Abstract: It is of great significance to protect farmers’ grain cultivation enthusiasm and agricultural production willingness so as to consolidate the foundation of agriculture in economy and guarantee national food security. Based on the field survey data of 769 rural households in Hubei Province, using the family burden as the perspective, the paper analyzes the effect of the ratio of supporting the elderly and raising children on agricultural production willingness by using Logit regression model. And the paper further studies the agricultural production willingness heterogeneity affected by the ratio under different conditions. The main finds are as follows: (1) the ratio of supporting the elderly and raising children has a significant positive impact on farmers’ agricultural production willingness, and the bigger the ratio is, the stronger the willingness is. (2) Owing to the differences in supporting conditions faced by farmers of different age groups, the ratio has a significant positive effect on the non-aging groups’ agricultural production willingness, but has little effect on the old age groups, (3) For the households with different income levels, the economic and time pressure brought by the ratio has various influences on the production willingness which are significant in the low and high income groups, while not significant in the medium income groups.