Urbanization modifies river system, resulting in difficulties to divide watershed in urban areas. Based on water conservancy zones, a concept similar to watershed, this paper analyzed the effect of urbanization on river system evolution in Shanghai and the features of stream structure in accordance with some novel indicaters and a large number of local data from Shanghai Water Authority. Horton laws still play important roles in river system evolution in Shanghai. The regional physical characteristics was the base for river system growth. Because of urbanization influence, the ability of stream length development was weaker than the stream area development. Values of some traditional indicators were beyond the general scope, and river function indicators were closely related to structure indicators. The core indicators for describing the river system were the ratio of water area to whole area, the ratio of river cannel area to whole area, the mean ratio of river ramification, the mean ratio of stream length and the river channel storage and the adjustable river channel storage.

The edge aea between Jiangsu and Shanghai refers to the area with some common administrative characters of Jiangsu and Shanghai ,and in general with a close economic relationship. This study takes Nantong and Suzhou both in Jiangsu Province as the case. First, we summarized the spatial and the temporal change in the edge area between Jiangsu and Shanghai,with findings of three phases during historic evolvement in a temporal dimension, and regional difference of cooperation in a spatial dimension. Then we analyzed the main reason which caused the territorial difference in regional economic cooperation in edge areas between Jiangsu and Shanghai. On the basis of study mentioned above, we evaluated the cooperation performance in edge areas between Jiangsu and Shanghai, and considered the cooperation performance is apparent, and pointed out the direction of comparative is economic integration. On the basis of comparative analysis of three typical regional cooperation patterns of NAFTA, EU and APEC, we finally put forward several strategies in advancing cooperation in edge areas between Jiangsu and Shanghai.

The main purpose of this research is to study the evolution process and spatial disparities of foreign investment in cities and counties along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province after 1990 year. By studying of standard deviation and warp coefficient of foreign investment in this region, three stages of foreign investment are divided .These three stages are the expanding stage(1990/1993—1999), the dropping stage（1999—2001）and the high rising stage (after 2001). The spatial disparity of foreign investment distribution in this region and its causes are also analyzed with the aid of Factor analysis in which 36 counties and cities of this region are chosen as the case. The four factors are abstracted from 14 varibles and the first twins are general economic factors and they are more important than the laters . The results suggest that the regional disparities of foreign investment are mainly resulted from the difference in geographic and human situations and the regional policies to attract foreign investment should focus on improving these economic factors.

Urbanization develops with industrialization, which in turn can promote the development of urban area. The scale and the construction of urban will be different in different stages of industrialization. The relationship will vary from dual structures to a transforming one and to a merged one in the end. The different flowing ways of factors in different stages of city expansion will play different role in affecting the development of city and rural area as well as the regional distribution of industries. This paper analyzes the pattern of city center and its rural area of Ningbo city based on its unique location and regional backgrounds, and points out the problems in relation to the industrial spatial division and competitions between the city center and the rural area. The horizon urban system of Ningbo city has affected the functions of the center city. Proposals have been given, such as establishing the logistic center, enhancing functions of the center city, and the net development of the towns etc.

The Yangtze Basin is a region with most flourishing economy and the allocation of all factors is most sound in China. The economy development is very speedy, but some problems exist. The transportation is a major factor to influence the sustainable development of economy and society in the Yangtze basin. In this paper, the author analyzes across-the-board the transportation of the Yangtze basin. There are some problems about transportation that block the development of economy and society such as shortages of integrated transportation network, construction of transportation lagging behind development of economy and regional difference of transportation. Finally, some advice and measures are put forward.

There are 5 main factors affecting the sustainable development of every country in the world, which are population, resource, environment, institution and technology. In this paper, a five-factor analysis model for the sustainable development of typical PRED system is generalized, and the importance extent of each factor is studied. The scale of regional population may speed up or slow down the regional economy development, and the situation of natural resources and geographical environments may also increase or reduce the difficulty of socio-economic development, but these 3 factors are not decisive, while only institution is the most important factor. The advanced science and technology will not be transformed into the real productivity without a good institutional system.

This paper reviews the recent achievements in the study of water resources allocation, discussing the characteristics of water resources allocation in China and its relationships with Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) advocated by the United Nations, emphasizing the importance of IWRM in the Yangtze Basin for the entire Chinese society. The water resources allocation in China is consistent with IWRM. The IWRM in the Yangtze drainage basin is a scientific issue with multi-disciplinary characteristics. The IWRM at the basin level is a fundamental basis for water resource allocation at national level and at economic sector level. Priorities should be given to entire hydrological system, so as to firstly optimize the water resource utilization and management at basin level. As a basis for water allocation at basin level, the environmental water requirement is an important issue and should receive much attention. Under the priority principle, the administration in each province in the basin and water-users may find the common guild-lines, goals and detailed measures through discussions and negotiations, so that each party can reach its own interests without causing any harm to other parties. To follow the principle of “the integration of river basin management with provincial management”, as stated in “the Water Laws”, is a key point in the future for the IWRM. The Yangtze Law, which is to be established should provide detailed legal articles for implementing IWRM. The institutional reforms are necessary both for the river basin commission and for the provincial administrations, in order to create a favorable environment for implementing IWRM. To enforce the public participation is an important challenge in China and requires extensive studies.

Types of land uses are extracted from remote sensing images obtained in 1987, 1998 and 2000. The land uses conversion matrixes in the study area over two time periods, 1987~1998 and 1998~2000 were analyzed based on GIS. During the 1987~2000 period, the proportion of lands with conversions was as high as 5.84% among the total lands. The settlement and built-up areas increased distinctly and farmlands decreased obviously in the last 13 years. There are two major types of land use changes—conversion from farmlands to settlement and built-up areas, water surface areas, tea gardens and orchards, and conversion from bare lands to forest lands. These two types of land use changes constitute about 89.96% to the total changes. Farmlands loss has been the largest figure among different types of changes during this period. 9294.48 hm2 of farmlands lost in the study area, accounting for 9.36% of the total farmlands. Smaller area underwent changes from water surface areas to farmlands, forestlands to farmlands, and bare lands to settlement and built-up areas, ponds and reservoirs. The main driving force of land use changes is the policy shifts due to demand of social-economic development and population growth.

Land use/cover change is an important part of regional change and an obvious form of anthropogenetic effects. Nanchang City is one of the developing regions between Beijing-Guangzhou economic belt and coastal regions. In recent years, the contradiction between human and land use is becoming serious with the rapid development of economy. Based on data of land use/cover change, this paper has studied the characters of land use/cover change in Nanchang city, and the conclusions are given as follows：(1) The pattern of land use is mainly composed of cultivated land, water areas and woodland; (2) There is an increase in construction land and a decrease in cultivated land, so land use change of structure is closely related to urbanization; (3) Both the index of the individual event and comprehensive index in Nanchang City are higher than the average level in China; (4)During the period between 1991 and 2001, land use/ cover diversity index and fractal dimension gradually strengthened gradually,. The trend in the change between 1991 and 1996 was obviously bigger than between 1996 and 2001, but enhancement tendency is weakening at the last period.

Within Poyang Lake Zone, a unique tourism zone which includes famous mountain, river, lake and famous cities is established. The tourism zone is composed of Poyang Lake, the surrounding counties of Hukou, Xinzi, Dean, Yongxiu, Xinjian, Nanchang, Jinxian, Yugan, Poyang, Duchang and Lushan Area of Jiujiang City and Nanchang City. In order to develop Poyang Lake Zone into a famous national tourism destination integrated with tourism, making holiday, entertainment, and leisure, the tourism organizations and destinations of the Zone should obey the principles of integrity, region, market, the citizen’s participation, and operation and give full rein to the economic, social and environmental function in Poyang Lake Tourism and put the developing strategy of management with scale and unity into effect. Tourism image identity system is formed through MI, VI, and BI, and the unique and attractive market image idea is formed on the base of this. Tourism image propaganda slogan is put forward for different destination market and various customers and the new tourism image with local characteristics is created, according to Poyang Lake geographical context, civil context, the features of the tourism resources and the theme of tourism products. The integrated tourism theme image is established. That is “mountain, river and lake of the East, the Rind garden of the world”. And the integrated tourism theme image propaganda slogan is “the miracle of mountain, river and lake all over the world” or “the cities of mountain, river and lake in China”.

As one of the regions in China abundant in pteridophytes, Sichuan including Chongqing comprises ca. 880 species of ferns and fern allies, belonging to 52 families and 141 genera in accordance with Ching’s (1978) systems, Dryopteridaceae, Athyriaceae and Polypodiaceae with 192, 133 and 119 species respectively, are the three most important families, contributing 50.5% of the total species in this region. They are followed by Thelypteridaceae, Sinopteridaceae, Aspleniaceae, Pteridaceae, Selaginellaceae, and Hemionitidaceae, with more than 20 species each. Polystichum Roth, Dryopteris Adans. and Athyrium Roth are the biggest three genera in this region, with 86, 62 and 53 species recognized respectively and accounting for 22.8% of total species, followed by Asplenium L., Lepisorus (J. Sm.) Ching, Cyclosorus Link, Pteris L., Allantodia R. Br., Selaginella Beauv. and Phymatopsis J. Sm., with more than 20 species each, while nearly 85% of the genera have less than 10 species in this region. The genera in this region can fall into 13 distribution patterns and in summary they are composed of five floristic components. The tropical genera constitute 53.9%, but their values of floristic presence (VFP) are relatively low; the East Asia genera 16.3%, and some of them have quite high VFP. The other three components are cosmopolitan (12.1%), temperate (12.7%) and Chinese endemics (5.0%). There is no endemic family, and Cystoathyrium Ching is locally endemic of the seven Chinese endemic genera in this region. The Chinese endemic species summed up to 387 and account for nearly 44% of the total number of species in this region. For these endemic species, 32% are endemic to Sichuan including Chongqing; the others are mainly shared with southwest China (22.5%) and the whole part of southern China (26.1%). There are 10 species of pteridophytes are included in the first checklist of Chinese protective rare and endangered plants, of which 3 species are grade I and 7 species grade II. Further studies are necessary to understand the intra-regional floristic differentiations and to compare the floristic components with other regions.

In order to acquire the accurate evaluation results of farmlands’ quality in the region along the Yangtze River in Jiangsu province, this paper uses the calculation method of natural quality scores to pursue this evaluation. The qualities of farmlands in the western of the research region which is located in Ning-Zheng-Yang hilly area are diverse. Every class of farmlands are distributed here and the differences between the areas of each class are small. The qualities of farmlands in the southern of the research region which is located in Taihu Lake plain area are superior. And the qualities of farmlands in the northern of the research region have the features as following: the farmlands in the eastern and western parts are comparatively good, while those in the middle part are comparatively in a low quality. Based on the evaluation results, this paper advances the proposals for the harmonious development between farmland, environment protection and economy elevation from the aspects of exerting the farmland production potentiality, integrative exploitation of the land resource reserves, enhancing economical output rates of the non-farmlands, consummating the restrict mechanism of conversion between farmlands and non-farmlands, developing circular economy and combination of source control and service to overall production process.

Twenty-four indexes of agriculture ecological pattern were analyzed with the principal components analytic method to red soil region of southeast of China. The result indicated that, the output value per labour force , the output value of unit field area, the output value per person are the major indexes of the first principal components, the balance index of N, the output value per labour force and the pesticide quantity per unit field area are the major quotas of the second principal components, the balance index of P, the balance index of K and the output value per person are the major indexes of the third principal components. The comprehensive evaluation result indicated the score of the pattern of the farming - animal husbandry -machining in Yujiang is the highest, thus it is a best agricultural ecological pattern. The comprehensive evaluation result has provided the reliable choice and the development basis for ecological agriculture pattern in the red soil region.

The process to converse cultivated land to forest or grassland is intended to improve ecological environment and to increase earnings of farmers. The response of different farmers is related to the degree of soil and water conservation in a region. Taking Fengcheng County in jiangxi Province as an example, the paper built a model, named as data envelopment analysis (DEA) based on the questionnaire obtained from household farmers to evaluate farmer’s response to the introduction of this conversion policy. It is found that household farmers behavior in water and soil conservation is different from one area to another. The validity of DEA in three regions studied differed, being at 25.86％、24.14％、24.14％, with the major reasons identified as the non-agricultural earnings and the compensation of the introduction of this conversion policy. Shangzhuang town has the advantages in introducing this policy as it has a higher non-agricultural income. Several advices were proposed in this paper in order to better introduce this policy.

This paper summarizes the situation of mercury pollution in Shanghai, China. The average content of mercury in Huangpu River is apparently high. The distribution of mercury in water and sediments is consistence with that of industry and agriculture, characteristic of wave change. Mercury content is highest in middle reach, and lowest in upper reach, and middle in lower reach. Corresponding to mercury distribution in the river, mercury distribution in sediments is in accordance with deposition dynamics of sediment. Positions with high mercury in sediments are located relatively in downstream of positions with high mercury in water. The amount of mercury exported to the Yangtze River from the Huangpu River is increasing year after year. The baseline of mercury is also high in soils. High baselines of environmental pollutions are related with the long history of industries in this area. They are harmful to human health with properties of low dose and long time exposure. It is now hard to control and manage. With the economy development, centers of banking, business, and trade are emerging in central district of Shanghai and a worldwide production base is forming around Shanghai. The new distribution of economy will change the environmental situation of Mouth of Yangtze River and near East Sea. Based on the analysis of economy effect on environmental record，this paper emphasizes the necessary to study the environmental pollution in Mouth of Yangtze River and coastal water.

According to the concept of ecosystem health, the index system of urban ecosystem health was set up by using the frame of pressure, status and response. The principal components method was used to find out main indexes with their weights assessed. Then Fuzzy optimal assessment model was used to predict the trend of system development, which could avoid the problem of unknown standard value of index in other researches. Combined with urban planning targets，the model could be effectively used to assess the urban ecosystem health. As a case study in Shanghai, the results showed that Shanghai urban ecosystem health had been improved during the years of 1995 to 2000, indicating that the development of environment, society and economic became harmonious, while some of the indexes were bad and a gap still existed between the current status and the expected of the system.

Based on the Constanza’s ecosystem service value theory, we calculated the change of the ecosystem service value（ESV） of Kunshan City, Jiangsu province. The results show that the ecosystem value（ESV）has descended dramatically since 1994. The total ESV has lowered by 8.9 per cent and average ESV drops 13.0 per cent due to the expansion of residential and commercial land. The calculation also indicates that the sensitivity coefficients are all inelastic. According to the calculation, the change of water area acreage magnifies the change of ESV 2.5 to 2.7 times. The change of cropland to residential and commercial lands impacts the security of foodstuff, while the change of water mainly impacts the ecosystem service function.

On the basis of the trophic evaluation criterion of lakes, the eutrophication status of most lakes in Jiangsu were estimated, with the analysis on the cause of formation and controlling ways in south area and north area in Jiangsu, as well as in outskirts of cities. It is indicated that all outskirt lakes were eutrophic or hyper-eutrophic; the lakes in north Jiangsu province were meso-eutrophic, and similar to the lakes in south Jiangsu. The trophic degree of lakes in east Lake Taihu was one grade higher than those in the west. The majority of lakes in the north in Jiangsu are water-carrying, liable to suffer from industrial and agricultural waste water in pulse discharge. The cause of lake eutrophication in south Jiangsu is more complex and they were mainly impacted by town effluent and industrial and agricultural waste water which hold nitrogen and phosphorus in high concentration. The efficient ways to control eutrophic lakes in Jiangsu Province is to strictly control headstream discharge of the pollutants from the various pollution sources in catchments, adequate application in wetland purification function of the net-rivers and to perform some environmental engineering of sludge dredging and ecological reconstruction in moderation.

In order to correctly evaluate the trophic state of a lake and then to establish scientific basis for the prevention of lake eutrophication, a lake eutrophication stochastic assessment method (LESAM) by using Bayes formula is proposed. In this method, according to the maximum likelihood ordering principle, the assessment order of each water quality index of an actual lake was firstly derived through calculating the probability of each of those water quality indices belonging to the assessment order used in the lake eutrophication assessment criteria. Secondly, the assessment order of lake eutrophication is derived by using the weighting average method. The characteristics of LESAM are that the method is simple, and the computation work is moderate. LESAM, together with other two methods, i.e. the lake eutrophication fuzzy assessment method (LEFAM) and the lake eutrophication gray assessment method (LEGAM), has been tested against the measured data of 30 lakes all over the country. It is found that the difference of assessment results among those three methods is not greater than 1 order in 29 lakes, i.e. 96.6％ of the total lakes. It is concluded that all these three methods (LESAM, LEFAM, and LEGAM) have comparable computation precision. Though in lake eutrophication assessment we can calculate the weight of each water quality index according to the correlation coefficient between each water quality index and chlorophyll, this method only suits the lakes of phytoplankton type. As to the equally weighting average method, it can be used for any kind of lakes. For there is a lot of uncertainty involved both in determining the number and type of water quality index in lake eutrophication assessment and in determining the assessment order and its corresponding standard water quality concentration, the lake eutrophication assessment methods also have uncertainty. It is suggested that the lake eutrophication assessment should be studied with various approaches in order to overcome the weakness of one particular method and to make assessment results more reasonable.

The removal rates of algae with different layers were compared in different 8 systems of small plot in summer with intermittent hydraulic loading of 800mm/d. The experimental results showed that the algae biomass decreased with water flows in different systems and the removal rate was maximum in effluent water. The constructed wetland was a good new ecological method for treating eutropic lakes water with abundant algae. The removal rate of algae in summer was up to 90%. The main effects on removing of algae were occurred in the frontal layers, and other layers were faintly efficient. Jointed up-flow and down-flow chambers removed algae. Plug-flow bed and pond systems also had roles in removing. In system substrate was dominant in removing algae, different directions of water flow, plant and microbiology had some effects. It will be an important sense to design constructed wetland with high removal efficiency of algae.

With the monitoring, the paper demonstrations changes of water environment in Xiangxi River backwater reservoir after the building up of Three Gorges Dam. The industry, residential point source along the river and phosphorus mine non-point source are great of water pollution load. The paper points out that the reduction in DO oxygen along the river were the major factors in fluencing water quality and and backwater reservoir ecosystem. It is predicted that change will lead to phosphorus density increase. To strengthen basins, non-point source pollution control, put the control into practice, build monitoring system online for pollution source, construct pollution treatment project, carry out research on oxygenation and direct-cleaning in lake or river, set up Three Gorges Reservoir water pollution control laws and region regulations, deal with properly the ex-development between resource exploitation and environment prevention, and walk on the sustainable development road are important measures.

With the increase of population and deepening of industrialization, human acquires more and more resources from nature while evacuating wastes to environment constantly, which have already exceeded supply and capacity of ecosystem and resulted in deterioration of ecological environment, lose of soil, degradation of grassland, withering of vegetation, decrease of biodiversity and global warming. All these have become so serious that people have difficulties to control. Hence, more and more people began to pay attention to sustainable development. This paper analyzed the relationship between the ecological footprints of China’s provinces in 1999 and their impact factors quantitatively with the principal components method. The results showed that the ecological footprints are impacted by the factors of numbers of corporations, social investment in fixed assets etc., in which population and GDP are the main impact factors. A problem worthy to be point out is that the correlation between non-agricultural population and ecological footprint is bigger than the correlation between agricultural population and ecological footprint, indicating that the amount of non-agricultural population can bring more impacts to ecological footprint than agricultural population resulted from the difference of model of consumption and standard of living. Based on the research, the regressive equation of ecological footprints and their impact factors is established in order to offer new ideas for the assessment of measuring sustainable development with the method of ecological footprint at regional level.

The ecological footprint theory developed by W E Rees and his student M Wackernagel, is the succinct and effective way to measure the human impact on the nature resources and judge whether human activities stay within carrying capacity. Taking Yuexi County in Anhui province as an example, this paper applies this method to analyze the sustainable development condition in the mountain area, and to explore the effective way to obtain sustainable development. Yuexi was in the condition of ecological surplus in 2002, and the ecological surplus was 0.076280hm2 per cap. The problems were also analyzed in relation to the utility of the resources by the meas of comparison with the national average ecological footprint and the analysis of its own ecological footprint demand and supply. This article put forward that ecotourism and ecological agriculture should be the only way for Yuexi county to obtain a sustainable development, with the suggestion of corresponding measures.

Climate modeling was carried out by MTCLIM for the up-reaches of Minjiang River. On the basis of data obtained in monitoring stations, the mean maximum temperature, mean minimum temperature and potential evaportransporation were estimated for the modeling period time from July to September,1995. The maximum of the three meteorological indexes all appeared in July and decreased gradually from July to September,with their spatial distribution changing correspondingly to the topographic change of the landscape but the potential evapotranspiration changed differently due to the effect of vegetation. The modeling result was verified by the obtained data in stations. The relative error of mean maximum temperature and mean minimum temperature was minor, while the potential evaportransporation was major. The modeling result was in general acceptable. When combining MTCLIM with GIS, the climate modeling may provide the spatial distribution of climate factors for advanced ecological process study, and also meteorological indexes for distributed watershed vegetation.

Eco-museum, a concept that was firstly introduced in the 1970s, is an emerging apparatus for preserving ethnic groups’ cultural heritages through living form of exhibition. The fundamental rationales of eco-museum lie in the theoretical foundation of ecology discipline. It is exercised through the display of a specific group’s entire cultural attributes within a specific geographical location. Eco-museum is distinctively different from its conventional counterparts not only for its visual forms but also for its predominately community-based and locality-driven approach and for its abilities to preserve authenticity locally through a “living” style of display. This paper is an exploratory study discussing the application of eco-museum in a Miao minority village in Suoga, Guizhou, China. It provides the background of the establishment of Suoga Eco-museum and identifies the opportunities and impacts that eco-museum presents to the minority villagers. It also examines problems associated with the development of an eco-museum: the search of local eco-museum definition, staged performance for tourism versus heritage preservation for sustainable development, and the adequate environmental capacity to accommodate tourist demands，and so on.

The Sanjiang(Three-parallel-Rivers) watersheds are the areas of Jinsha, Lancang and Nujiang Rivers of western Sichuan Province, northern Yunnan Province and eastern Xizang Autonomous region, China. The total area is 380,000 km2 with a population of 2 millions. This area is the source origin and ecological shield of several great rivers in Asia. The environment in this area fragile because of the high precipitous topography and strong geological activity that threats the social safety and agriculture development in downstream areas. The ecologically functional regionalization and construction, developing the marking indexes of environment quality will be the key step to fulfil the eco-environment engineering in this region. This will benefit the management and control the environment quality, forecasting the degeneration process and change tendency of ecological environment.

Traditionally, there are many differences between international rivers and inland rivers in management pattern, policy and law. But the management of these two kinds of rivers is applicable to either a way according to the entirety of river ecosystem. So the successful experience of international rivers management can be used by utilizers of inland rivers for reference. We consider the legislation pattern of drainage area management, the status of drainage area management institution and how to harmonize different interests in drainage area. It is the key to the sustainable development of drainage area that interests in drainage area is harmonized by the drainage area management institution.