The economic centers of the world are the important urban agglomeration districts under the condition of the economic globalization. At the present, urban agglomeration plans are being made in many cities and provinces. However, there are still many problems which should be considered. This paper takes HuNingHang district as an example to discuss the principle, general idea of urban agglomeration planning, spatial size, elements combination and counter measures of urban agglomeration planning. There are three new points of views on the integration of key elements of urban agglomeration development: the integration of urban development and natural elements; paying more attention to regional transportation management and rationalization of the economic elements of urban agglomeration. One of the purposes of this paper is to cause the public concern the further study on this field.

Agricultural nonpoint it sources pollution of Tai Lake become more and more serious. Therefore, enhancing environmental awareness is the available measure to control water pollution. This paper presented a survey designed for the evaluation of the rural public over environment in Tai Lake basin for the first time. The investigation found that the public have a prime concern over the cause of the water pollution, that public awareness is superficial; the pubic have dependence on government in environmental action but the enthusiasm of public participation was low; environment information channel was simple and hasn't been utilized; and finally the amount WTP of Daps town in 2003 is 0.55~0.98 million Yuan.

The disparity of farmland conversion to regional economic growth exists in China. To analyze the origin and the tendency of the disparity, this paper employs the Gini coefficient, weighted variation coefficient and Theil index to measure the contribution of farmland conversion to local GDP in the three main regions of China with provincial data from 1989 to 2001. The Theil index has been decomposed for further studying the main origin of the disparity. The result shows that the disparity in each region is the main source of the disparity at national level. In addition, it is revealed that the contribution of east region is increasing gradually, while that of the middle part is decreasing, and the west region's contribution is increasing gradually before 1999, then decreasing. The result implies that the key point of government intervention in allocating farmland conversion quota is to improve allocation efficiency in each region, but not between regions,for the effective use of resources, and maintain and of an equitable environment for the economic development in the whole country.

Based on the data of eight voyage′s cruise investigations in May and August from 2000 to 2003 in the water near the Changjiang estuary, this paper dealt with the approach for the zooplankton biomass and its variation in the area. Results showed that the higher biomass was distribution at the warm current side of the mixed formed by the warm current and the Changjiang freshwaters, while the lower biomass was located at the side of freshwaters in May. In August the higher biomass was distributed at both sides of freshwater and marine waters with the lower biomass in the mixed waters.The annual difference of biomass was related with the force of warm current near the Changjiang estuary in which the higher biomass was in the east. The high biomass area spreads towards the Changjiang estuary to make biomass expanding in waters when the force of warm current became stronger. On contrary, the high biomass area beflated because the force of warm current became weaker. This is why the biomass in the area reduced gradually from 2001 to 2003.The change in the dominant specids of zooplankton was the important reason influencing the diet biomass of Changjiang estuary.

Most of lakes along the Yangzte River were disconnected from the river because of hydrautic projects, which caused many ecological problems. Here, we took demonstration study of the ecological impacts of disconnection from the river on fish recources in Zhangdu Lake. Our results showed that: (1) Fishery mode changed and the rate of wild fishery production changed from 95% in 1949 to less than 5% in 2002. (2) Fish species have decreased from 80 in 1950s to 52 at present, and the rate of migrant and potamic species decreased from 50% in 1950s to 30% at present. (3) Comparing with the linking lake, Zhangdu Lake had higher fishing production, larger individual size, fewer species number and lower diversity index of “mihunzheng” fishery, a universal fishing tool in Yangtze. Therefore, disconnecting lake from Yangtze had significant negative impacts on lake fish resources, which resulted in the decrease of the wild fish diversity in the lake. 〖

The Fourlake Area located in the Middle Reach of the Yangtze River is very important in lake distribution in Jianghan Plain, and it had occupied large area in the historical period with the main body of the Yunmeng Swamp. As the RiverLake relationship changed and human activities increased, the area of lakes changed quickly and especially in the twentieth century. In this paper, the centenary changes of the area in the Fourlake Area were studied by interpreting on the water resources map，relief map and images of remote sensing supported by GIS. The results show that the area and amount of the lakes have been increasing since 1920's, in 1950's the area and amount of the lakes arrived to the highest; from 1950's to now, it decreased and intensively decreased during the period of 1950′s to 1970′s. This change was caused both by natural evolution and human impacts, with the human activities taking the leading position. Facing the present situation of the decrease, this paper proposes suggestions about the development, utilization and protection of lake resources.

The land use change and its spatial distribution from 1985 to 2000 in Taihu Basin are analyzed based on remote sensing and GIS data. It is illustrated that over the 15 years the area of arable land and badland decrease, and the builtup areas, woodland, grassland and water body increase. The changing trends are dominated by the decrease of arable land and the increase of builtup land. The main conversion types include arable land converting to builtup land, woodland converting to grassland, badland converting to woodland, and paddy land converting to water body. Each type of land use change has a dramatic spatial distribution. The prominent changes of arable land and builtup land are distributed around cities and along the traffic lines. Population explosion, urbanization, industrialization and adjustment of agricultural structure are the main factors of land use change in Taihu Basin.

As the indicator of land use sustainability, evaluation of land use efficiency is one of research topics on urban land use in recent years at home and abroad. In this paper,by analyzing the connotation of land use efficiency and research progress on land use efficiency evaluation, we established evaluation indicators for land use efficiency in rapid urbanizing areas from the aspects of society, economy, ecology and environment. Applying the method of AHP, we also defined the weight of each indicator. A case study in Jiangning county, Nanjing city, was carried out to analyze the features of regional spatial differentiation of land use efficiency. The results showed that the whole land use efficiency of Jiangning is moderate and coordinated, and there were significant regional difference in land use efficiency and coordinated degree between the 20 villages of Jiangning. According to the clustering of land use efficiency, the whole area was divided into 7 types of land use efficiency, i.e. land use area with high efficiency and coordinated degree, land use area with high efficiency and basic coordinated degree, land use area with high efficiency and low coordinated degree, land use area with moderate efficiency and high coordinated degree, land use area with moderate efficiency and basic coordinated degree, land use area with moderate efficiency and low coordinated degree, and land use area with low efficiency and basic coordinated degree. The key countermeasures to promote land use efficiency were also discussed.

Based on 1986 TM and 2000 ETM data，the land use and landscape pattern change in the source region of the Yangtze River was studied with geographical information system (GIS) and the analytic method of landscape ecological spatial patterns in both spatial and temporal aspects in this paper. Conclusions of this study are drawn as follows：from 1985 to 2000，woodland area reduced by 54.2%，wetland area by 42.69%，while the construction land，cultivated land area and unused land area increased by 120%，43.83% and 21.1% respectively. The area order of individual land use changes was grassland>unused land>wetland>water body> forestland> cultivated land> construction land. As a whole, the swap change was greater than its quantity. The analysis of the landscape pattern shows that the landscape fragmentation degree，the fractal degree and the diversity index increased，implying the enhancement of landscape heterogeneity. The ecoenvironment in the study area is very vulnerable to the land use change，resulting in land desertification and loss of water and soil. These changes result in the degradation of highcold meadow vegetation and wetland. Abnormal climate and irrational human activities were the major reason of these changes.

The Yangtze Valley, especially its lower reach, is the typical area of soil utilization. The study on regional diversities is an important measure illustrate geographical distribution law and important basic work of regional development and ecological environment conservation.By proposing a comprehensive index reflecting the condition of soil fertility the grade map of soil fertility with soil database in Jiangsu was established. According to the map，the regional characters and differences in soil fertility are analyzed. This result offers scientific reference for the implement of district programming in Jiangsu. The study shows that the application of Geostatistics combined with GIS in the field is of advanced and efficient in the regional diversity study.

In this paper，issues of ecology and environment were discussed in relation to sustainable development, based on investigating history of embankment agriculture and reclamation around lake. The main issues of ecology and environment were the frequency of flood and waterlogged disaster, the area of water surface, the biodiversity, the pollution of environment, the ecological function of wetland, the soil degradation and gleyization, schistosome disease. According to the above issues of ecology and environment, following countermeasures of sustainable development was suggested at embankment region of Dongting Lake: reducing sediment deposition by ecological project, establishing new patterns that the disaster was avoided and decreased by adjusting the production structure of agriculture, developing ecoagriculture models such as planting economical aquatic crop include lotus root etc, by changing farmland as lake,planting industry raw material crop including rape, potato and flax etc, by associating with enterprise; developing agroforestry combination pattern with the main plant being wood at higher land that was flooded seasonally, using the characteristics of Euramerican poplar that tolerates flood and waterlogging, and popularizing the substitutive agricultural pattern of herbivore at lakefront grassland.

A serial programme of ecological restoration for lake recovery and flood control were implemented, and a large amount of land resources were lost for farmers. In Dongting lake region, the farmers who implemented the project of lake recovery and flood control only had limited land resources,and animal husbandry has been chosen as a principle substitute industry in the demonstrative region of Yuanjiang and Hanshou county. The objectives of this paper are to probe the feasibility of developing green and organic animal husbandry. The results showed that the major indexes of sampling water are lower than those of the state sanitation standard of nonpublic hazard and green food on irrigating and feeding water except the coliform. The background values of heavy metals and fluorine in soil were also lower than those of the state sanitation standard of nonpublic hazard and green food in soil environmental background .The indexes of trace elements and heavy metals and fluorine of major feedstuffs and forages were lower than those of the state sanitation standard of nonpublic hazard and green food on feedstuffs and forages. At present, the higher copper, zinc, arsenic and chromium premixes were popularly used in the complete rations or supplements, and the environment and animal products could be influenced by the abusement of feed additives. On the other hand, a minority of feedstuffs and forages which has the ability of largely absorbing trace elements and heavy metals may provide the possibility to formulate reasonablely animal rations satisfied with the requirements of livestock and poultry. Furthermore, it is not necessary to supplement inorganic and organic trace elements in the complete ration in the future. It was found out that coliform populations were higher than those of the state standard, resulted possibly from implementing directly animal and human wastes into the field. So it is necessary to enhance the management of animal waste.

To control water and soil loss, the technology and model for ecoagricultural tourism in the slope land of the hilly land were discussed. The model of vertical ecolandscape was designed according to the slope and contour line: in the top land over 25 °, trees were planted to form a waterconserving forest; in the slope land between 15° and 25°, peach trees were planted; between 5° and 15°, loquats trees were planted; less than 5 °, special species of fruit trees, melons and vegetables were planted; the bottom field was characterized with water area of “rice and fish”, “lotus and fish”. Road system is consisted of concrete road running down the hills, stone passway going among the landscapes, low banks stretching among the fields. At both sides of the pathways, grasses and trees were planted. “Farmerfamilyentertainment” ecoagricultural tourism was distributed in the experimental area; a tourismstreet was built on the slope land; and ecoagricultural tourism industrialization was managed in the bottom fields. Interplanting models were designed with various species of crops ripening at different times. Vertical ecolandscapes brought in a special and abundant landscape efficiency , and functioned ecologically, economically and socially.

Based on the analysis of the dramatic change of cultivated land during the last 55 years in Zhongxian County of Chongqing City, this paper mainly explores the situation and composition of increased and decreased cultivated land from 1996 to 2003. The key causes of cultivated land change are discussed and the countermeasures of cultivated land protection and development are proposed. The result shows that the adjustment of agricultural structure is the main cause of cultivated land loss, which accounts for 82.25% of the total amount of cultivated land loss; the land devoting to nonagricultural constructions and flooded by rising water of the Three Gorges reservoir area are the secondary causes, which respectively account for 4.32% and 13.22% of the total amount of cultivated land loss. Among the newly added structure of cultivated land, reclamation of abandoned land is the main source of cultivated land increase at present, and the adjustment of agricultural structure is the second, which respectively account for 71.92% and 21.88% of the total increased cultivated land. This paper puts therefore forward some key countermeasures for farmland protection such as strict control of farmland occupation for nonagricultural constructions, improvement of the relative economic benefits of cultivated land, strengthening the arrangement and restoration of cultivated land, optimizing the major synthetic regulation for the basic construction of irrigation and water conservancy and strict control of population quantity, and so on.

An evaluation method for the gradation of cultivated land was developed on the basis of GIS, and fuzzy mathematics, and was then used for analyzing the gradation of cultivated land in Ezhou city in order to promote rational utilization and scientific management of arable land resources and also to set up an information system for arable land and for land market of urban and rural area. Factors and weight of affecting arable land quality were decided by grey analysis and AHP. ArcGIS was also used to obtain gradation unit, with layers analysis on buffer areas of trade centers and road overlaid by layers of other factors affecting cultivated land quality. The value of factors was standardized by different value functions, and indexes of gradation were calculated by the synthetic index method. Finally, cultivated land level was divided according to analytical clustering process (ACP). With ArcGIS, an evaluation map drawn on the gradation of cultivated land in Ezhou city. It is revealed that the quality in this area ranged from medium to high, and the areas in levels 2 and 3 accounted for 71.98%, which is in accordance with the local situation. By using buffer area analysis, reliable data of evaluation factors could be obtained with improved accuracy. It is proposed that the method used in the present study may also provide reference for other studies on land gradation.

Nowadays almost all the countries are concerned of the exploitation and land harnessing along big river watershed. Industry clusters of high density and high intensity under the great exploitation in Jiangsu Province along the Yangtze River will bring pressure onto the water quality in the river. On the basis of the social, economical and investigated environmental monitoring data, the results revealed that the pollutant load of Yangtze River in Jiangsu province contains 210 997.80×10\+4t total waste water,380 817.20 t COD\-\{Cr\} and 28 391.36t of NH\-3N in 2002，and will be 395 977.10×10\+4 t,598 197.80 t and 42 381.56 t respectively in 2010 as predic, with the increase ratio being 87.7 %,57.1 % and 49.3 % respectively. As for the polluted source treatment, more than 90% industrial waste water have met the discharge standard in China, but both domestic sewage disposal plant number and treatment depth can not meet the actual increase of domestic sewage treatment. On the purpose of the protection of ecological environment and the water source security, several principal countermeasures such as optimizing industrial structure, cutting down the pollutant load, strengthening the waste water treatment plant building and improving the main creeks treatment in the area are put forward.

Distribution and characteristics of heavy metals(Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Cr、Ni) in sediment columns from six lakes in Wuhan were investigated. The results demonstrated that the concentrations of heavy metals in lakes in urban area are invariably higher than sediments from lakes in suburb area, and the concentration of heavy metals in top sediment of the urban polluted lakes show some degree of accumulation when compared with deeper sediments in lake sediment columns, while heavy metals show no significant change among sediment columns in suburb lakes. Potential ecological risk index and fresh water sediment quality criteria were then used to assess the heavy metals ecological risk, which leld us to conclude that the potential risk order of elements were Cd> Hg> As> Cu> Pb>Zn; Moshu Lake is of the highest potential risk, Jinying Lake ranks the second, while the others have relatively small risk. But, overall, the potential ecological risk of investigated lakes in Wuhan is light, at least not very serious. With reference to the threshold obtained by Canadian ecological databank of sediment baseline, heavy metals in sediments of some lakes of relatively higher risk index may press negative effects to biota within the lake.

Yao′an County is one of the counties of selfremedy in the upper and middle reaches of The Yangtze River Project .In Yangpaihe small watershed ,the construction of four runoff plots in the same area, are the compared land, artificial renewal land, closing hillsides land and the sloping plantation land，respectively.The interference and invasion of human activities on the nature was controlled to improve the selfrestoration of ecology in this large area. The authors studied the important value of vegetation, soil physiochemical properties, the water and soil holding capacity and the economic benefits. Results show that：①The speed of plant rehabilitation is rapid after selfremedy of ecology. The vegetation coverage is all above 60%；②The soil structure and the nitrogen content are improved after ecology restoration；③The water holding and soil holding capacity is improved；④Economic benefits increased obviously.

Concentration of Zn, Cu, Pb, As and Cd was determined based on the analysis of water, sediment and Anodonta woodiana samples, which were collected from representative sites in Wulihu area of Taihu Lake between February and March 2003. Although the range of all metals studied in water samples did not exceed the National Water Quality Standard for Fisheries (GB 11607－89), relatively obvious contamination of Pb, and in particular Zn and As were found by the range in the samples of sediments and Anodonta woodiana. It is feasible to monitor and assess the contamination status of heavy metals studied by means of Anodonta woodiana as a bioindicator of “Mussel Watch”. It is suggested that Wulihu area of Taihu Lake is unsuitable for fishery. The residual contents of Pb, Cd and especially Zn, As in this edible mussel may be deleterious to the health of consumers.

Urban roof is one of the components of urban imperviable areas and the roof runoff is an important source of urban nonpoint source pollution. By analyzing the abroad research situation of roof runoff and experimental results ,it is indicated that the contaminants concentration of roof runoff is relatively high. The results indicated that the different roof materials,the using time of roofs and roofs in different area, the concentration of contaminants are different.The contaminants concentration of runoff from roof made with concrete or used for a long time or near traffic way was always high.The analysis of the first flush in dimensionless cumulative method indicated that the first flush was evident for roof runoff.Roof runoff can be treated easily and reused, which costs less and is an important source of urban water resource utilization.

Based on Landsat TM/ETM image, statistical document and reconnaissance field survey, soil erosion and land cover change as affected by measure of alternative energy were analyzed in Letianxi watershed. We found that the permanent vegetation cover increased from 80.6% in 1997 to 83.2% in 2002. Furthermore, the quality of vegetation cover was improved, and the area of more density cover type including forest and shrub increased 18.1% and 9.1% respectively. The area of intensive, moderate and slight erosion classes reduced 4.6km\+2, 26.4km\+2 and 11.5 km\+2 individually. The total soil erosion modulus was 507 259 t/a in 1997 and 371 592 t/a in 2002. It is indicated that the reduction sediment was 26.8%. At the same time, the annual average soil loss rate was approximately 1 241 t/km2 in 1997, whereas 909 t/km2 was found in 2002.

The basins of middle reaches of the Yangtze River are the worst flood area of whole basin. To study the variation regulation of the floods in this area and EI Nino events over a long historical period and to identify the teleconnection between them assure improvement in predictions of floods in the region. By using statistics analysis, both time series of the floods and EI Nino events since 1525 are studied. The results show that the main cycle of flood variation is longer than that of EI Nino events. The latter obviously shows the fluctuations of about 2year and 3～4 year period while the former is not so significant but can also be identified obviously the period of 2, 8 and 40 years (at least exceeding the level of confidence 0.03). By further analyzing the coupling fluctuation of the two time series, the significant teleconnections between them at both high and moderate frequency sections are found. The result turns out that the response of the floods along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River to the effects of El Nino events is not only immediately delay (see one year) as many Chinese scientists believe, but also can be somewhat longlived (as long as about 8 years). The results also explicate that the shorter the interval of EI Nino events, the sooner the following flood responds. Vice versa, flood could delay if the interval time of EI Nino events is longer. 

Based on daily observations of thunderstorm data for 38 stations in the regions of the Three Gorges during 1961～2001, the characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution of thunderstorm are analyzed, such as annual and seasonal variability, as well as first and last dates of thunderstorm over the Three Gorges area .The results show that the mean annual number of thunderstorm days are 34～45d, and interannual thunderstorm variability is large, the difference between the maximum and minimum of annual thunderstorm days is 27～61d. For the region as a whole ,the annual number of thunderstorm days have a decreasing trend with trend ratios reaching 1～7d/10a. The obvious seasonal variation of thunderstorm can also be detected in the Three Gorges region, and the period of April to August is the most frequent season for thunderstorm, in which the total number of thunderstorm days is comparatively high. The first dates of thunderstorm in the Three Gorges region are early in the east and late in the west, but the last dates seem relatively identical. The average duration of thunderstorm is 195～239 d, longer period can be observed in the east than that in the west. The first date of thunderstorm has a tendency of delaying, and its trend ratio is 2～6 d/10 a; The variation tendency of the last date is ahead of time, and its trend is 2～4 d/10 a; The duration of thunderstorm become short during the 40 years , its trend ratios are 2～8 d/10 a.

Geographical Information System(GIS)has been widely used in the field of landslide studies because of its powerful spatial analysis and spatial database management. The authors review statistical relationship between landslide occurrence and static and dynamic variables using powerful function of GIS. To apply the statistical method, a spatial database with consideration of static factors was designed and constructed. These data are available either as a paper map or as a digital map. A digitized map of landslide location and boundaries was produced from the catalogue about regional landslides and 1:10 000 distribution maps; topographical and geological data (1:10 000scale paper maps) are collected, digitized and manipulated into a spatial database using ArcGis GIS. We used 7 landslide triggering factors to analyze the relation landslide spatial distribution and their contributing factors. The influence of pertinent factors on the occurrence of landslides is Q\-4、J\-\{1x\}、J\-\{1z\}、S Lithology formation; 90m, 90～135 m and 135～175 m elevations; 15～20 m local relief; 10°～15°、15°～20° and 20°～25° slope; N,S and WN aspect and 1～1 curvature. The GIS was used to analyze efficiently the vast amount of data, and statistical programs were used to maintain specificity and accuracy. The results can be used to reduce associated hazards, and to plan land use and construction.

Problems of resources and environment is vital for sustainable development．By statistically analyzing articles published in “Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin ”during 1995~2004，this paper analyed the field in which articles are involved，the method used in the articles and the distribution of research Organization．Authors considers that in order to meet the need of science and social development，research of resources and environment science should realize four aspects．The first is to promote the permeation of subjects and to realize systems of subjects．The second is to seek weak sector in research，and to explore new field of research．The third is to apply new techniques and methods，and to enhance technical level of research．The fourth is to intensify region research，and to enhance allaround level of research．