Abstract: Based on the situation in China, this paper discussed the use of organic manure and its role in agricultural production in China. The effect of fertilization on the quality of agricultural product, on the contribution of soil fertility, effect of organic and inorganic fertilization on atmosphere and water environment were also discussed. It is pointed out that there is some misunderstanding on the use of chemical fertilizer. This misunderstanding is that using chemical fertilizer will pollute environment, and only using organic manure can solve the problem. It is indicated that as a country with large population, China will need chemical fertilizers for agriculture in a long period in the future. Chemical fertilizer supplies sufficient, reasonable and balanced condition for the requirement of people to quantity but also to the quality of agricultural products. Reasonable chemical fertilizer application will improve crop quality, improve soil fertility, reduce greenhouse gas and water pollution. Chemical fertilizer is hurtless. The problem of the fertilization comes from unreasonable use. For the issues of fertilizers and fertilization in the future, we should pay more attention to produce high quality and high efficienct chemical fertilizers, try to extend scientific fertilization techniques and increase fertilization efficiency.

Key words: organic manure, chemical fertilizer, agriculture, environment