also an opportunity for the green transformation of grain production.

Abstract：Using 2068 survey data of Jiangxi province and the theory of goal setting for reference, this paper empirically analyzed the main effect and adjustment effect of expected benefits and capability approach on the adoption intention of farmers’ ecological farming and the influence of intergenerational differences. The results show that: (1) Expected benefits have a significant impact on farmers’ ecological farming adoption intention: high expected benefits have a positive effect on farmers’ ecological farming adoption intention, while low expected benefits have a negative effect on farmers’ ecological farming adoption intention; Moreover, there are intergenerational differences in the effect of expected benefits on the adoption intention of farmers’ ecological farming. (2) The improvement of the capability approach has a positive impact on the adoption intention of farmers’ ecological farming, and has a regulating effect on the relationship between their expected benefits and the adoption intention of ecological farming. Therefore, farmers should be encouraged to conduct ecological farming and strengthen the recognition of expected benefits through demonstration. Increase the basic knowledge of ecological farming publicity and related skills training to improve their own ability; the incentive policies of ecological farming should reflect the differences to adapt to the intergenerational differences.

Abstract：It is important to measure the welfare level of farmers after they have withdrawn from their homesteads to achieve centralized living in the context of farmers’ differentiation, which is necessary to ensure the differential needs of farmers in the process of new urbanization. Based on the 242 survey data of farmers surveyed in Gongdao Town, Yangzhou City, which has completed the exit of the homestead in 2018, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to empirically analyze the difference in the impact of the centralized residence on the welfare level of farmers with different differentiation characteristics. The results show that: (1) The total fuzzy index of welfare after the farmers withdraw from the house site is 0.584, and the welfare status is good. The family economic status and social security status are the main factors affecting the welfare level of the farmers, endowment insurance and housing quality are the focus of attention of farmers at this stage. (2) Concentrated living has different effects on the welfare status of farmers with different differentiation characteristics. Under the characteristics of occupational differentiation, the higher the degree of differentiation of farmers, the better the welfare status; Under the characteristics of economic differentiation, the welfare level of farmers has shown a trend of “first rise and then fall”. (3) There are differences in the welfare effects of concentrated living on the functional activities of farmers with different differentiation characteristics. The higher the level of occupational differentiation and vertical economic differentiation of farmers, the better their family economic status; Occupational differentiation class I and economically differentiated low-income farmers have lower social security levels, while high-income farmers have higher compensation needs for social security; The difference in the impact of concentrated living on social opportunities, living conditions and landscape environment of various types of farmers is not significant. Therefore, local governments should fully consider the compensation needs of different types of farmers, establish a flexible welfare compensation system including social security such as pension and medical care as soon as possible, and improve the human capital of farmers to achieve sustainable livelihoods. And from the various functional activities that constitute the welfare of farmers, the various types of peasant groups are meticulously compensated, combined with the characteristics of farmers’ differentiation to promote non-agricultural employment of farmers, and meet the core urbanization needs of farmers’ employment and income.

Abstract：In order to cope with the agricultural non-point source pollution caused by the high application rate of chemical fertilizers, the rice-shrimp co-cultivation model in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River came into being. Based on the data of 509 sample households obtained by the research team in Jiangsu and Hubei provinces from July to August 2018, the propensity score matching method (PSM) was used to explore the existence and effect of fertilizer reduction effect of rice-shrimp co-cultivation model. The conclusions of the study show that: (1) Farmers adopting the rice-shrimp co-feeding model do have significant fertilizer reduction effects, with an average reduction of 716.895 yuan/ha, which is the government’s attempt to reduce agricultural non-point source pollution by promoting the rice-shrimp co-feeding model. Rationality provides evidence; (2) The average treatment effect of fertlizer application farmers adopting the rice-shrimp co-feeding model after treatment with PSM method is -662.364, further confirming that the fertilizer reduction effect of rice-shrimp co-feeding mode exists and is significant, while the OLS model returns high. Estimated its fertilizer reduction effect. Based on this, this paper believes that the rice-shrimp co-feeding model should be promoted and actively developed in the village to strengthen its leading role.

Abstract：Based on the survey data of Hubei Province in 2017, the article estimates the policy guidelines represented by government support and government supervision, and the informal institutions represented by peer mutual assistance and village supervision to influence the investment willingness of large-scale aquaculture professionals. The Lasso model was used to further screen the variables to improve the explanatory power of the model and to test the robustness. The results show that for the binding system, whether the government supervision or the village supervision is not conducive to the promotion of the investment willingness of large-scale aquaculture professionals, and for the incentive system, the mutual assistance between the breeding peers can significantly enhance their willingness to invest in environmental governance. This conclusion coincides with the policy change of China’s rural environmental governance from “who pollutes, who pays” to “who benefits, who pays”, emphasizing the important role of incentives in environmental governance, while highlighting the importance of peer communication and peer interaction in the cultivation of environmental governance consciousness.

Abstract：Land use planning regulation causes that there are differences in the protection of cultivated land resources among different regions and also leads to constraints on regional economic development,resulting in the loss of opportunities and interests for relevant groups.Based on the carrying capacity of cultivated land protection, the paper determines the spatial spillover area of regional cultivated land protection and utilizes opportunity cost to calculate loss of cultivated land protection per unit area.Then, on the basis of building wipeout coefficient, the paper calculates spatial spillover value of cultivated land protection and regional fiscal transfer payment under interregional planning control, which can provide theoretical basis for establishing regional economic compensation and fiscal transfer payment.The results showed that:(1)Chengdu, Panzhihua and Ya’an are the cities with spatial spillover value deficit of cultivated land protection in Sichuan Province, and Chengdu has the largest deficit, which reach 650.71 thousand hectares. There are 14 cities with spatial spillover value surplus of cultivated land protection, of which Ziyang is the largest city with a surplus of 219.98 thousand hectares, and Neijiang is the city with balance of space spillover in cultivated land resources protection. (2) By using the method of opportunity cost, the opportunity loss of cultivated land protection is estimated to be 253 000 yuan per hectare.(3)Regarding the fiscal pressure of local governments, the total amount of compensation in surplus area is viewed as the total amount oin spatial spillover deficit area.Therefore, the payment amount of Chengdu city is 4 167.752 5 million yuan, that in Panzhihua is 1 251 000 yuan, and that in Ya’an is 834 000 yuan. The result of calculation has certain value in practice significance.