Abstract: The livelihood placement of retreated fishermen is the key to the smooth implementation of the ten-year ban on fishing in the Yangtze River.How to prevent and avoid the tendency of poverty and return to poverty in the livelihood transformation and realize the sustainable development of retreated fishermen is of great practical significance.Based on the field survey data of fishermen in the Yangtze River basin，the livelihood risks of different areas and types of fishermen in the Yangtze River basin were identified and evaluated by establishing a livelihood risk index system.The Binary Logistic model was used to analyze the impact mechanism of livelihood risk on response strategy to providing support for formulating an effective livelihood risk prevention system and guarantee mechanism.The research showed that：(1) The livelihood mode of retreated fishermen in the Yangtze River area was mainly part-time，and the income source was mainly non-agricultural income; (2) After the implementation of the fishing ban policy，the livelihood diversification index of fishermen in the Yangtze River region showed an overall downward trend, facing higher livelihood risks, with a livelihood risk multiplicity index of 8.5; (3) Retreated fishermen were faced with multiple risk factors.Natural risk，ecological risk and policy risk were the three main risks.Differences existed for the livelihood risks of different areas and different types of fishermen.(4) Finding alternative work and borrowing money were the most important strategic choices for the fishermen to cope with risks.The follow-up assistance policy should further build the livelihood capital foundation of the retreated fishermen，reduce their livelihood risks，and ensure the realization of "retreat，stability and prosperity".